United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 08-3245
                                    ___________

Todd Syverson, doing business as         *
Syverson Livestock Brokers,              *
                                         *
             Petitioner,                 *
                                         * Petition for Review of an
      v.                                 * Order of the United States
                                         * Department of Agriculture.
United States Department of              *
Agriculture,                             *
                                         *
             Respondent.                 *
                                    ___________

                              Submitted: November 17, 2009
                                 Filed: April 9, 2010 (corrected 4/12/10)
                                  ___________

Before RILEY,1 Chief Judge, WOLLMAN, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

       In this Packers and Stockyards Act case, see 7 U.S.C. §§ 181-229, Todd
Syverson appeals from the judgment of the judicial officer of the United States
Department of Agriculture. The judicial officer determined that Syverson had
engaged in unfair and deceptive trade practices, in violation of 7 U.S.C. § 213(a), and
failed to keep sufficient accounts, records and memorandum of his business, in


      1
       The Honorable William Jay Riley became Chief Judge of the United States
Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit on April 1, 2010.
violation of 7 U.S.C. § 221. The judicial officer determined that Syverson unfairly
and deceptively overcharged a customer in a series of transactions in which he acted
as a market agency and that he failed to produce documentation of his transactions in
a timely manner. The judicial officer issued a cease and desist order to Syverson and
suspended his registration under the Act for five years. We affirm the judicial
officer’s judgment in part, reverse in part, and remand to the judicial officer for
reconsideration of the sanction.

                                            I.

        Syverson has bought and sold livestock since 1989, doing business as Syverson
Livestock Brokers in Wanamingo, Minnesota. He is registered under the Packers and
Stockyards Act (PSA) as both a market agency and a dealer. This dual registration
means that he can traffic in livestock either as a market agency working on a
commission basis, gleaning profit from the fees charged for arranging transactions,
or as a dealer, deriving profit from the difference between his cost basis and sale price.
In 2001, Syverson was ordered to cease and desist from “[i]ssuing accounts of
purchase or sale which fail to show the true and correct nature of the livestock
transaction accounted for therein” and “causing false records to be prepared.” In re:
Todd Syverson, P&S Docket No. D-99-0011, 2-3 (June 12, 2001).

      In the spring of 2002, Syverson entered into an arrangement with Lance Quam,
in which Quam sought to purchase approximately sixty cows during the coming
summer.2 Quam intended to breed the cows. Syverson agreed to provide the cows at




      2
       In his reply brief, Syverson disputes this, stating that there was no testimony
or evidence to this effect. Quam, however, testified that he told Syverson that he
sought “approximately fifty or sixty” cattle “by late summer.”

                                           -2-
his purchase price, plus a commission of $15, and additional expenses, including
trucking.3

       During the summer of 2002, Syverson purchased cattle at the Zumbrota
Livestock Auction in Zumbrota, Minnesota. The auction sold different types of cattle
on different days of the week. The Monday auction included a variety of cattle,
including open (not pregnant) cows, feeder cattle, calves, market cattle, fat cattle, and
dairy cows being sold for slaughter. Typically, although not always, cattle sold at the
Monday auction were sold for slaughter and priced by the pound. The Monday auction
is colloquially known as the slaughter or cull auction, and most cattle sold at this
auction are slaughtered shortly thereafter. Cattle sold at the Monday auction are given
a four-digit identification tag, commonly known as a slaughter tag.

       On Tuesdays, dairy cows are auctioned. Cows sold at the dairy auction are
generally bound for dairy farms and priced by the head rather than by weight.
Compared to the cattle sold at the Monday slaughter auction, cows sold on Tuesday
tend to be of higher quality and are typically more expensive. In order to be sold at
the Tuesday auction, a cow must have received a veterinary inspection that evaluates
the overall health of the cow and the state of the udders. The cow must also be tested
for brucellosis and tuberculosis. A cow that passes the veterinary inspection can be
given a three-digit identification tag, marking it as suitable for the Tuesday dairy


      3
        Beyond these facts, Syverson and Quam gave conflicting testimony concerning
the agreement they reached. The administrative law judge and the judicial officer
found both Syverson and Quam lacking in credibility. The judicial officer, therefore,
relied upon the testimony of unbiased witnesses, relevant exhibits, and the other
filings in the record. Our review is limited to the evidence upon which the judicial
officer relied. See Corona Livestock Auction, Inc., v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 

, 814 n.8 (9th Cir. 1979). Review for substantial evidence neither includes the
revisiting of credibility determinations, nor the re-weighing of evidence and the
inferences to be drawn therefrom. Id.; Aikins v. United States, 

, 57 (10th
Cir. 1960).

