United States Court of Appeals
                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 07-1441
                                    ___________

Advantage Media, L.L.C.,                *
                                        *
            Plaintiff – Appellant,      *
                                        *
Hispanic Chamber of Commerce            *
of Minnesota,                           * Appeal from the United States
                                        * District Court for the
            Plaintiff,                  * District of Minnesota.
      v.                                *
                                        *
City of Hopkins, Minnesota,             *
                                        *
            Defendant – Appellee.       *
                                   ___________

                              Submitted: November 14, 2007
                                 Filed: January 8, 2008
                                  ___________

Before MURPHY, HANSEN, and GRUENDER Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

       Advantage Media (Advantage) submitted permit applications for the
construction of four large billboards to the city of Hopkins, Minnesota ("the city").
The city declined to process the applications, and Advantage brought an action
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claiming that the city's sign code was unconstitutional
under the First and Fourteenth Amendments and that the city violated its constitutional
rights by denying the applications. The district court1 granted Advantage's motion for
a preliminary injunction to halt the enforcement of the sign code, but the trial jury
awarded no damages to Advantage and the district court denied its motion for attorney
fees for procuring the preliminary injunction. Advantage now appeals the district
court's determination that it was not a prevailing party under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. We
affirm.

                                            I.

       Advantage is a Minnesota company that develops and operates advertising signs
for commercial and noncommercial purposes. Hopkins is a suburban community of
more than 17,000 residents located approximately thirteen miles from Minneapolis.
On November 23, 2004 Advantage submitted applications to the city to erect four 672
square foot billboards containing trivision technology. A trivision billboard consists
of four or six inch vertical slats which rotate on a timer to display only one message
at a time; each side of a billboard is capable of displaying three messages for a total
of six messages per billboard.

       Hopkins regulates the signs built in the city through its sign ordinance. The
authorized city official refused to accept Advantage's applications for processing
despite its repeated requests. Advantage asked for a written explanation, but the
official refused. In spite of the city's refusal, Advantage left the applications with the
official for processing. On December 4, 2004 the city returned the unprocessed
applications by mail with a note stating only that the city was returning the
applications. Advantage filed suit against the city on December 8, 2004 in the District
of Minnesota, alleging that its sign ordinance violated various constitutional
provisions including the First Amendment. The complaint included allegations that
the ordinance was unconstitutional on its face and as applied to Advantage and that

      1
      The Honorable Michael J. Davis, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
                                           -2-
the ordinance impermissibly favored commercial speech over noncommercial speech.
On January 21, 2005 the city sent Advantage a letter stating it rejected the applications
because the proposed signs violated the ordinance provisions regulating the size of
signs. The largest signs permitted anywhere in the city under the sign ordinance were
250 square feet.

       On July 5, 2005 Advantage filed a motion for a preliminary injunction to enjoin
enforcement of the ordinance. The district court issued a preliminary injunction on
July 29, 2005. Advantage Media, L.L.C. v. City of Hopkins, 

,
1048 (D. Minn. 2005) (Advantage I). It determined that the constitutionally suspect
ordinance provisions were so pervasive that they could not be severed; the district
court therefore enjoined enforcement of the entire ordinance. 

In
response to the injunction the city enacted an emergency interim sign ordinance on
August 3, 2005 and enacted a new permanent sign ordinance on August 16, 2005.
The new sign ordinance cured the constitutional infirmities that formed the basis of
Advantage's lawsuit.

       On August 8, 2005 Advantage filed a motion for partial summary judgment,
and the city filed its summary judgment motion on August 19, 2005. The district
court denied Advantage's motion and granted in part and denied in part the city's
motion. Advantage Media, L.L.C. v. City of Hopkins, 

(D. Minn.
2006) (Advantage II).2 As to Advantage's request for fees, the district court held that
Advantage was not a prevailing party at that stage because the injunction "was
preliminary in nature and was not a decision that granted actual relief on the merits."

The district court also denied the city's motion to dismiss Advantage's
claims for damages and fees and set the case for trial. 

      2
      The district court also dismissed a second plaintiff, Hispanic Chamber of
Commerce of Minnesota, for lack of standing. See Advantage 

–88.
                                           -3-
      In September 2006 a two day jury trial was held on whether the city
unconstitutionally refused Advantage's applications based on their content and
whether Advantage was entitled to damages. The jury determined that the city had
denied Advantage's applications on a content neutral basis and therefore Advantage
was not entitled even to nominal damages.

        On October 30, 2006 Advantage filed a limited motion for attorney fees and
costs related to procuring the preliminary injunction. The city filed its own motion
for attorney fees. The district court denied Advantage's motion on the grounds that
it was not a prevailing party for the purpose of 42 U.S.C. § 1988. Advantage Media,
L.L.C. v. City of Hopkins, 

(D. Minn. Jan. 29, 2007) (Advantage
III). The court found that Advantage had not obtained a "judicially sanctioned
material alteration to the parties' legal relationship in a manner that benefitted
Advantage" as required to attain prevailing party status, and Advantage therefore did
not satisfy § 1988's requirements to receive attorney fees. 

