United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 08-1804
                                    ___________

United States of America,                *
                                         *
             Appellee,                   *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the
                                         * Northern District of Iowa.
Ira Gene Chase,                          *
                                         *
             Appellant.                  *
                                    ___________

                              Submitted: February 10, 2009
                                 Filed: March 25, 2009
                                  ___________

Before BYE, JOHN R. GIBSON, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

BYE, Circuit Judge.

       Ira Chase pleaded guilty to attempting to possess with intent to distribute 500
grams or more of a mixture or substance containing methamphetamine in violation of
21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and conspiring to distribute and possess with intent to
distribute 500 grams or more of a mixture or substance containing methamphetamine
in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) & 846. He was sentenced to 235 months of
imprisonment. Chase appeals his sentence challenging the district court's denial of his
motion for a downward variance. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
                                           I

        The charges against Chase arose from a methamphetamine distribution
conspiracy involving Chase, his wife Janet, and a third defendant, Caroline
Brandenburg. At Chase's direction, Brandenburg made three trips from Iowa to
Oklahoma between November 2006 and February 2007 to obtain methamphetamine
for Chase and his wife to use and sell in Iowa. The conspiracy was discovered during
a traffic stop of the car driven by Brandenburg on her third trip.

       Chase pleaded guilty to the charges against him without the benefit of a plea
agreement. Between the time of his plea and sentencing, he reached a sentencing
agreement with the government whereby the parties agreed the applicable advisory
guidelines sentencing range was 210-262 months. The parties also agreed to jointly
recommend a sentence of 235 months, although Chase remained "free to argue a
motion for a downward variance under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)." Addendum at 9. Chase
also retained the right to appeal his sentence "as it relates to his downward variance
motion." 

       At the time of sentencing, Chase argued for a downward variance based upon
a number of factors, including his relatively advanced age (sixty-three years old at the
time of sentencing), the fact he had been a law-abiding citizen most of his life and had
no prior criminal convictions, his health issues (including two previous back surgeries
and a substance abuse problem related in part to his use of pain medications following
a car accident), his military record (an honorable discharge from the United States
Marine Corps), his employment history (having owned his own construction business
for over twenty-five years), and the fact that a sentence of 235 months for a man his
age could very well result in his death while incarcerated, in effect, a life sentence.
The government opposed the motion. In a memorandum of law filed prior to
sentencing, the government relied upon a number of Eighth Circuit decisions which



                                          -2-
discussed downward departures and, in particular, the standard for departing
downward based on health issues.

      The district court denied the motion for a downward variance, stating:

      First, there is, in the Court's opinion, no factual basis that would warrant
      a downward departure. When I look at the statutory factors, were I to
      depart in this case, it would run afoul of the statutory factors under 18
      USC 3553(a). I won't go into all the considerations in denying the
      variance, except to note a couple things. There's no basis for a health
      departure for the reasons set out in [the prosecutor's] memo and the case
      law of the Eighth Circuit.             In methamphetamine distribution
      conspiracies, there is not always a role reduction. I have had other cases
      where we had co-equal partners, who did about the same thing in a
      conspiracy, and I did not increase the role in the offense for any of the
      co-conspirators. This case, clearly the adjustment of role in the offense
      is warranted by the criminal conduct. The Defendant already has the
      benefit of criminal history category I. Criminal history category I is any
      person who has zero to one criminal history points. And so I just – I just
      don't see any basis to vary downward after looking at the statutory
      factors.

Sent. Tr. at 43-44. The prosecutor later brought to the district court's attention that it
had referred to the terms "departure" and "variance" interchangeably; the district court
then clarified that it was referring to a "variance." 

The district court
ultimately sentenced Chase to 235 months in prison. Chase filed a timely appeal.

                                            II

       Our post-Booker review of sentences begins with ensuring there were no
significant procedural errors committed by the district court, "such as failing to
calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as
mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on


                                           -3-
clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence[.]"
United States v. Aguilera, 

, 877 (8th Cir. 2008) (quoting Gall v. United
States,128 S. Ct. 586, 597 (2007)). If the sentence is procedurally sound, we then
review its substantive reasonableness under an abuse-of-discretion standard. 

his sentence is unreasonable. He also contends the district court
did not properly consider his motion for a downward variance; specifically, he claims
the district court equated the standards for motions for downward departures with
motions for downward variances.

