United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 06-3662
                                     ___________

Lackawanna Chapter of the Railway &     *
Locomotive Historical Society, Inc.;    *
Friends of the New Jersey Railroad and  *
Transportation Museum Commission,       *
Inc.,                                   *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
            Plaintiffs – Appellants,    * District Court for the
                                        * Eastern District of Missouri.
      v.                                *
                                        *
St. Louis County, Missouri, doing       *
business as Museum of Transportation, *
                                        *
            Defendant – Appellee.       *
                                   ___________

                              Submitted: April 10, 2007
                                 Filed: August 14, 2007
                                  ___________

Before MURPHY, BRIGHT, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BRIGHT, Circuit Judge.

      This case involves a dispute over the possession of an artifact from the Golden
Age of passenger rail travel in the United States. The artifact is not a simple souvenir;
the Lackawanna Chapter of the Railway & Locomotive Historical Society, Inc.
(“Lackawanna”), seeks the return of a historic steam locomotive, currently displayed
by St. Louis County, Missouri (“St. Louis”), at its Museum of Transportation.
Lackawanna filed suit in federal district court, but the court granted summary
judgment for St. Louis. That court rejected Lackawanna’s claims for replevin and
specific performance on the gounds that the record did not demonstrate the existence
of an enforceable loan agreement governing the locomotive. This appeal by
Lackawanna followed.

                                          I.

       The parties to this suit, Lackawanna and St. Louis, are each successors to the
entities that have owned and possessed Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad’s
(“the Railroad”) engine No. 952 over the past century. The Railway & Locomotive
Historical Society (“Historical Society”) is the national organization, incorporated in
Massachusetts, which received No. 952 from the Railroad in 1939. The Historical
Society transferred ownership of No. 952 to its Lackawanna Chapter in 1999, and that
local society is thus the plaintiff-appellant here.

      The National Museum of Transportation (“Transportation Museum”) in St.
Louis was a private non-profit corporation at the time it first displayed No. 952. St.
Louis, the defendant-appellee here, exercised an option to acquire the Transportation
Museum in 1984 after first acquiring through lease the museum’s assets in 1979.

      We recount separately the ownership of No. 952, possession of No. 952, and
acquisition of the Transportation Museum by St. Louis.

A. Ownership of No. 952

      In 1905 the Railroad’s engine No. 952 entered service. No. 952, a now-rare
“camelback” locomotive utilizing a wide firebox to burn anthracite coal, was retired
in 1938 and thereafter began its second life as a stationary museum piece. On April
17, 1939, the Railroad transferred ownership of No. 952 to the Historical Society, for

                                         -2-
exhibition as a museum piece. The 1939 transfer of No. 952 from the Railroad to the
Historical Society is documented by a written agreement, signed by representatives
of both parties.

        In 1999 the Historical Society gave No. 952 to its Lackawanna Chapter (the
plaintiff-appellant here) and the Friends of the New Jersey Railroad & Transportation
Museum (which transferred its interest in No. 952 to Lackawanna during this
litigation). The transfer is recorded in a gift deed.

B. Possession of No. 952

       Despite the Railroad’s transfer of No. 952 to the Historical Society in 1939, the
engine remained in the Railroad’s possession. Then, in 1952, the general manager of
the Railroad, W.G. White, notified the Historical Society that the Railroad’s plans to
sell or lease its back stop at Scranton, Pennsylvania, would require the Historical
Society to relocate No. 952. According to correspondence in the record, the
impending loss of the back stop lead the Historical Society to “‘sound out’ the proper
authorities in St. Louis and see if they would be interested in adding this locomotive
to their collection” if “that group would want it in the nature of a permanent loan.”
The Historical Society offered the locomotive to the Transportation Museum in 1953
for “permanent exhibition.”

      The documents relating to the 1953 placement of No. 952 at the Transportation
Museum include only correspondence. After the Historical Society learned in October
1952 that the Railroad would soon be unable to store the locomotive on its rails,
Charles Fisher, president of the Historical Society, offered No. 952 to the
Transportation Museum. John Smith, on behalf of the Transportation Museum,
responded in a November 1952 letter:




                                          -3-
      [T]he members of the Board of Directors of the Museum of Transport
      have considered the matter of taking the Lackawanna Mother Hubbard
      No. 952, as temporary or permanent loan, if it is desired to send the
      locomotive here. Our group is unanimously in favor of accepting the
      engine for care and exhibition on a basis that will seem satisfactory in
      the judgment of the donor, for it is the purpose of this organization to
      preserve such items.

