United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 06-2699
                                   ___________

                                       *
                                       *
United States of America,              *
                                       *
            Plaintiff – Appellee,      *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
      v.                               * District Court for the
                                       * Eastern District of Arkansas.
Derek Isaac Allmon, Sr.,               *
                                       *
            Defendant – Appellant.     *
                                       *
                                  ___________

                             Submitted: April 12, 2007
                                 Filed: August 27, 2007
                                 ___________

Before MURPHY, BENTON, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

       Derek Isaac Allmon, Sr., appeals his conviction, sentence, and fine, contending
the district court1 erred by not ordering a trial continuance, in determining his
sentence, and by imposing a fine. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this
court affirms.



      1
       The Honorable William R. Wilson, Jr., United States District Court Judge for
the Eastern District of Arkansas.
                                           I.

      Allmon and several co-defendants were indicted for drug trafficking and
attempting to kill witnesses. Allmon retained Ralph M. Cloar, Jr., who had
represented Allmon in various cases for 20 years.

       Shortly before a hearing on March 10, 2006 – eleven days before trial – Cloar
moved to withdraw from the case. He claimed Allmon accused him of encouraging
some co-defendants to testify against him. Allmon had “no objections” to the court
appointing a new lawyer and ordering Cloar to be co-counsel. Allmon acknowledged
that a new attorney would have about 10 days to prepare for trial. Cloar explained to
the court:

             I am familiar enough with the case that with a week or so with the
             other – with whoever you appoint and if they are an experienced
             defense attorney, I don’t think that they would have any trouble
             getting up to speed. This is not a case that has a lot of real serious
             legal issues in it. It’s a lot of he said, she said.

The court ordered Cloar to remain Allmon’s attorney until a new counsel was
appointed and got “his sea legs.”

      On March 14, B. Dale West was appointed Allmon’s counsel, with Cloar as co-
counsel. The government gave West early access to documents covered under the
Jencks Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3500, to review over the weekend before trial. On March 17,
West moved for a continuance, requesting one additional day to further review the
documents. On March 21, the first day of trial, West withdrew the motion.

      After the first week of trial, the court found, “Mr. West is able to represent Mr.
Allmon on his own,” and granted Cloar’s motion to withdraw. A jury ultimately
found Allmon guilty on all counts. He appeals.



                                          -2-
                                           II.

       Allmon argues that the “district court erred by not granting an extended
continuance in this case.” District courts have broad discretion when ruling on
requests for continuances. See United States v. Urben-Potratz, 

, 743
(8th Cir. 2006). Continuances generally are not favored and should be granted only
for a compelling reason. United States v. Vesey, 

, 1072 (8th Cir. 2003).
This court “will reverse a district court’s decision to deny a motion for continuance
only if the court abused its discretion and the moving party was prejudiced by the
denial.” 

.

        Here, the government gave West early access to review Jencks Act material
before trial. Although West filed a motion for a continuance, he withdrew it on the
day of trial. The district court did not abuse its discretion or commit plain error by not
ordering a continuance sua sponte. See United States v. Steffen, 

, 595
(8th Cir. 1981) (rejecting the argument that the court should have continued trial when
defendant had not properly requested a continuance, nor “alleged any facts which
would constitute plain error or abuse of discretion in the court’s not ordering a
continuance sua sponte”); see also United States v. Coney, 

, 166 (8th Cir.
1995) (when defendant “stated explicitly that she would not request such a
continuance,” the court found “neither an abuse of discretion nor plain error in the
trial court’s failure to order a continuance sua sponte”).

                                           III.

      Allmon contends that the district court erred in concluding that his base offense
level was 38, in violation of rule 32(i)(3)(B) of the Federal Rules of Criminal
Procedure.2 He challenges the court’s factual findings that he was criminally


      2
       Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(B) provides: “At sentencing, the court . . . must— for
any disputed portion of the presentence report or other controverted matter— rule on

                                           -3-
responsible for all the drugs involved in the conspiracy, and that his relevant conduct
included the possession and/or distribution of more than 150 kilograms of cocaine.
      This court reviews “the district court’s factual finding regarding the quantity
of drugs for clear error.” United States v. Vinton, 

, 816-17 (8th Cir.
2005); see also United States v. Plancarte-Vazquez, 

, 852 (8th Cir.
2006). “The district court’s drug quantity determination will be reversed only if the
reviewing court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
committed.” United States v. Davidson, 

, 410 (8th Cir. 1999). “In a
drug conspiracy, a defendant is held responsible for all reasonably foreseeable drug
quantities that were within the scope of the criminal activity that he jointly
undertook.” 