                                          -3-
auction. Importantly, a cow that has already received a four-digit slaughter tag can
have its slaughter tag replaced with a three-digit dairy auction tag if it passes a
veterinary inspection.

       At both auctions, an individual that puts cattle up for sale is known as the
consigner, as they have consigned their cattle to the auction for sale. The consigner
remains the owner of the cattle during the auction and bears the risk that the cattle may
die while at auction. Ownership is transferred when a successful bid is made for the
cattle. If the consigner does not feel the bidding is at a fair price, then he may either
(1) stop the bidding and withdraw his cattle from the auction at no charge (known as
a “no-sale”) or (2) repurchase the cattle from his own consignment, incurring auction
fees.

       On at least eight occasions during the summer of 2002, Syverson bought cattle
at the Monday slaughter auction, had the cattle inspected by a veterinarian, re-tagged
for the dairy auction, and then consigned for sale the next day in the Tuesday dairy
auction. Syverson repurchased the cows from his own consignment and paid
auctioneering fees of approximately twenty to twenty-five dollars per head. Syverson
then delivered some of these repurchased cows to Quam, accompanied by an invoice
that showed the Tuesday dairy auction price, a commission of $15, a veterinary fee,
and the cost of trucking.4




      4
        Of the sixty-two cows that Quam purchased in the summer of 2002, at least
forty-four were repurchased from Syverson’s own consignment. Only twenty-four
cows are the subject of this case. These twenty-four traceable cows were all
separately penned and invoiced to “Order 2” for Quam at the Tuesday auction.
William Arce, a senior marketing specialist for the Grain Inspection, Packers and
Stockyards Administration, testified that Syverson’s failure to produce complete
records prevented tracing the history of the rest of the cows.

                                          -4-
       To understand these transactions, it is useful to consider an example. At the
Monday slaughter auction on August 19, 2002, Syverson bought a cow weighing 790
pounds, at a price of $30 per hundredweight, for a total purchase price of $237. The
cow’s four digit slaughter tag was #T4827. After passing a veterinarian examination
that evening, the cow was re-tagged #565 for the Tuesday dairy auction.

       At the Tuesday dairy cow auction the following day, Syverson consigned cow
#565 to the auction and then repurchased the same cow from his own consignment for
$475. Syverson had the auction segregate the cow into its own pen and invoice the
cow as “Order 2” for Quam. The cow was then taken to a veterinarian for various
shots and delivered to Quam later that day. For this cow, Syverson invoiced Quam
$515.50, which included $475 for Syverson’s purchase price, a $15 commission, a
$15.50 veterinary fee, and $10 for trucking. With the invoice, Syverson included his
Tuesday dairy auction receipt, representing that he had paid $475 for the cow.
Syverson did not disclose that he had repurchased the cow from his own consignment
or that the cow had been initially purchased at the Monday slaughter auction. As a
result, the total amount invoiced to Quam was $278.50 greater than the amount
Syverson paid for the cow at the Monday slaughter auction.

       In February 2003, Quam received eight cows from Syverson. The trucker
making the delivery, Jim Klecker, said to Quam, “Oh, you’re the one,” and then
related rumors circulating at the Zumbrota auction, “that Todd [Syverson] was buying
these cattle on Monday and turning around and running them up on Tuesday and
selling them to somebody and they didn’t know who.” Klecker reported that he had
spoken to Syverson about this rumor and that Syverson had responded, “Well, just
keep it quiet about who we tell about where we got cattle there. Nobody else needs
to know.”

     Acting on this information, Quam acquired veterinary records from the
Zumbrota auction. The records showed that Syverson had been repurchasing dairy

                                        -5-
cows from the Tuesday dairy auction that he had initially purchased at the Monday
slaughter auction, confirming what Klecker had said. On May 8, 2003, Quam
complained to the Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyard Administration (GIPSA)
about his dealings with Syverson. Robert Merritt, the Minnesota resident agent for
GIPSA, commenced an investigation. GIPSA requested that Syverson produce for
inspection his business records for 2002. Syverson did not turn over records of his
business with Quam, stating that he had lost the records during a move. Although
Syverson turned over other records, the records of transactions with Quam were
missing. After speaking with his lawyer, Syverson produced some records of his
business with Quam, claiming that they had been misfiled. These records, however,
did not include the initial price or source of the cows that were supplied to Quam.

