United States Court of Appeals
                               FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                    No. 08-1160
                                    ___________

Sagi Barzilay,                         *
                                       *
           Plaintiff – Appellant,      *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
     v.                                * District Court for the
                                       * Eastern District of Missouri.
Tamar Barzilay,                        *
                                       *
           Defendant – Appellee.       *
                                  ___________

                              Submitted: June 9, 2008
                                 Filed: August 4, 2008
                                  ___________

Before MURPHY, BYE and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

       Through this action Sagi Barzilay seeks the return to Israel of the children from
his marriage to Tamar Barzilay, by invoking the Hague Convention on the Civil
Aspects of International Child Abduction, Oct. 25, 1980, T.I.A.S. No. 11670 (Hague
Convention). Tamar previously petitioned a state court to modify custody provisions
in their Missouri divorce decree. Sagi moved to dismiss her petition on the grounds
that the state court lacked jurisdiction over the children's custody because of a prior
decree issued by an Israeli court, and he then initiated this federal action under the
International Child Abduction Remedies Act, the Hague Convention's implementing
statute. 42 U.S.C. § 11601 et seq. (ICARA). Tamar moved to dismiss the federal
action for failure to state a claim. The district court abstained sua sponte under
Younger v. Harris, 

(1971), concluding that Sagi had an adequate
opportunity to litigate his Hague Convention claims in the ongoing state court
proceedings. Sagi appeals, and we reverse.

                                          I.

       The United States and Israel are both signatories to the Hague Convention
which was adopted in 1980 to address the problem of intercountry child abduction
under international law. The Convention seeks to "protect children internationally
from the harmful effects of their wrongful removal or retention" caused either by the
removal of a child from the state of its habitual residence or the refusal to return a
child to the state of its habitual residence. Hague Convention Preamble, T.I.A.S. No.
11670; see Mozes v. Mozes, 

, 1070–71 (9th Cir. 2001). The
Convention is not directed at kidnappings by strangers, but rather at the "unilateral
removal or retention of children by parents, guardians or close family members."
Beaumont & McEleavy, The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction 1
(1999), cited in 

. The principal objectives of the Convention
are "to secure the prompt return of children wrongfully removed to or retained in any
Contracting State" and "to ensure that rights of custody and of access under the law
of one Contracting State are effectively respected in the other Contracting States."
Hague Convention art. 1, T.I.A.S. No. 11670; see also Silverman v. Silverman, 

, 897 (8th Cir. 2003) (en banc) (Silverman II); Shalit v. Coppe, 

, 1127 (9th Cir. 1999).

       A party invokes the protections of the Convention in the United States by filing
a petition in either federal or state court under ICARA (Hague petition). 42 U.S.C.
§ 11603(b) ("Any person seeking to initiate judicial proceedings under the Convention
for the return of a child . . . may do so by commencing a civil action by filing a
petition for the relief sought in any court which has jurisdiction of such action and

                                         -2-
which is authorized to exercise its jurisdiction in the place where the child is located
at the time the petition is filed."); see § 11603(a) (vesting concurrent original
jurisdiction over Hague petitions in the state and federal courts). ICARA further
provides that "[t]he court in which an action is brought under [§ 11603(b)] shall
decide the case in accordance with the Convention." § 11603(d).

       The key inquiry under the Convention is whether a child has been wrongfully
removed from the country of its habitual residence or wrongfully retained in a country
other than that of its habitual residence. A retention or removal is wrongful only if it
meets the requirements of Article 3 of the Convention:

      The removal or the retention of a child is to be considered wrongful
      where –

      a) it is in breach of rights of custody attributed to a person, an institution
      or any other body, either jointly or alone, under the law of the State in
      which the child was habitually resident immediately before the removal
      or retention; and

      b) at the time of removal or retention those rights were actually
      exercised, either jointly or alone, or would have been so exercised but for
      the removal or retention.

Hague Convention art. 3, T.I.A.S. No. 11670.