. The government bears the burden of proving
the quantity by a preponderance of the evidence. See 

.

      The presentence report (PSR) identified Allmon as the leader of a organization
involved in drug trafficking. Allmon objected to this finding. The district court
concluded by a preponderance of evidence that “he was the ringleader based on the
testimony.” The court was also “willing to find” he was the ringleader “beyond a
reasonable doubt, if that was required.” Contrary to Allmon’s argument, the court
determined that Allmon was responsible for all the drugs involved in the conspiracy
and made an independent finding “based on the testimony” apart from the PSR.

       As to the specific amount, the court heard testimony from at least 16 witnesses,
including several co-conspirators, that Allmon distributed 330 kilograms of cocaine.
See United States v. Sarabia-Martinez, 

, 450 (8th Cir. 2002) (“A
sentencing court may determine drug quantity based on the testimony of a
co-conspirator alone.”); 

(“It is well-established
that the testimony of co-conspirators may be sufficiently reliable evidence upon which


the dispute or determine that a ruling is unnecessary either because the matter will not
affect sentencing, or because the court will not consider the matter in sentencing.”

                                          -4-
the court may base its drug quantity calculation for sentencing purposes.”). A
probation officer summarized the trial testimony, testifying that “the base offense
level would be 38, based on it being more than 150 kilograms of cocaine.” When the
court asked counsel whether either side “wish to examine” the officer, both sides
responded, “No, your Honor.” The court later reiterated: “If I didn’t make it clear, I’ll
make it clear now: Based on the summary of the amounts, I find that there was at a
minimum more than 150 kilos involved.”

        Again, the district court made independent findings, over Allmon’s objection,
based on the testimony of co-conspirators. 

. The
court’s findings were not vague or conclusory. The court complied with Rule
32(i)(3)(B) and did not commit clear error. See United States v. Davis, 

,
950 (8th Cir. 2006) (“The District Court satisfies Rule 32(i)(3)(B) if it makes a clear
statement indicating it was relying on its impression of the testimony of the witnesses
at trial, coupled with its specific rejection of the defendant’s quantity objections.”).



                                          IV.

       Allmon asserts that the district court’s findings are insufficient to sustain
enhancements to the base offense level. This court reviews the district court’s factual
findings regarding enhancements for clear error. See United States v. Wintermute,

, 1004 (8th Cir. 2006); United States v. Jourdain, 

, 658 (8th
Cir. 2006).

      By Section 3B1.1 of the United States Sentencing Guidelines (USSG), an
offense level increases four levels if the defendant was an organizer or leader of a
criminal activity that involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.
Forty government witnesses testified at trial; nineteen were involved in his drug
conspiracy. The court’s finding that Allmon “was the leader of an organization that
involved five or more participants” is not clearly erroneous. See Vinton, 429 F.3d at

                                          -5-
817 (“Testimony is not unreliable as a matter of law just because a witness is a
co-conspirator or a cooperating witnesses.”).

       The court also found that Allmon obstructed justice, a two-level enhancement.
Under USSG § 3C1.1, a defendant is accountable for his own conduct and for conduct
that he aided or abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, procured, or willfully
caused. The testimony established that a co-conspirator stole documents from a motel
front desk, which were prepared for a detective investigating Allmon. The co-
conspirator testified he delivered the documents to Allmon at the motel. The district
court concluded: “I think the facts established that was an act of a co-conspirator made
in the furtherance of the conspiracy, and in the course and scope of it.” This
conclusion that Allmon obstructed justice is not clearly erroneous. See United States
v. Frank, 

, 923 (8th Cir. 2004) (“We review the imposition of the
enhancement for clear error. . . . We extend great deference to the district court’s
decision to grant an enhancement for obstruction of justice.”).