       On December 14, 2004, GIPSA filed a formal complaint against Syverson,
alleging that his self-dealing violated 7 U.S.C. § 213(a) as an unfair or deceptive
practice and that his failure to keep proper business records violated 7 U.S.C. § 221.
GIPSA’s complaint sought a cease and desist order, a fine, and suspension of
Syverson’s registration under the PSA.

       An administrative law judge (ALJ) held a two-day hearing on April 4-5, 2006.
The ALJ issued her decision on August 31, 2007, concluding that Syverson, acting as
a dealer under the PSA, had violated 7 U.S.C. § 213(a) by engaging in a deceptive and
unfair practice, and had violated 7 U.S.C. § 221 for his failure to produce his business
records for inspection. In re: Todd Syverson, P&S Docket No. D-05-0005, 

(Aug. 31, 2007) (Syverson I). The ALJ found that Syverson had
intentionally withheld the invoices that he had sent to Quam. The ALJ assessed a civil
penalty of $5,000 and ordered Syverson to cease and desist from similar violations of
the PSA.

       On September 27, 2007, GIPSA appealed the ALJ’s decision to the judicial
officer. GIPSA argued that Syverson had acted as a market agency, not as a dealer,

                                          -6-
and that his violations were serious violations of the PSA. GIPSA emphasized that
Syverson had been ordered in 2001 to cease and desist from misrepresenting
important facts about livestock purchases and sales to his customers. According to
GIPSA, a five-year suspension was warranted. Syverson denied that he had violated
the PSA and argued that no sanction should be imposed.

      The judicial officer issued his final decision on August 27, 2008. In re: Todd
Syverson, P&S Docket No. D-05-0005, 

(Aug. 27, 2008) (Syverson
II). He concluded that Syverson had acted as a market agency. In reaching this
conclusion, the judicial officer considered a number of factors: (1) Syverson had
charged Quam what appeared to be a “commission” of $15 per head; (2) there was a
pre-existing agreement between Syverson and Quam for the purchase of cattle; (3)
Syverson listed each expense that he incurred on his invoice (i.e. veterinary and
trucking fees), rather than providing a comprehensive price; (4) Syverson
communicated his cost basis to Quam, a practice that dealers tend to avoid; (5)
Syverson presented an invoice to Quam that not only showed his cost basis, but also
showed from whom Syverson had purchased the cattle, a practice required of market
agencies, not dealers; (6) and on at least one occasion, Syverson segregated the cattle
that he repurchased at the Tuesday dairy auction into an order lot for Quam,
suggesting that Syverson had repurchased the cattle specifically for Quam, rather than
merely to fill his own inventory. The judicial officer stated that although none of
these factors alone was dispositive, the great weight of the evidence led him to
conclude that Syverson was acting as a market agency.

      Accordingly, the judicial officer determined that Syverson had violated 7
U.S.C. § 213(a) by engaging in unfair and deceptive practices and that his violations
were “most serious.” The judicial officer ordered Syverson to cease and desist from
similar practices and from failing to produce his records for inspection. Beginning his
discussion of whether a suspension was appropriate, the judicial officer recited the
Secretary of Agriculture’s sanction policy:

                                         -7-
      [T]he sanction in each case will be determined by examining the nature
      of the violations in relation to the remedial purposes of the regulatory
      statute involved, along with all relevant circumstances, always giving
      appropriate weight to the recommendations of the administrative
      officials charged with the responsibility for achieving the congressional
      purpose.

In re: S.S. Farms Linn County, Inc., 50 Agric. Dec. 476, 497 (1991). Applying this
policy, the judicial officer stated that the administrators of the PSA had recommended
a five-year suspension. He noted that the purpose of an administrative sanction is to
deter future violations, that the case involved serious violations of the PSA, and that
Syverson had not been deterred by a prior cease and desist order. The judicial officer
then concluded that a five-year suspension was warranted. On September 26, 2008,
Syverson timely filed this appeal, and the judicial officer stayed his order pending our
review of his decision. The Secretary of the Department of Agriculture argues for
affirmation of the judicial officer’s decision.