       Variances do differ from departures. See United States v. Myers, 

,
684 (8th Cir. 2007) ("Guidelines departures and post-Booker variances are different.
There may well be cases that would not justify a departure under the Guidelines but
which are appropriate for a variance.") (internal citation and quotations omitted).
Factors ordinarily considered irrelevant in calculating the advisory guideline range,
or in determining whether a guideline departure is warranted, can be relevant in
deciding whether to grant a variance. Cf. United States v. White, 

, 644
(8th Cir. 2007) (rejecting the government's argument that a sentence was unreasonable
because a variance was based "in part of some factors ordinarily considered irrelevant
in calculating the advisory guideline range[.]").

        In fashioning a "sentence sufficient, but not greater than necessary," 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a), "district courts are not only permitted, but required, to consider 'the history
and characteristics of the defendant.'" 

(quoting 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)(1)). As a consequence, factors such as a defendant's age, medical condition,
prior military service, family obligations, entrepreneurial spirit, etc., can form the
bases for a variance even though they would not justify a departure. 

States v. Ryder, 

, 920 (8th Cir. 2005) (remanding for resentencing where
a district court believed it lacked discretion to vary based on the defendants' ill health
and advanced ages); and United States v. Lamoreaux, 

, 756 (8th Cir.

                                           -4-
2005) (approving of the consideration of non-Guidelines factors such as prior military
service, the pregnancy of the defendant's wife, a defendant's need to care for his
children, and a defendant's entrepreneurial spirit, in fashioning an appropriate
sentence)). In addition, factors that have already been taken into account in
calculating the advisory guideline range, such as a defendant's lack of criminal history,
can nevertheless form the basis of a variance. 

case, the district court said there was "no factual basis that would warrant
a downward [variance]." The district court also said a variance "would run afoul of
the statutory factors under 18 USC 3553(a)" and "I just don't see any basis to vary
downward after looking at the statutory factors." While those statements may be
accurate with respect to the propriety of a downward departure, they are all incorrect
with respect to a downward variance for the reasons we just summarized. Chase's
advanced age, prior military service, health issues, and employment history were all
factual bases that would warrant a downward variance without running afoul of the
statutory factors under § 3553(a). In addition, Chase's lack of criminal history, even
though already taken into account in calculating his advisory guideline range, could
nevertheless have formed the basis for a variance. The district court's inaccurate
statements support Chase's claim the district court improperly equated a downward
variance with a downward departure and suggest the district court did not properly
exercise its discretion in considering Chase's motion for a downward variance.

      The government contends the district court's inaccurate statements should not
be read literally, but should be interpreted to mean the district court properly
considered Chase's motion and simply did not believe the facts of this case warranted
a variance. We agree that is one plausible interpretation of the district court's
comments. An equally plausible interpretation, however, is that the district court
analyzed the variance as a departure and did not properly consider factors it was
required to consider when addressing a variance. Because the record before us is
unclear, we must remand this case for resentencing. See United States v. Roberson,

                                           -5-


, 995 (8th Cir. 2008) (requiring remand when "[i]t is unclear whether the
district court declined to use its discretion in the requested manner . . . or because it
did not find that the disparity warranted any variance from the guidelines.").

      We take this opportunity to make one additional point. When specifically
addressing Chase's request for a variance because of his health problems, the district
court said "[t]here's no basis for a health [variance] for the reasons set out in [the
prosecutor's] memo and the case law of the Eighth Circuit."1 The prosecutor's memo
discussed the standard for granting a health departure, however, and cited departure
cases when claiming a variance was appropriate only in "extraordinary
circumstances." Thus, the district court's statement could be interpreted to mean, in
denying Chase's request for a downward variance, the district court felt bound by
departure precedent requiring "extraordinary physical impairment" before a departure
can be granted. See, e.g., United States v. Coughlin, 

, 818 (8th Cir.
2007) (discussing the standard set forth in U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual
§ 5H1.4 for granting a downward departure based on a defendant's health).