       When deciding whether a child was wrongfully removed under this article, a
court must thus determine when the removal or retention took place, what the habitual
residence of the child was immediately prior to the removal, whether the removal or
retention violated the petitioner's custody rights under the law of habitual residence,
and whether the petitioner was exercising those rights at the time of the removal. See

. Once it is determined that a child who was habitually
residing in a contracting state was wrongfully removed to or retained in another, the


                                           -3-
Convention requires that the country in which the child is located "order the return of
the child forthwith." Hague Convention art. 12, T.I.A.S. No. 11670. Moreover, "until
it has been determined that the child is not to be returned under this Convention," the
authorities of the contracting state responsible for child custody determinations "shall
not decide on the merits of rights of custody." 

       A case arising from a petition under the Hague Convention is not a custody
proceeding. A United States district court "has authority to determine the merits of
an abduction claim, but not the merits of the underlying custody claim." 

; see 42 U.S.C. § 11601(b)(4); Hague Convention art. 19, T.I.A.S. No.
11670. The district court is to ascertain "only whether the removal or retention of a
child was 'wrongful' under the law of the child's 'habitual residence,' and if so, to order
the return of the child to the place of the 'habitual residence' for the court there to
decide the merits of the custody dispute." 

.

                                            II.

       Sagi and Tamar are both Israeli citizens. At the time of their marriage in 1994
they resided in Tel Aviv, Israel. They have three children, all of whom are Israeli
citizens; the youngest two are also American citizens. None of the children have lived
in Israel for an extended period of time. In 2001 the family moved to Missouri from
the Netherlands, and Tamar and the children have lived there since that time. On
January 6, 2005 a Missouri state court entered a divorce decree in accordance with an
agreement reached by the parties. The decree established joint custody of the
children.

       In the divorce decree the parties agreed that upon the repatriation of one parent
to Israel, the other parent would "forthwith" return to Israel with the minor children
to live. On September 15, 2005 Sagi repatriated to Israel, but Tamar and the children
remained in Missouri. Sagi contends that Tamar consistently expressed her intention

                                           -4-
to repatriate to Israel with the children in accordance with the divorce decree but
refused to commit to a timeline for complying.

       In June 2006 Tamar took the children to Israel for a visit, intending to return to
the United States on July 9, 2006. They were accompanied by Matt Johnson, the man
whom Tamar subsequently married. On July 3, 2006 Sagi filed an ex parte request
for stay of exit of minors in the family court of K’far Saba, Israel. Sagi argued that
Tamar had violated the Missouri court decree by failing to repatriate to Israel with the
children. Tamar states that she was informed of this proceeding on July 4, 2006 and
was compelled to participate in it because Sagi had possession of the children's
passports.

       The parties entered into a consent agreement. Tamar agreed to an interim
international parenting agreement pending her repatriation to Israel consistent with the
Missouri divorce decree and to repatriate to Israel with the children by August 1,
2009. The parties agreed that Tamar's repatriation by the appointed date was an
"irrevocable commitment" and that the "sole and only international authority in
regards to the minors' immigration, repatriation and custody" was the court in K'far
Saba.

       Tamar expressly agreed not to file a custody petition in Missouri or in any place
other than Israel and that any petition filed in Missouri or any other court outside of
Israel would be transferred to an Israeli court. She also agreed that "[n]ot returning
the minors to the state of Israel by the appointed time is regarded as kidnapping" in
violation of the Hague Convention. As security for being allowed to leave Israel with
the children, Tamar had to pay Sagi $200,000 and post her Missouri house as
collateral. Tamar admits that she was represented by competent counsel in the Israeli
proceedings. The consent agreement was formalized in a verdict of the Israeli court.
Tamar testified in an affidavit submitted to the federal district court that she only
signed the Israeli consent agreement so that she would be permitted to leave the
country with the children and that she had no intention of complying with its terms.

                                          -5-
       On December 3, 2006, Sagi sued Tamar in the Israeli court, on the grounds that
she had not complied with the consent decree by refusing to permit the children to
visit Israel as agreed upon in the consent agreement. In response Tamar retained
counsel in Israel and challenged the judgment that was entered upon the consent
agreement. On July 3, 2007, the Israeli court issued a judgment holding Tamar in
contempt of court for failing to return the children to Israel for a visit as required
under the agreement and ordered her to do so by July 10, 2007. She appealed, but the
lower court was affirmed on November 26, 2007.