                                           II.

      We review de novo the judicial officer’s conclusions of law. 5 U.S.C. § 706;
Rice v. Wilcox, 

, 589 (8th Cir. 1980). Great deference, however, is
accorded to the judicial officer’s construction of the PSA, given that he is charged
with enforcing it. Van Wyk v. Bergland, 

, 705 (8th Cir. 1978) (citing
Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 

, 433-34 (1971)).

       The factual findings of the judicial officer will be sustained if they are
supported by substantial evidence. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(E); W. States Cattle Co. v. U.
S. Dep’t of Agric., 

, 89 (8th Cir. 1989). Substantial evidence is a
deferential review standard, requiring only the presence of “such relevant evidence as
a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” W. States Cattle

(quoting Consol. Edison Co. of New York v. NLRB, 305 U.S.


                                          -8-
197, 217 (1938)). Evidence may be substantial even when two inconsistent
conclusions might have been drawn from it. W. Iowa Farms Co. v. United States, 

, 505 (8th Cir. 1980). This standard applies with equal force when the
judicial officer has reached a conclusion different from that reached by the
administrative law judge. Farrow v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 

, 213 (8th Cir.
1985). We may not substitute our judgment for that of the judicial officer’s as to what
may be inferred from the evidence. Lewis v. Butz, 

, 683 (8th Cir. 1975).

        We review the judicial officer’s imposition of sanctions for abuse of discretion.
Ferguson v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 

, 1278 (8th Cir. 1990) (quoting Butz
v. Glover Livestock Comm’n Co., 

, 188 (1973)). The judicial officer
abuses his discretion when the sanction imposed is unwarranted in law or without
justification in fact. Id.; Conforti v. United States, 

, 842 (8th Cir. 1996).

                                           A.

      Syverson argues that the judicial officer erred in concluding that he was acting
as a market agency when selling cattle to Quam. The PSA defines a market agency
as “any person engaged in the business of (1) buying or selling in commerce livestock
on a commission basis or (2) furnishing stockyard services.” 7 U.S.C. § 201(c).
Under the Act, a dealer is “any person, not a market agency, engaged in the business
of buying or selling in commerce livestock, either on his own account or as the
employee or agent of the vendor or purchaser.” 7 U.S.C. § 201(d). The distinction
between a market agency and a dealer is critical to the administration of the PSA: a
market agency owes a fiduciary duty to his customer and is held to a higher standard
of conduct than a dealer. United States v. Donahue Bros., 

, 1022 (8th
Cir. 1932). See generally Stafford v. Wallace, 

, 513-17 (1921)
(explaining the construction and purposes of the PSA).




                                          -9-
        The appearance of the word “commission” on an invoice is not dispositive.

. Rather, the nature of the business relationship is
determinative of whether a registrant acted as a market agency or a dealer. 

To flesh out the nature of the relationship, we have found relevant: (1) whether
the invoices of the registrant led customers to believe they consisted of the actual
purchase price plus transactional fees; (2) whether the registrant made representations
to customers that his only profit was the transactional fees; (3) whether the registrant
told customers that he was acting as a market agency; (4) whether the registrant
purchased cattle with a specific customer in mind; (5) whether the registrant made
adjustments to the price of cattle in light of quality concerns. 

While
all of these factors are relevant, none are conclusive. 

       The question before us is whether there was substantial evidence supporting the
judicial officer’s determination that Syverson was acting as a market agency, that is
selling on a “commission basis.” 7 U.S.C. § 201(c); W. States Cattle 

. Review for substantial evidence does not require that we agree with the judicial
officer, but merely that we find his determination to be a reasonable one. W. States
Cattle 

. Given the totality of the evidence, we conclude that it was.

       Syverson provided Quam with invoices that included a commission of $15 per
head, and those invoices made it seem as though the price was Syverson’s cost plus
transactional fees. Syverson’s words and actions represented that his profit was
gleaned from the transactional fees, not from the difference in his cost basis and the
sale price. The invoicing system that Syverson used was typical of a market agency:
dealers tend to refrain from displaying their cost basis; and market agencies, unlike
dealers, are required to attach invoices showing their cost basis and the origin of the
animal. Syverson conformed to the invoicing requirements of a market agency,
displayed his cost basis, and itemized his expenses as a market agency typically
would. There was evidence that Syverson segregated cattle at the auction into specific



                                         -10-
order lots for Quam. While none of these factors alone would be sufficient, the
totality is substantial evidence that Syverson was acting as a market agency.