In subsequent correspondence, the Historical Society described the transfer as
“permanent loan,” and the Historical Society’s 1954 President’s Report stated that No.
952 would be “in the care” of the Transportation Museum in the “hope that ‘her’
wanderings will end.” After receiving No. 952, the Transportation Museum
undertook several immediate improvements, including restoring the paint and
stenciling to No. 952’s original design.

C. St. Louis’s Acquisition of the Transportation Museum

       The 1984 documents transferring the Transportation Museum’s property to St.
Louis include a warranty deed (for the real property) and a “Transfer Agreement and
Bill of Sale” (for other property owned by the museum and property held by the
museum subject to the rights of others). Regrettably, the record documents regarding
the 1984 transfer do not mention No. 952.1




      1
        The 1984 Transfer Agreement and Bill of Sale originally contained an “Exhibit
‘B’”, which listed “restricted property” that St. Louis agreed to accept subject to the
“ownership rights of the persons listed on Exhibit ‘B’.” Though the parties generally
refer to the Transportation Museum’s “restricted property,” we have not located the
exhibit listing the property in the record, nor have the parties relied on it, to confirm
whether No. 952 was listed. We express no opinion on the impact of the
Transportation Museums’s listing of, or failure to list, No. 952 when it delivered its
assets to St. Louis.

                                          -4-
D. The Dispute Regarding Possession of No. 952

       At some point in or before October 1990 the Historical Society began its efforts
to regain possession of No. 952. The correspondence, which included, at times, the
Department of the Interior, the National Parks Service, the Smithsonian’s National
Museum of American History, the Office of the County Executive of St. Louis, the
Transportation Museum, and the Historical Society, is extensive. Evidently, the
Historical Society hoped to return No. 952 to its original home in Pennsylvania, for
display at the Steamtown National Historic Site at Scranton, and also feared that the
Transportation Museum’s alleged neglect was endangering the locomotive. After
reportedly leaving it to rust on an uncovered and overgrown sidetrack, the
Transportation Museum began an effort to better maintain and preserve No. 952 in
1995, but that did not deter the Historical Society.

                                          II.

        Lackawanna, as the successor to the Historical Society’s interest in No. 952,
first brought suit in the Middle District of Pennsylvania, though that court transferred
the case to the Eastern District of Missouri. See Lackawanna Chapter of Ry. &
Locomotive Historical Soc., Inc. v. St. Louis County, 

(M.D. Pa.
Mar. 12, 2004). St. Louis soon moved for summary judgment, arguing that the
correspondence did not constitute a written agreement that could support
Lackawanna’s claim for specific performance, as required for contracts with counties
by Mo. Rev. Stat. § 432.070. St. Louis also asserted other defenses, including
Missouri’s five-year statute of limitations for breach of contract claims, adverse
possession of No. 952 by the Transportation Museum, and abandonment by the
Historical Society and Lackawanna.

        The district court granted St. Louis’s motion for summary judgment. The court
first found that “[n]one of the documents establish a loan agreement between the

                                          -5-
RLHS [the Historical Society] and the [Transportation] museum setting forth the
terms of the transfer of the locomotive in 1953.” Next, the court observed that the
available writings do not define “permanent loan.” In the alternative, the court found
that the Missouri statute of frauds, Mo. Rev. Stat. § 432.010, precluded interpreting
the documents as an agreement. Finally, in the absence of an enforceable agreement,
the court determined that St. Louis’s possession of No. 952 created a presumption of
ownership that Lackawanna did not rebut. See Ross v. Pendergast, 

,
309 (Mo. 1944).

                                          III.

      Because our jurisdiction in this case is premised on the diversity of the parties,
we apply state substantive law. See Winthrop Res. Corp. v. Stanley Works, 

, 904 (8th Cir. 2001). The district court, relying on the transfer of this case from
the Middle District of Pennsylvania pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a), see Pony
Computer, Inc. v. Equus Computer Sys. of Missouri, Inc., 

, 995 (8th Cir.
1998), applied Missouri’s choice of law doctrine and concluded that Missouri
substantive law should govern this case. The parties have not challenged that
determination, and thus we will also apply Missouri law.

       In the district court this case turned on whether the correspondence between the
Transportation Museum and the Historical Society created a loan agreement. The
court determined that the correspondence did not, because the agreement was not in
writing and failed to define the term “permanent loan.”2 See Marie C. Malaro, A


      2
        The district court also relied on Mo. Rev. Stat. § 432.070, which requires that
certain agreements with Missouri counties be in writing. See City of North Kansas
City, Mo. v. Sharp, 

, 363-64 (8th Cir. 1969). Application of § 432.070
implies that there is some agreement that St. Louis seeks to avoid because it is not in
writing, and we interpret the district court’s reliance on § 432.070 as another reason
it found the correspondence in this case could not constitute a 1953 loan agreement

                                          -6-
Legal Primer on Managing Museum Collections 165-67 (1985) (discussing the legal
difficulties arising from the term “permanent loan”). The absence of a written loan
agreement in 1953 does not, however, lead to the court’s conclusion that Lackawanna
failed to rebut the ordinary “presumption of ownership” arising from St. Louis’s
“exclusive possession and control” over No. 952, 

.