       Meanwhile on June 6, 2007, Tamar filed a petition in Missouri state court to
modify the couple's divorce decree to restrict Sagi’s visitation rights with the children
and a month later she moved for a temporary restraining order to prevent the
enforcement of the Israeli judgment requiring her to send the children to Israel by July
10. Sagi entered an appearance for limited purpose in state court to challenge its
jurisdiction, but at no time did he file a Hague petition there. On October 16, 2007,
the state court issued an order denying Sagi's motion to dismiss or in the alternative
to decline jurisdiction. In its two page order the court stated that "[t]he mere presence
of the minor children on vacation in Israel is insufficient to establish a 'habitual
presence' [under ICARA]."

      Sagi filed this suit in the Eastern District of Missouri on October 18, 2007,
seeking immediate access to the children and their return to Israel under ICARA. 42
U.S.C. § 11603(b). Tamar moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim under the
Hague Convention and ICARA, arguing that because the children's habitual residence
was Missouri and they had never been wrongfully removed from their habitual
residence, Sagi could not state a claim under the Hague Convention or ICARA.

       The district court first addressed whether it had subject matter jurisdiction under
ICARA to determine whether the children were wrongfully detained in Missouri. It
decided that it had and then considered whether it should address the substantive
issues in light of the ongoing state proceeding. It abstained from hearing the case

                                           -6-
pursuant to 

, to avoid interfering with a state court ruling on
what it considered the merits of a Hague Convention claim.

       On appeal Sagi argues that there was not a Hague petition pending before the
state court and that Younger abstention is not an appropriate reason for the district
court to avoid hearing this case. He suggests that the fact that the state court used the
term "habitual presence" in its decision does not preclude him from bringing a Hague
petition under ICARA. Sagi contends that international law and comity, as well as
ICARA’s emphasis on the need for uniformity in its interpretation, all strongly weigh
against abstention. He further argues that the district court erred by deferring to the
state court action because Tamar brought it in violation of the Israeli court judgment
which was based on a duly executed consent agreement. Sagi also asserts that Tamar's
petition to modify the divorce decree and the state court in its rulings ignored the
Israeli consent decree, in which the parties had expressed their joint intention on the
habitual residence of the children. Tamar responds that the district court properly
abstained under Younger because the state court made a determination of the
children's "habitual residence" after that issue had been briefed and argued.

                                          III.

       Federal courts have a "virtually unflagging obligation . . . to exercise the
jurisdiction given them." Colorado River Water Conservation Dist. v. United States,

, 817 (1976), quoted in Silverman v. Silverman, 

, 792 (8th
Cir. 2001) (Silverman I); see Cohens v. Virginia, 

, 404 (1821) ("We have
no more right to decline the exercise of jurisdiction which is given, than to usurp that
which is not given."). The Supreme Court has articulated several abstention doctrines
as exceptions to this rule, one of which is the Younger doctrine. See 

. Younger abstention is premised on notions of federalism and comity, and
we review the district court’s application of the doctrine for abuse of discretion.
Silverman 

.


                                          -7-
       In order for a federal court to abstain under the Younger doctrine there must be
an ongoing state proceeding which implicates important state interests and which
affords an adequate opportunity to raise the federal issues. Middlesex County Ethics
Comm. v. Garden State Bar Ass'n, 

, 432 (1982); Silverman 

. The Hague Convention requires that state court custody proceedings be stayed
until the resolution of the Hague litigation. Hague Convention art. 16, T.I.A.S. No.
11670 ("[T]he judicial or administrative authorities of the Contracting State to which
the child has been removed or in which it has been retained shall not decide on the
merits of rights of custody until it has been determined that the child is not to be
returned under this Convention.") (emphasis added); Yang v. Tsui, 

, 201
(3d Cir. 2005). While ICARA does not have a similar express provision, the purpose
of the Convention is to "provide for a reasoned determination of where jurisdiction
over a custody dispute is properly placed." 

. It is thus
"consistent with this purpose that it is the custody determination, not the Hague
Convention Petition, that should be held in abeyance if proceedings are going forward
in both state and federal courts." 

of state custody proceedings
therefore does not support Younger abstention in the Hague Convention context.