Advantage
Media, L.L.C. v. City of Eden Prairie, 

, 801–02 (8th Cir. 2006) ("[§ 1988
attorney fees] can be awarded only to a 'prevailing party' who receives 'actual relief
on the merits of his claim'; Advantage could never be such a party, for even in victory
it would be 'no closer' to erecting its billboards or obtaining damages than when
litigation began.") (internal citations omitted). The court also denied the city's motion
for fees. Advantage now appeals the district court's determination that it was not a
prevailing party under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 for the purpose of obtaining attorney fees
related to obtaining the preliminary injunction.

                                           II.

       We review de novo both "the determination of whether a litigant is a prevailing
party," Salitros v. Chrysler Corp., 

, 576 (8th Cir. 2002), and "the legal
issues related to the award of attorney fees," Thompson v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 

, 516 (8th Cir. 2006).

                                           -4-
       Advantage argues that the district court erroneously concluded that the
preliminary injunction did not bring about a material change in the parties' legal
relationship and that it qualifies as a prevailing party under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. It also
contends that under Supreme Court precedent its success in obtaining a preliminary
injunction qualifies Advantage as a prevailing party eligible for an award of attorney
fees. The city argues that Advantage is not a prevailing party because it did not show
that the city unconstitutionally rejected its sign applications and because it did not
obtain an "enforceable judgment on the merits" or a "court-ordered consent decree."
The city also asserts that the fact that Advantage obtained a preliminary injunction
which compelled the city to cure the ordinance's constitutional defects cannot qualify
Advantage as a prevailing party because the Supreme Court has rejected the catalyst
theory in the fee shifting context.

       Parties to a lawsuit generally must bear their own costs, see Buckhannon Bd.
& Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Dep't of Health & Human Res., 

,
602 (2001), but Congress has provided in 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b) that "[i]n any action
or proceeding to enforce a provision of [various civil rights statutes including 42
U.S.C. § 1983] the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party . . . a
reasonable attorney's fee as part of the costs . . . ." Accordingly, a "plaintiff must be
a 'prevailing party' to recover an attorney's fee under § 1988." Hensley v. Eckerhart,

, 433 (1983).

       The test for prevailing party explained by Supreme Court is that "a plaintiff
'prevails' when actual relief on the merits of his claim materially alters the legal
relationship between the parties by modifying the defendant's behavior in a way that
directly benefits the plaintiff." Farrar v. Hobby, 

, 111–12 (1992); see
Texas State Teachers Ass'n v. Garland Indep. School Dist., 

, 792–93
(1989) ("The touchstone of the prevailing party inquiry must be the material alteration
of the legal relationship of the parties in a manner which Congress sought to promote
in the fee statute."). The Supreme Court refined this standard in Buckhannon when

                                           -5-
it rejected the "catalyst" theory, which had been endorsed by all but one of the circuit
courts and which permitted a plaintiff to recover fees if its lawsuit achieved the
desired result through a voluntary change in the defendant's 

,
605. The Court held instead that a party must obtain a judicially sanctioned material
alteration of the legal relationship between the parties to the lawsuit to achieve
prevailing party status. 

Surveying its past cases the Court determined
that enforceable judgments on the merits and consent decrees create the requisite
material alteration in the parties' legal relationship to achieve prevailing party status.
See 

Although the statute at issue in Buckhannon was a provision of the
Fair Housing Act, the Court's analysis applies generally to fee shifting statutes
incorporating the "prevailing party" language. See 

Cody v. Hillard, 

, 773 n.3 (8th Cir. 2002) (recognizing that the "prevailing party" analysis in
Buckhannon applies generally to fee shifting statutes).

       We have recognized that a preliminary injunction can in some instances carry
the judicial imprimatur required by Buckhannon to convey prevailing party status.
See Northern Cheyenne Tribe v. Jackson, 

, 1086 (8th Cir. 2006)
("[S]ome preliminary injunctions are sufficiently akin to final relief on the merits to
confer prevailing party status."); see, e.g., Dupuy v. Samuels, 

, 723 & n.4
(7th Cir. 2005) (recognizing that preliminary injunctions can meet Buckhannon's
judicial imprimatur requirement); Watson v. County of Riverside, 

,
1095–96 (9th Cir. 2002) (same). In Northern Cheyenne the plaintiff tribes sought and
obtained a preliminary injunction to halt the construction of a shooting range in a
mountain formation that contained spiritual significance for them. Because the
preliminary injunction had merely maintained the status quo, it did not effect a
material alteration in the parties' legal relationship and the plaintiffs therefore were not
prevailing parties under § 1988. 

The issue before us is similarly whether
the judicially sanctioned preliminary injunction in this case effected a material
alteration in the parties' legal relationship. We review this issue de novo. Christina
A. v. Bloomberg, 

, 992 (8th Cir. 2003).

