United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________
                                    No. 08-2098
                                    ___________


Eric W. Sorenson,                     *
                                      *
            Plaintiff-Appellant,      *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
      v.                              * District Court for the
                                      * District of Nebraska.
Janea M. Sorenson,                    *
                                      *
            Defendant-Appellee.       *
                                 ___________

                             Submitted: December 12, 2008
                                 Filed: March 23, 2009
                                  ___________


Before COLLOTON and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges, and GOLDBERG,1 Judge.
                                    ___________
GOLDBERG, Judge.
      Eric Sorenson appeals the district court’s2 rulings on his claim under Article 15
of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction


          1
        The Honorable Richard W. Goldberg, United States Court of International
Trade, sitting by designation.
      2
       The Honorable Michael J. Davis, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.
(Hague Convention), 19 I.L.M. 1501 (1980), as implemented by the United States in
the International Child Abduction Remedies Act, 42 U.S.C. § 11601-11610
(“ICARA”). Because we find that Australia was the child’s habitual residence at the
time of the allegedly wrongful retention, we affirm the decision of the district court.



                                I. BACKGROUND

       Eric and Janea Sorenson were married in October of 2002 in Chicago, Illinois.
The same year, they had a daughter E.S.S. in Minnesota, where the couple resided.
In 2003, Eric accepted a work transfer to Australia and the family moved to the
Sydney-area under a three year work visa. Before moving, Eric and Janea sold their
residence, automobiles, and they also shipped most of their personal belongings to
Australia. Within a few months of moving to Australia, their relationship deteriorated
and they separated in October of 2004. In May 2007, Janea notified Eric of her
intention to remain in Australia. Eric moved back to Minnesota and filed for divorce,
and for E.S.S.’s return. However, the Hennepin County District Court found that it
lacked jurisdiction. Eric then filed a request for E.S.S.’s return in the Australian
courts, claiming that E.S.S. had been wrongfully retained. To facilitate this claim, the
Australian court asked Eric to file a petition to the District Court of Minnesota for a
determination of E.S.S.’s habitual residence under the Hague Convention. Upon
receiving Eric’s petition, the district court held a bench trial, and concluded that
Australia was E.S.S.’s habitual residence. Eric now appeals this determination.



                 II. JURISDICTION & STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (2000). Determinations
of habitual residence under the Hague Convention raise mixed questions of law and
fact, and should be reviewed de novo. Silverman v. Silverman, 

, 896
(8th Cir. 2003) (en banc). Determinations of intent, however, involve questions of

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fact and the Court must defer to the district court’s findings unless they are clearly
erroneous. See, e.g., Koch v. Koch, 

, 710 (7th Cir. 2006).



                                 III. DISCUSSION
       The sole issue in this case is whether the district court erred in making its
habitual residence determination. Under the Hague Convention, the retention of a
child is wrongful if it breaches the rights of a custodian “under the law of the State in
which the child was habitually resident immediately before removal or retention. . .
.” Dept. of State, Hague Int’l Child Abduction Convention; Text & Legal Analysis
(Mar. 26, 1986), 51 Fed. Reg. 10494, 10505. Accordingly, if E.S.S.’s habitual
residence was Australia at the time of the retention, the Convention would not compel
E.S.S.’s return to the United States.3

       Habitual residence was not defined by the Hague Convention, and subsequent
courts have had some difficulty in interpreting this term. See Holder v. Holder, 

, 1015 (9th Cir. 2004). The Eighth Circuit has, however, provided
guidance, explaining that:

      [a] person may have only one habitual residence, and it should not be
      confused with domicile. [T]he court must focus on the child, not the
      parents, and examine past experience, not future intentions. Habitual
      residence may only be altered by a change in geography and passage of
      time.
      Federal courts are agreed that “habitual residence” must encompass some
      form of “settled purpose.” The settled purpose need not be to stay in a
      new location forever, but the family must have a “sufficient degree of
      continuity to be properly described as settled.”


      3
        Here, the time of the allegedly wrongful retention is not in dispute. Until
the Sorensons’ visas expired in June of 2007, and Eric returned to the United
States, E.S.S. was in Australia with the permission of both parents. Accordingly,
the relevant time for examining E.S.S.’s habitual residence is June 2007.
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(citations omitted). In Silverman, the Court further
explained the nature of the intended review, explaining that:

      [t]he [district] court should have determined the degree of settled
      purpose from the children’s perspective, including the family’s change
      of geography along with their personal possessions and pets, the passage
      of time, the family abandoning its prior residence and selling the house,
      the application for and securing of benefits only available to . . .
      immigrants, the children’s enrollment in school, and to some degree,
      both parents’ intentions at the time of the move . . . .

Silverman to the district court’s findings of fact compels a
similar conclusion. Again, settled purpose is viewed from the child’s perspective.
See Nunez-Escudero v. Tice-Menley, 

, 379 (8th Cir. 1995). As of June
2007, E.S.S. had experienced a clear change in geography as the Sorensons moved to
Australia along with most of their possessions. A substantial amount of time, three
years, had also passed prior to the alleged retention. By this point, E.S.S. was settled
and acclimatized to life in Australia, and even spoke with an Australian accent.
Additionally, all of E.S.S.’s friends lived in Australia, and she was enrolled in
preschool. In short, E.S.S. had spent the overwhelming majority of her life in, and the
majority of her connections were to, Australia as of June 2007.4

       As the parents’ intentions at the time of the move are relevant, we also consider
this factor. Here, the district court found that Eric and Janea’s shared intention was
to live in Australia for an indefinite period of time, but at the minimum, a period of


      4
        The only substantial difference from Silverman is the fact that the
Sorensons did not file for citizenship or benefits in Australia, in 2004, upon their
arrival. However, this alone does not overcome the other factors pointing toward a
sufficient degree of settled purpose or a degree of continuity to make Australia
E.S.S.’s habitual residence in June of 2007.


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three years. The district court further concluded that the parties did not have a mutual
shared intention to return to Minnesota, or the United States, upon completion of the
work transfer. This determination of intent was supported by the witness John Vento,
who stated that Eric would have had further opportunities with the computing firm
upon completion of the three year term, which could have been in the firm’s
Australian offices or another U.S. location. The district court’s determination of intent
is not clearly erroneous, and adds further support to our de novo review of the district
court’s habitual residence determination.

      In short, the Silverman factors and to a lesser extent the district court’s
determination of shared intent indicate that E.S.S. had been in Australia long enough
to have a “sufficient degree of continuity to be properly described as settled.” Feder
v. Evans-Feder, 

, 223 (3d Cir. 1995) (citing In re Bates, No. CA 122-89,
High Court of Justice, Family Div’l Ct. Royal Courts of Justice, United Kingdom
(1989)). As such, E.S.S.’s habitual residence as of June 2007 was Australia.



                                 IV. CONCLUSION
      For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the district court is AFFIRMED.




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