       Although we have applied departure precedent when addressing a variance, see
United States v. Charles, 

, 641 (8th Cir. 2008) (using the three-part test
for health departures to analyze the propriety of a health variance), we now clarify that
departure precedent does not bind district courts with respect to variance decisions,
it is merely persuasive authority. Charles's use of departure precedent to analyze a
variance does not directly conflict with our cases clearly distinguishing between
variances and departures in the post-Booker sentencing world. But to the extent
Charles may create an implicit conflict with these cases, we are free to choose the
better-reasoned line of cases, see Toua Hong Chang v. Minnesota, 

, 832

      1
       The statement that there was "no basis" for a health variance is incorrect for the
reasons we have already discussed; Chase's health problems could have been a factor
considered in granting a downward variance even though they may not have justified
a downward departure.

                                          -6-
n.3 (8th Cir. 2008), and feel obligated by the Supreme Court's recent pronouncements
on sentencing to iterate that the standards governing departures do not bind a district
court when employing its discretion with respect to variances.

                                           III

      We reverse and remand for resentencing.

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge, concurring.

       I concur in the Court’s judgment, but I write separately because I would remand
on a more limited basis. I would remand solely because of the district court’s
apparent reliance on our cases requiring “extraordinary physical impairment” for a
departure based on a defendant’s health to deny Chase’s request for a variance based
on his health.

       Subsequent to the sentencing hearing, our court affirmed another district court’s
refusal to grant a downward variance by referring to the “extraordinary physical
impairment” standard for health departures set forth in U.S.S.G. § 5H1.4. 

. We found that Charles did not meet the three-part test for a
downward departure, so his “health concerns require[d] no variance.” 

Court states that Charles does not directly conflict with our cases that distinguish
between variances and departures and that Charles therefore “does not bind district
courts with respect to variance decisions,” ante at 6, in my view, Charles effectively
imports the guidelines’ departure requirement in § 5H1.4 to a variance request based
on a defendant’s health. This creates a conflict with our line of cases that do not
impose such a requirement. See, e.g., United States v. White, 

, 647 (8th
Cir. 2007); United States v. Wadena, 

, 739-40 (8th Cir. 2006). Where
there are conflicting lines of cases, the Court has discretion to follow either line. See
Hartsfield v. Nichols, 

, 831 n.4 (8th Cir. 2008). Because I agree with our

                                          -7-
line of cases that do not import the guidelines’ departure requirement to a variance
request based on a defendant’s health, I would choose not to apply Charles.
Therefore, I would remand to allow the district court to consider Chase’s variance
request without imposing the “extraordinary physical impairment” requirement.

       I am not convinced, however, that the district court’s other statements showed
that the court believed it lacked the authority to grant a variance based on the other
relevant factors, such as Chase’s age, employment history and criminal history. In my
view, the district court properly considered the § 3553(a) factors and concluded that
the facts in this case did not warrant a variance. The district court specifically referred
to Chase’s age, education, alcohol problems, physical condition, financial situation
and lack of dependents. As a result, we may reasonably infer that the district court
was aware of and considered the relevant § 3553(a) factors in this case. See United
States v. Gray, 

, 944 (8th Cir. 2008) (explaining that we must consider
“the entire sentencing record, not merely the district court’s statements at the
[sentencing] hearing,” and that the court’s reference to some of the § 3553(a) factors
implies that the court “was aware of the entire contents of the relevant statute”); see
also United States v. Mooney, 

, 947 (8th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 555
U.S. ---, 

(2009). Indeed, “Booker, Rita, and Gall were hardly obscure
decisions likely to have been overlooked by federal sentencing judges . . . .” 

. Thus, I conclude that the district court considered the relevant
§ 3553(a) factors and simply declined to vary from Chase’s advisory sentencing
guidelines range. Nevertheless, because I am concerned that the district court may
have felt constrained to apply the guidelines’ departure requirement to Chase’s request
for a variance based on his health, I concur in the Court’s decision to vacate the
sentence and remand for further consideration.
                          ______________________________




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