       The district court — without confronting the unique legal doctrines that must
be considered when a museum is party to a dispute over a piece of its collection —
relied on vagaries of ancient documents and St. Louis’s possession and control of No.
952 since 1953 to establish a presumption of ownership in favor of the St. Louis. See
generally Sherry Hutt et al., Cultural Property Law 145-47 (2004) (discussing the
complexities of managing loans, including “old loans,” to museums). But it is not
disputed that the Historical Society possessed title to No. 952 in 1953. By whatever
agreement No. 952 was delivered to the Transportation Museum — whether fully
embodied by the correspondence in the record or lost over the interceding half-century
— our concern must be how a museum might continue to possess an artifact that it has
possessed in its capacity as an institution regularly dedicated to the public display of
the property of others.3 See generally George E. Hartman, Jr., Peter G. Powers, &
Judith L. Teichman, Collection Objects of Uncertain Status: Indefinite Loans,
Deposits, and Undocumented Objects — What Are the Museum’s Alternatives?, in

enforceable against St. Louis. We do not rely on the existence of a written agreement
in 1953 and thus do not address the application of § 432.070 to these facts.
      3
        Part of the difficulty in this case arises from St. Louis’s apparent failure to
avail itself of Missouri’s Museum Property Act, 1991 Mo. Laws S.B. No. 344
(codified at Mo. Rev. Stat. § 184.101 et seq.). The legislature, recognizing the precise
problem that has arisen in this case, established a procedure for museums to take title
to property by terminating a loan, after giving notice to the lender or claimant (in the
case of documented property), or the public (in the case of undocumented property).
See Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 184.111, .112. The parties have not cited the statutes in their
briefs to this court. The Museum Property Act strengthens our view that, in the case
of museums, simple possession may alone be insufficient to create a property interest.

                                          -7-
ALI-ABA Course of Study: Legal Problems of Museum Administration 261-67
(1983). When the period of display is indefinite, as it appears to be in this case, we
cannot say that, without more, possession and control entitle the museum to a
presumption of ownership or continued possession that overcomes a lender’s good
title.

       The Transportation Museum, in its capacity as a museum, knowingly received
No. 952 from the Historical Society, but St. Louis has not claimed that it, or the
Transportation Museum before it, acquired actual title. Cf. City of Chattanooga,
Tenn. v. Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co., 

, 9 (E.D. Tenn. 1969)
(resolving dispute over continued display of Civil War locomotive in favor of
railroad’s desire to relocate, where railroad possessed title). The uncoupling of title
and possession in this case thus created an express or implied bailment for an
indefinite period. See, e.g., In re McCagg's Estate, 

, 416 (D.C. 1982);
see also Leonard D. DuBoff & Christy O. King, Art Law In a Nutshell 273-74 (2006)
(discussing museum’s status as bailee for loaned objects). In the absence of a formal
agreement, the indefinite bailment arises from the relationship between a lender and
a museum and is terminable at will. Cf. Truck Leasing Corp. v. Swope, 

, 86 (Mo. Ct. App. 1952) (“bailment for an indefinite time is terminable at will”).

      Missouri recognizes the traditional concept of bailment:

      A ‘bailment’ in its ordinary legal sense imports the delivery of personal
      property by the bailor to the bailee who keeps the property in trust for a
      specific purpose, with a contract, express or implied, that the trust shall
      be faithfully executed, and the property returned or duly accounted for
      when the special purpose is accomplished or that the property shall be
      kept until the bailor reclaims it.

Weinberg v. Wayco Petroleum Co., 

, 599 (Mo. Ct. App. 1966); see
also D.S. Sifers Corp. v. Hallak, 

, 16 (Mo. Ct. App. 2001). Though the


                                         -8-
Transportation Museum was not a bailee for hire, a gratuitous bailment does not
defeat the fundamental duties that attend the relationship, which include return of the
bailed property. See Mason v. St. Louis Union Stockyards Co., 

(Mo.
Ct. App. 1894); see also Norman Palmer, Art Loans 182-84 (1997) (discussing the
duty of care owed by a museum acting as an “involuntary” bailee).

