United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                     No.08-2860
                                    ___________

United States of America,                *
                                         *
               Appellee,                 *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the
                                         * Western District of Missouri.
Tony J. Lee,                             *
                                         *
               Appellant.                *
                                    ___________

                              Submitted: March 13, 2009
                                 Filed: July 2, 2009
                                  ___________

Before SMITH, GRUENDER, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

       Tony J. Lee pleaded guilty to aiding and abetting assault with intent to rob a
post office, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2114(a) and 2. The district court1 sentenced
Lee to 87 months' imprisonment, applying four sentencing enhancements. On appeal,
Lee argues that the district court erred in overruling his objections to the sentencing
enhancements without requiring the government to present any evidence and in
enhancing his sentence two levels pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B). We reject
Lee's arguments and affirm the judgment of the district court.

      1
        The Honorable Scott O. Wright, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
                                    I. Background
      On May 12, 2007, Lee, Jesse Melton, and Robert Newsome, Jr., robbed the
Longview Post Office in Kansas City, Missouri. Lee and Melton, who were armed
with handguns, entered the post office while Newsome remained outside. Lee's
presentence investigation report (PSR) stated that Lee and Melton pointed their
handguns at several persons and "ordered employees and patrons to the floor." The
PSR also stated that Lee reportedly "assist[ed] in the containment of witnesses." After
jumping over the post office counter and ordering postal employees to open the cash
drawers, Melton removed $1769 in cash and one money order from the drawers.
During the course of the robbery, Lee yelled to Melton, "Time is up, we got to go."

       A patron who was in an adjacent section of the post office during the robbery
attempted to leave unnoticed, but Newsome confronted her outside. Newsome
approached the woman with a handgun and tried to take her car keys. When she did
not give Newsome her keys, he struck her in the back of the neck with his handgun,
causing her to fall to the ground. Lee and Melton joined Newsome outside the post
office, and the three men sped away in an automobile. Lee was subsequently
interviewed by investigators and admitted his involvement in the robbery.

        Lee pleaded guilty to aiding and abetting assault with intent to rob a post office,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2114(a) and 2. Lee's PSR recommended the application
of (1) a two-level enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(1) for taking property
of a post office; (2) a six-level enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(B)
for the use of a firearm; (3) a two-level enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. §
2B3.1(b)(3)(A) because a "victim sustained bodily injury"; and (4) a two-level
enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B) because a "person was physically
restrained to facilitate commission of the offense or to facilitate escape." The PSR
calculated a total offense level of 29 and a criminal history category I, yielding a
Guidelines range of 87–108 months.



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       Lee objected to the application of the § 2B3.1(b)(2)(B), (b)(3)(A), and (b)(4)(B)
enhancements. He argued that he did not personally use a firearm, did not cause a
victim to sustain bodily injury, did not physically restrain anyone, and should not be
held accountable for Newsome's actions. Lee also specifically denied the allegation
in the PSR that he had "assist[ed] in the containment of witnesses." At his sentencing
hearing, Lee testified that his handgun was "out where people could see" it but denied
pointing it at anyone. Lee stated that Melton ordered people to lie on the ground in the
post office and that one or two people complied, but Lee denied that he ordered
anyone to the ground. Lee did not dispute that Newsome struck a woman with a
handgun, but Lee claimed that he was unaware "that anybody would get hurt" during
the robbery. The district court overruled Lee's objections and sentenced him to 87
months' imprisonment, followed by three years of supervised release.

                                     II. Discussion
      Lee first argues that the district court erred in overruling his objections to the
sentencing enhancements without requiring the government to present any evidence.
According to Lee, the court adopted the facts recited in the PSR despite his "timely
and specific" objections to those facts.

       "The Government must prove by a preponderance of the evidence each of the
facts necessary to establish a sentencing enhancement." United States v. Razo-Guerra,

, 975 (8th Cir. 2008). "In determining whether the Government has met
its burden, the district court 'may accept any undisputed portion of the [PSR] as a
finding of fact.'" 

R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(A)). And "unless a defendant
objects to a specific factual allegation contained in the PSR, the court may accept that
fact as true for sentencing purposes." United States v. Moser, 

, 1132
(8th Cir. 1999). "We have never recognized implied objections to factual statements
contained in a PSR. Rather, we require that objections to the PSR be made with
specificity and clarity before a district court is precluded from relying on the factual
statements contained in the PSR." 