      Moreover, given that Sagi obtained a custody determination from an Israeli
court and Tamar has obtained a custody determination from a state court in this
country, the federal district court is uniquely situated to adjudicate the question of
whether Israel or Missouri is the habitual residence of the Barzilay children and
whether they were wrongfully removed from that residence. See 

42 U.S.C.
§ 11601(b)(3)(B) (emphasizing "the need for uniform international interpretation of
the Convention"). Although the state clearly has an important interest in child custody
matters, that interest has not been considered to be a significant factor in terms of
abstention where ICARA is involved. See 

("It would make the
Hague Convention and ICARA meaningless if a federal court abstained in a Hague
Convention Petition because child custody was being disputed in state court.").



                                         -8-
       The parties dispute whether the state court proceedings afforded Sagi an
adequate opportunity to raise the Hague Convention issues. The controlling case in
our circuit is Silverman I, which concluded that abstention was inappropriate in Hague
Convention 

. Silverman I involved a family which had been
living in Israel but had previously resided in Minnesota. The mother returned to
Minnesota with the children and filed for divorce and child custody in state court. The
father filed a Hague petition in federal district court seeking the return of the children.
He objected in the custody proceedings that the state court lacked subject matter
jurisdiction and asserted "that the court should not reach the merits of the custody
issue" because the children were in Minnesota as a result of an alleged wrongful
removal from Israel, the merits of which were to be litigated in federal court. 

The mother argued for abstention in the federal court, and the district court
abstained because father had "failed to show that the state courts will not afford him
adequate opportunity to litigate" a Hague petition. 

v.
Silverman, No. 00-2274, slip. op. at 6 (D. Minn. Nov. 13, 2000).

       In reversing we saw a "fundamental defect in the federal district court's decision
to dismiss [father's] Hague petition on abstention grounds." Silverman 

. We noted that federal courts have the power to abstain "'only where the relief
sought is equitable or otherwise discretionary.'" 

quoting Quackenbush v.
Allstate Ins. Co., 

, 707 (1996). Because the Hague Convention
"mandates that a court that receives a valid Hague petition must determine whether
the child has, in fact, been wrongfully removed," the district court should not have
dismissed it. 

In a later en banc proceeding we held that a state court
custody order did not divest the federal district court of jurisdiction to determine
whether the children had been wrongfully removed from their habitual residence.
Silverman 

–95. In considering these issues, we noted that
"abstention does not apply in Hague Convention cases." 

citing Silverman

.



                                           -9-
      The district court in this case sought to distinguish Silverman I, citing the Third
Circuit's decision in Yang which recognized situations in which the Hague
Convention issues could be litigated in state court:

       [i]n a situation where there is a state court custody proceeding and a
       petition is filed in federal court under the Hague Convention, but the
       Hague Convention has not been raised, or raised but not litigated, in the
       state court, the federal court has generally found that abstention is not
       appropriate. Where the Hague Convention Petition has been raised and
       litigated in the state court, abstention by the federal court has generally
       been found to be 

. According to the district court, the Silverman I state court
proceedings only involved custody issues but in this case the state court reached the
merits of the Hague Convention question of habitual residence of the Barzilay
children by stating that "[t]he mere presence of the minor children on vacation in
Israel is insufficient to establish a 'habitual presence' [under ICARA]." Based on this,
the district court concluded that a Hague petition had been litigated in the state court
and that abstention was justified. We disagree.

        It is the "petitioner [who] is free to choose between state or federal court."

. Neither Tamar nor Sagi filed a Hague petition in state court.
Tamar merely referenced the Hague Convention twice. In her motion to modify the
divorce decree, Tamar stated that Sagi used the Israeli court system "to fraudulently
procure a judgment giving Israel exclusive jurisdiction over the custody of the minor
children . . . in blatant defiance of . . . the Hague Treaty on Child Abduction." She did
not reference the terms of the Hague treaty or explain how Sagi's use of the Israeli
court system implicated the treaty. In her motion for a temporary restraining order,
Tamar argued that the Israeli judgment need not be respected because that court
lacked subject matter jurisdiction and should have deferred to the Missouri court given
its existing custody judgment and the habitual residence of the children. She also
complained that Sagi's use of the Israeli court system "violated the spirit, if not the
letter, of the Hague Convention."