       Allmon challenges the two-level enhancement for using a minor to commit a
crime. Under USSG § 3B1.4, this applies if “the defendant used or attempted to use
a person less than eighteen years of age to commit the offense or assist in avoiding
detection of, or apprehension for, the offense.” Allmon’s nephew testified that he was
about 16 years old and in high school when he started trafficking for Allmon,
transporting drugs from Texas to Arkansas, and delivering the proceeds to him. The
enhancement for using a minor to distribute drugs is not clearly erroneous.

       Allmon disputes the court’s finding that a witness suffered permanent or life-
threatening injuries, enhancing his sentence four levels. The witness, initially
involved in trafficking with Allmon, decided to assist the government’s investigation.
The witness then was shot in the neck and torso by masked assailants. He was
hospitalized and placed on a ventilator, with one bullet unremovable. The district
court’s finding that the witness’s injury “was life threatening, without any doubt” is
not clearly erroneous. See United States v. Miner, 

, 1006 (8th Cir.

                                          -6-
2003) (“The victim's permanent scar from removal of a bullet from his neck and the
presence of a bullet inside his body supports the permanent injury enhancement.”).

      Allmon attacks the court’s finding that the attempted murder of the witness
involved the offer or receipt of anything of pecuniary value. The court heard
testimony that Allmon conspired with his nephew to pay $20,000 and a kilogram of
cocaine to “Little Bloody” to kill the witness. The court did not believe Allmon that
he “had nothing to do with any pecuniary value being given.” See Plancarte-

(“a district court’s assessment of a witness’s credibility is
almost never clear error given that court’s comparative advantage at evaluating
credibility”). The court did not err in assessing this four-level enhancement.

                                        V.

       Allmon contends the district court erred in sentencing him to life imprisonment
on counts 7, 13, and 14, which relate to attempts to kill witnesses. The court
determined that a mandatory life sentence was applicable to those counts based on his
prior convictions under 18 U.S.C. § 3559(c)(1)(A)(ii). Allmon asserts the court erred
because the government did not disclose his prior convictions before trial. The
government concedes, “It is true that no such notice was filed.” It counters, however,
that “disregarding counts 7, 13 and 14, the defendant received a life sentence anyway”
on the other counts.

       Allmon did not object to the life sentence determination. “Without an objection
and a proper request for relief, the matter is waived and will receive no consideration
on appeal absent plain error.” United States v. Collins, 

, 682 (8th Cir.
2003), quoting McKnight v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 

, 1407 (8th Cir.
1994); see also United States v. Beck, 

, 1166 (8th Cir. 2001), citing
United States v. Fountain, 

, 949 (8th Cir. 1996) (“an error not argued to
the district court is grounds for reversal only if the error prejudices the substantial
rights of the defendant and would result in a miscarriage of justice if left
uncorrected”). “Plain error review is extremely narrow and is limited to those errors

                                         -7-
which are so obvious or otherwise flawed as to seriously undermine the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Beck, 250 F3d at 1166.

       The district court sentenced Allmon to “imprisonment for a term of life on
Counts 1, 2, and 7 through 14 . . . all to run concurrently.” The district court erred in
finding that counts 7, 13, and 14 required a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment
because the government did not file notice of prior convictions under 18 U.S.C. §
3559. See Neary v. United States, 

, 565 (8th Cir. 1993) (“the
government must timely file an information . . . before a prior conviction may be used
to enhance a sentence”). The error, however, was harmless because the court also
sentenced him to imprisonment for life on counts 1, 2, and 8 to 12 – to run
concurrently. See 

. Allmon is unlike the defendant in Neary,
who was harmed by receiving a sentence in excess of the maximum authorized by law
when the government failed to file an information. 

. Here,
disregarding counts 7, 13, and 14, life imprisonment was properly imposed on
Allmon. His substantial rights were not prejudiced and there was no miscarriage of
justice. See United States v. Parker, 

, 844 (8th Cir. 2001) (“We will
reverse under plain error review only if the error prejudices the party’s substantial
rights and would result in a miscarriage of justice if left uncorrected.”).

                                           VI.