                                            -6-
        Advantage filed suit to erect its signs in Hopkins, to obtain damages for
violation of its constitutional right to free speech, and to enjoin the city from enforcing
a purportedly unconstitutional ordinance. Advantage obtained no relief in respect to
its first goal. After the Hopkins sign ordinance was enjoined in Advantage I,
Advantage moved the district court for an order compelling the city to permit it to
erect its signs. The district court determined that Advantage was subject to the
ordinance's valid time, place, and manner restrictions. See Advantage II, 

at 791–92. Because the largest signs permitted under either version of the
ordinance were 250 square feet, the district court refused to compel the city to issue
Advantage permits to construct the 672 square feet signs it wanted. 

The
signs Advantage sought to erect have never been built, and it is no closer to erecting
its billboards than it was when the litigation began despite the preliminary injunction.
See Granite State Outdoor Adver., Inc. v. City of St. Petersburg, Florida, 

, 1283–84 (11th Cir. 2003) (determining that the sign company was not a
prevailing party because it failed to obtain permission to erect its signs).

        Advantage claimed that the unconstitutional enforcement of the ordinance
caused it monetary damage because it could not advertise on the proposed signs. At
the trial on the issue of damages, two questions were put to the jury. The first asked
whether the city had denied or refused Advantage's sign application based on the
content of the billboards rather than their size, and the second asked whether
Advantage should receive nominal damages if the city's denial of the sign permits was
not a "direct cause of substantial injuries." The jury found that the city had turned
down Advantage's billboard applications because of size provisions rather than
because of any content or message to be displayed and that Advantage should
therefore receive no damages. The jury's final resolution of the issues reflects that, as
to Advantage, the unconstitutional provisions of the Hopkins's sign code had no
impact.




                                            -7-
       Although Advantage's lawsuit resulted in alteration of several potentially
unconstitutional provisions of the Hopkins sign ordinance, the Supreme Court has
rejected the "catalyst" theory of fee recovery as a means of attaining prevailing party
status. See 

–05. We have previously stated that "a
judicial pronouncement that the defendant has violated the Constitution, without more,
does not make a plaintiff a prevailing party." Peter v. Jax, 

, 837 (8th Cir.
1999) (internal quotations omitted). Advantage has not shown that the ordinance was
unconstitutional as applied to it, and the issuance of the preliminary injunction thus
had no impact on the relationship between Advantage and the city. See 

–14 (something more than a technical victory is required to confer
prevailing party status). Because the constitutionally suspect provisions of the sign
ordinance were never applied to Advantage, the preliminary injunction effected no
material alteration in the parties' legal relationship.

        Because Advantage failed to obtain permission to erect its signs, to show that
its free speech rights had been violated, or to prove that the preliminary injunction
effected a material alteration in the parties' legal relationship, we conclude that it
received no relief that materially altered the legal relationship between it and the city.
Advantage is therefore not a prevailing party under § 1988, and an award of attorney
fees pursuant to that section would be inappropriate.

       The Supreme Court's recent decision in Sole v. Wyner supports this result. 

(2007). In Sole, Wyner wanted to create a large peace sign featuring nude
people in a Florida state park and sued to enjoin enforcement of a state regulation
requiring park visitors to be dressed at least in bathing suits. 

The
respondent sought attorney fees for obtaining a preliminary injunction which was later
dissolved by the district court. 

According to the Court, "[p]revailing
party status, we hold, does not attend achievement of a preliminary injunction that is
reversed, dissolved, or otherwise undone by the final decision in the same case." 

A plaintiff who "secures a preliminary injunction, then loses on the merits

                                           -8-
as the case plays out and judgment is entered against her has won a battle but lost the
war." 

(citing 

).

       Although the final judgment on the merits in Sole resulted from the denial of
a permanent injunction and here it resulted from an adverse jury verdict, that
distinction is irrelevant. As the Court stated "[o]f controlling importance to our
decision, the eventual ruling on the merits for defendants, after both sides considered
the case fit for final adjudication, superseded the preliminary ruling." 

In both this case and Sole, the final judgment reversed the effect of the preliminary
injunction as to the plaintiff. The district court in Sole refused to issue a permanent
injunction because it determined that the regulation was not unconstitutional as
applied to respondent Wyner, and in this case the jury found that the sign ordinance
was not unconstitutionally applied to Advantage. See 

Because the final
judgment resulted in a finding of no constitutional violation as to Advantage, it would
be wrong to find Advantage a prevailing party. See 

("A plaintiff who
achieves a transient victory at the threshold of an action can gain no award under that
fee-shifting provision if, at the end of the litigation, her initial success is undone and
she leaves the courthouse emptyhanded.").

       Because the issuance of the preliminary injunction did not materially alter the
legal relationship between the parties, Advantage is not a prevailing party under §
1988(b). We therefore affirm the judgment of the district court.

                        _______________________________




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