                                          -10-
       At no time did Tamar file a Hague petition in the Missouri court. She did not
request the state court to make a habitual residence determination under the Hague
Convention. The determination of a child's habitual residence presents mixed
questions of law and fact and requires the analysis of many factors, including the
settled purpose of the move to the new country from the child's perspective, parental
intent regarding the move, the change in geography, the passage of time, and the
acclimatization of the child to the new country. See Silverman 

–98;

–81. She also did not allege or ask the state court to rule that
Sagi had wrongfully removed the children to Israel or wrongfully retained them there.
She referenced the Hague Convention only to further her argument for a temporary
restraining order preventing the enforcement of the Israeli action.

       Sagi's special appearance in Missouri was for the "limited purpose of opposing
[the state court's] jurisdiction." Like the father in Silverman I, Sagi restricted his state
court arguments to jurisdictional issues. He never raised the Hague Convention before
the state court except to contest its exercise of jurisdiction, just as the father in
Silverman I had done. 

("[T]he Hague issues were raised in the
state court only by way of support for his argument that the state court should not have
ruled on the custody issue until the federal court resolved the Hague issues."). The
record shows that throughout the state court proceedings Sagi emphasized the limited
nature of his argument as being only jurisdictional. Sagi never engaged in an
argument in the state court on the merits of the Hague Convention considerations –
habitual residence and wrongful removal. Rather, he informed the state court that he
intended to file a Hague petition in federal district court to litigate the merits of the
Hague issues in that forum.

       The only distinction between Silverman I and the case before us is that in
Tamar's case the Missouri court made a comment on a relevant issue under the Hague
Convention, even though no Hague petition was pending. Rather than analyzing the
jurisdictional arguments, however, the state court simply stated without citation to
legal authority that "[t]he mere presence of the minor children on vacation in Israel is


                                           -11-
insufficient to establish a 'habitual presence'." It ignored what effect, if any, the
judgments of the Israeli court should have on its analysis, including the Israeli verdict
formalizing the consent agreement in which the parties agreed that Israel was the
habitual residence of the children.1 Moreover, the second part of the Hague
Convention inquiry was not undertaken, for the court did not analyze whether a
wrongful removal or retention had occurred. See 

(the court
entertaining a Hague petition must examine whether the removal or retention of a
child was "wrongful" under the law of the child's habitual residence).

       Because neither parent filed a Hague petition in state court, we conclude that
the Hague Convention issues were not properly or fully raised in that proceeding. The
parties did not litigate the merits of such issues, and any statement by the state court
touching on an issue under the Hague Convention inquiry is not controlling. It is "the
petitioner [who] is free to choose between state or federal court," 

, and in the absence of a Hague petition the state court proceeding did not present
an adequate opportunity to litigate ICARA issues. It was therefore an abuse of
discretion for the district court to abstain.

       As Silverman I and Silverman II made clear, the law in this circuit does not
favor abstention in Hague Convention cases. 

("[A]bstention
principles do not permit an outright dismissal of a Hague petition."); Silverman 

("[A]bstention does not apply in Hague Convention cases."); 42 U.S.C.
§ 11603(d) ("The court in which an action is brought under [§ 11603(b)] shall decide
the case in accordance with the Convention.") (emphasis added). Had a Hague
petition been properly brought in state court and had that court rendered a decision on
the merits of that petition, the proper response to a subsequent petition brought in
federal court would have been to give full faith and credit to the state court decision


      1
        Although there is a suggestion in the record before us that the proceeding in
the Israeli court was brought pursuant to that country's laws implementing the Hague
Convention, the record does not establish that. That issue will need to be explored by
the district court on remand.
                                          -12-
and dismiss the petition on that basis. See 42 U.S.C. § 11603(g) ("Full faith and credit
shall be accorded by the courts of the States and the courts of the United States to the
judgment of any other such court ordering or denying the return of a child, pursuant
to the Convention, in an action brought under this chapter.").

       In reaching our decision we express no opinion on the issues of the habitual
residence of the children or of wrongful removal or retention and leave those for the
district court. At this point we only recognize the father's right under the Convention
to file a Hague petition and to have those issues decided by a court of competent
jurisdiction.

                                          IV.

       We reverse and remand to the district court for determination of the merits of
the issues raised by Sagi's petition under the Hague Convention.

                       _______________________________




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