       The final issue is the $100,000 fine. “A district court’s imposition of a fine and
the determination of the amount of the fine will not be reversed unless clearly
erroneous.” United States v. Berndt, 

, 808 (8th Cir. 1996); see also
United States v. Turner, 

, 498 (8th Cir. 1992). Because Allmon did not
object at the hearing, this court “cannot reverse the district court unless its actions are
plain error.” United States v. Gladfelter, 

, 1083 (8th Cir. 1999).

      Under USSG § 5E1.2(a), the district court shall impose a fine “in all cases,
except where the defendant establishes that he is unable to pay and is not likely to
become able to pay any fine.” In determining the amount of the fine, the court must

                                           -8-
consider eight factors.3 “The district court need not provide detailed findings under
each of the factors listed above, but must provide enough information on the record
to show that it considered the factors above so that the appellate court can engage in
meaningful review.” See 

.

       The district court here stated: “Under the guidelines, the fine range for the
offense is $25,000 to $8 million. In this case, the defendant did not file a financial
report, and I think the guidelines require that I fine him when there’s no financial
report.” The PSR says that “the defendant refused a presentence interview and did not
sign authorization for the release of information.” Therefore, the finding that Allmon
“did not file a financial report” constitutes a finding that he “refused” to do so.

       Allmon emphasizes that the district court must consider his financial condition
before setting the amount of the fine. See United States v. Patient Transfer Serv.
Inc., 

, 827 (8th Cir. 2006) (“A sentencing court must make specific
factual findings on the record demonstrating that it has considered the defendant’s
ability to pay the fine.”); 

(“It is incorrect for a court to impose
a fine that the defendant has little chance of paying.”); see also United States v.
Magee, 

, 425 (8th Cir. 1994) (“The language of the guidelines is
mandatory with respect to the factors that the trial court must consider before
imposing a fine.”).




      3
          (1) The need for the combined sentence to reflect the seriousness of the
offense; (2) any evidence presented as to the defendant’s ability to pay the fine . . . in
light of his earning capacity and financial resources; (3) the burden that the fine places
on the defendant and his dependents relative to alternative punishments; (4) any
restitution or reparation that the defendant has made or is obligated to make; (5) any
collateral consequences of conviction, including civil obligations arising from the
defendant's conduct; (6) whether the defendant has been fined for a similar offense;
(7) the expected costs to the government of any term of probation, or term of
imprisonment and term of supervised release imposed; and (8) any other pertinent
equitable considerations. USSG § 5E1.2(d).

                                           -9-
       It is also true that this court vacates fines when the district court does not make
findings regarding the defendant’s ability to pay. See, e.g., United States v. Van
Brocklin, 

, 602 (8th Cir. 1997) (vacating defendant’s fine because “the
district court did not make required findings of fact showing that it considered the
[defendant’s] . . . ability to pay, in imposing a $10,000 fine . . . . Such findings are
mandatory”); United States v. Bauer, 

, 413 (8th Cir. 1994) (“Because the
record does not reflect how the district court performed that task in imposing Bauer's
large fine, we are unable to provide meaningful appellate review. Therefore, we
conclude that we must vacate Bauer’s fine and remand for redetermination.”); United
States v. Granados, 

, 775 (8th Cir. 1992) (remanding to the district court
“to make specific findings of fact concerning whether Mora has assets sufficient to
pay or work off the $20,000 fine assessed”). See generally 

(“specific findings with regard to [defendant’s] ability to pay . . . . has often been
the critical factor in our cases”).
       In this case, however, Allmon refused to provide a financial report, or otherwise
show he could not pay the fine. The Sentencing Guidelines place the burden on the
defendant to establish that he cannot pay the fine. See USSG § 5E1.2(a). The record
indicates Allmon’s ability to pay a $100,000 fine. As the district court found,
“Allmon was the leader of an organization” that distributed “at a minimum more than
150 kilos [of cocaine].” The district court did not commit plain error in imposing a
fine when Allmon did not establish that he cannot pay the fine, and the record
indicates his ability to pay it. See 

(upholding fine when “there
is substantial evidence that the defendant attempted to conceal assets from the
government”); cf. USSG § 5E1.2 comment n.6.

                                           VII.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




                                           -10-