(internal quotations

                                          -3-
and citations omitted). Indeed, the district court is entitled to rely on facts in the PSR
when the defendant "object[s] not to the facts themselves but to the PSR's
recommendation based on those facts." 

. Such a "summary
objection" fails to "alert the Government as to which specific facts it need[s] to
substantiate at the hearing." 

.

       The Guidelines provide that a defendant's sentence should be determined on the
basis of "all acts and omissions committed, aided, abetted, counseled, commanded,
induced, procured, or willfully caused by the defendant." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A).
Furthermore, "in the case of a jointly undertaken criminal activity (a criminal plan,
scheme, endeavor, or enterprise undertaken by the defendant in concert with others,
whether or not charged as a conspiracy)," a defendant is responsible for "all
reasonably foreseeable acts and omissions of others in furtherance of the jointly
undertaken criminal activity." 

Application Note 2 to § 1B1.3
addresses a defendant's responsibility for the actions of an accomplice as follows:

      Note that the criminal activity that the defendant agreed to jointly
      undertake, and the reasonably foreseeable conduct of others in
      furtherance of that criminal activity, are not necessarily identical. For
      example, two defendants agree to commit a robbery and, during the
      course of that robbery, the first defendant assaults and injures a victim.
      The second defendant is accountable for the assault and injury to the
      victim (even if the second defendant had not agreed to the assault and
      had cautioned the first defendant to be careful not to hurt anyone)
      because the assaultive conduct was in furtherance of the jointly
      undertaken criminal activity (the robbery) and was reasonably
      foreseeable in connection with that criminal activity (given the nature of
      the offense).

      Contrary to Lee's characterization of his objections, he formally objected to
only one factual allegation in the PSR—that he "assist[ed] in the containment of
witnesses." Although Lee did not lodge a formal objection to the PSR's allegation that


                                           -4-
he pointed his handgun at several persons and ordered employees and patrons to the
floor, he denied these allegations at his sentencing hearing. Lee's remaining objections
pertained solely to the application of the Guidelines to his conduct.

       Lee's argument that the district court erred in overruling his objections to the
sentencing enhancements without requiring the government to present any evidence
is without merit. Neither party disputes that (1) Lee participated in the post office
robbery with Newsome and Melton, (2) Lee was armed with a handgun, (3) Melton
pointed his gun at several persons and ordered employees and patrons to lie on the
ground, and (4) Newsome injured a patron trying to leave the post office by striking
her with his handgun. These undisputed facts eviscerate Lee's factual objection.
Whether Lee personally assisted in the containment of witnesses, pointed a gun at
specific persons, or ordered employees and patrons to lie on the ground is immaterial
because his accomplices undisputedly committed these acts. Therefore, the district
court did not err in overruling Lee's objections to the sentencing enhancements
without requiring the government to present any evidence.

       Lee next argues that the district court erred in applying the § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B)
enhancement, emphasizing that he did not physically restrain anyone during the
robbery. Section 2B3.1(b)(4)(B) of the Guidelines provides for a two-level
enhancement "if any person was physically restrained to facilitate commission of the
offense or to facilitate escape." "Physically restrained" is defined as "the forcible
restraint of the victim such as by being tied, bound, or locked up." 

n.1(K).
"The use in the definition of the words 'such as' before those three terms indicates that
the terms are merely illustrative examples and do not limit the type of conduct that
may constitute a physical restraint." Arcoren v. United States, 

, 1246
(8th Cir. 1991). "Under § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B), a defendant physically restrains persons if
the defendant creates circumstances allowing the persons no alternative but
compliance." United States v. Kirtley, 

, 286 (8th Cir. 1993).



                                          -5-
       Regardless of whether the actions of Lee and Melton inside the post office
constituted "physical restraint" for purposes of § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B), Newsome physically
restrained the woman attempting to leave the post office when he struck her with his
handgun. Striking the woman with the handgun facilitated the commission of the
robbery and the escape, see U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B), was a "forcible" act, see 

n.1(K), and "create[d] circumstances allowing the [woman] no alternative but
compliance," 

. And Lee's contention that he was unaware "that
anybody would get hurt" during the robbery is meritless because Newsome's actions
were "reasonably foreseeable" and were committed "in furtherance of" the robbery.
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B). The district court thus did not err in applying the
§ 2B3.1(b)(4)(B) enhancement.

                                 III. Conclusion
      Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                     ______________________________




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