       Understanding that the Transportation Museum originally possessed No. 952
as a bailed good, the question here is whether that bailment should give Lackawanna
the opportunity to regain possession of No. 952. See Stone v. Crown Diversified
Indus. Corp., 

, 669 (Mo. Ct. App. 1999); see also 8A Am. Jur. 2d
Bailments § 49. Lackawanna must “show notice to or knowledge of” the
Transportation Museum that No. 952 was “in fact in [its] possession.” 

. On this record there is ample correspondence demonstrating that the
Transportation Museum knowingly accepted No. 952 from the Historical Society. At
a minimum, therefore, the Transportation Museum’s possession of No. 952 began as
an implied bailment. See 

. Because “[a] contract for bailment
may be written, oral, express or implied,” 

statute of frauds argument
is therefore without merit as it relates to the original bailment. But cf. Kan. Stat. Ann.
§ 33-104 (setting out a statute of frauds for bailments). But there are other issues that
must be resolved, including operation of Missouri’s statute of limitations, see
generally Judith Bresler & Ralph E. Lerner, Art Law 1891-92 (2005) (discussing
generally statutes of limitations and bailments), and the effect of transferring the
Transportation Museum’s bailed property to St. Louis. The record on these issues has
not been developed, and therefore we leave them to be raised by the parties before the
district court.

       We recognize that the district court’s analysis of this case will be complicated
by St. Louis’s dual role as a municipality and as a successor to the Transportation
Museum’s agreements. St. Louis has raised § 432.070 (requiring certain agreements
with municipalities be in writing) in an attempt to avoid some unwritten agreement,

                                           -9-
though we are uncertain how that argument may avoid an action in replevin arising
from a bailment. Missouri courts have observed that a private party cannot enforce
an agreement that violates § 432.070 against a county, even when the county acts as
a bailee. See Crow Contracting Corp. v. George F. Smith Co., 

, 599-
600 (Mo. Ct. App. 1966). But any 1953 agreement, whether express or implied, could
not have violated § 432.070 because St. Louis was not a party; the agreement would
have been between two private parties. Rhodes Eng’g Co., Inc. v. Public Water
Supply Dist. No. 1 of Holt County, 

, 561 (Mo. Ct. App. 2004.) Here
St. Louis is, at most, a successor to a 1953 agreement, which it may have
acknowledged in its 1984 acquisition of the Transportation Museum. See note 1,
supra. The 1984 writings have not been challenged under § 432.070.

       Any absence of a writing may not limit Lackawanna, moreover, because this
action is in replevin—St. Louis possesses No. 952—rather than for damages in
bailment. See Scher v. Gilpin, 

, 901 (Mo. Ct. App. 1987)
(distinguishing action for damages in bailment from action in replevin); see, e.g.,
Castelli v. City of Bridgeton, 

(Mo. Ct. App. 1990) (successful action
in replevin against municipality). But see Crow Contracting 

(describing action for damages in bailment that could not be brought against
city without written agreement). Thus, while bailment describes in part the
circumstances leading to the Transportation Museum’s possession of No. 952, it is for
the parties and the district court to determine whether an action in replevin against St.
Louis should result in No. 952's return to Lackawanna, the successor to the original
bailor (the Historical Society). See, e.g., Pollock v. Brown, 

, 731-32
(Mo. 1978) (en banc) (describing action in replevin to recover goods withheld by
bailee).

      Finally, the questions surrounding St. Louis’s 1984 acquisition of the
Transportation Museum are another wrinkle left unresolved by the record. The 1984
Transfer Agreement and Bill of Sale specifically addresses “restricted property,”

                                          -10-
which may be consistent with St. Louis’s acceptance of bailed property held by the
Transportation Museum. See, e.g., Sgro v. Getty Petroleum Corp., 854 F. Supp.
1164,1175-76 (D.N.J. 1994). On this record we cannot, for example, say whether the
Transportation Museum’s failure to list No. 952 may affect the bailment or the
obligations of St. Louis. Cf. Bollman Bros. Co. v. Peake, 

, 1059 (Mo.
Ct. App. 1902) (discussing impact of conduct inconsistent with bailment on statute of
limitations for action in replevin).

                                         IV.

       In sum, the Historical Society has demanded No. 952's return and St. Louis
resists, relying on its possession of the locomotive by a “permanent loan.” But in the
case of old loans to museums “[n]othing is permanent in this wicked world — not
even our troubles.” Monsieur Verdoux (Charles Chaplain Productions 1947); cf.
Mead v. Ballard, 

, 294 (1868) (discussing the legal implications of the
term ‘permanent’). Because the district court did not address the express or implied
bailment of No. 952 for an indefinite period, the absence of any other written contract
governing the loan and St. Louis’s possession cannot alone resolve Lackawanna’s
action in replevin.

      Accordingly, the case is remanded to the district court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
                        ______________________________




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