       Syverson disagrees and contends that the record is virtually devoid of evidence
that he was acting as a market agency. First, he argues that the judicial officer did not
give proper deference to the administrative law judge’s contrary finding that he was
acting as a dealer. We do not agree, for as we have previously said, the judicial officer
may substitute his judgment for that of the administrative law judge. 

.

       Second, Syverson states the following factors weigh against a finding of market
agency: (1) he claims that the $15 per head “commission” was not in fact a
commission, but rather a “flat fee” (Syverson testified that the word “commission” on
his invoices was inadvertent, and a remnant of another invoice that he had copied); (2)
he emphasizes that he took title to the cattle before transferring them to Quam,
shouldering the risk of loss until delivery; (3) Syverson claims that Quam did not have
to buy and take delivery of any of the cattle; and (4) he argues that conversations he
had with Quam lacked specificity as to time-frame and quantity and thus could not
have constituted an agreement between a market agency and a buyer.

       The word “commission” on an invoice is not dispositive of status as a market
agency, but it is relevant to determining whether a registrant acted as a market agency.

. The commission charged in this case, $15 per head, was
not extraordinary. See, e.g., H-W-H Cattle Co. v. Schroeder, 

, 440 (8th
Cir. 1985) (commission of $.35 per hundredweight); In re: Mark V. Porter, 47 Agric.
Dec. 656, 660-63 (1988) (commission of $2 or $3 per head, or $.50 per
hundredweight). We see no reason to consider it anything but a commission, as it was
labeled on the invoice.




                                          -11-
       It is true that Syverson took title to the cattle before selling them to Quam,
instead of brokering a transaction between another seller and Quam. This fact,
however, is not particularly helpful to Syverson. The nature of the scheme required
Syverson to take title to the cattle, repurchase them from his own consignment, and
deliver them to Quam. A registrant cannot defeat a finding of market agency by
taking title at some point in the transaction. See In re: Sterling Colo. Beef Co., 39
Agric. Dec. 184, 221 (1980) (“Who pays for the livestock is immaterial under the
definitions of dealer and market agency in the Act.”). The importance of taking title
depends on whether title was taken for legitimate purposes, that is, whether the
registrant purchased cattle for himself as a dealer and then separately sought buyers
for this cattle. See 

. When taking title is part and parcel
of a deceptive scheme, it does not dispose of the question whether the registrant was
acting as a market agency. Although Syverson and Quam may not have had an iron-
clad agreement that specified the quantity of cattle to be delivered at a certain point
in time, this fact is not dispositive. Nor is it conclusive that Quam could have,
according to Syverson, backed out of the transactions.

       Third, Syverson contends that the judicial officer’s determination was in error
in light of In re: Embry Livestock, Co., 48 Agric. Dec. 972 (1989), a case involving
an extended discussion of whether a company was acting as a market agency or as a
dealer. Syverson argues that under Embry the dispositive factor in determining status
as a market agency or dealer is whether the registrant was working as an agent of the
buyer. The statute defines a dealer as someone buying or selling “on his own account
or as the employee or agent of the vendor or purchaser.” 7 U.S.C. § 201(d). The
statute defines a market agency as “any person engaged in the business of (1) buying
or selling in commerce livestock on a commission basis or (2) furnishing stockyard
services.” 7 U.S.C. § 201(c). As the statute instructs, the central question is whether
Syverson was working on a commission basis, that is, purporting to garner profit from
the fee he charged for arranging the transactions. Moreover, in Embry, the company
in question “took numerous steps” to insure that its customers knew that it was acting

                                         -12-
as a dealer, including changing its billing procedures, business sign, and specifically
notifying customers of this change. Embry, 48 Agric. Dec. at 981. Syverson took no
such steps, and thus Embry is inapposite.

       There was substantial evidence that Syverson was acting as a market agency.
Although we consider a variety of facts to shed light on the nature of the business
relationship, the question to be answered remains whether Syverson was, in fact,
selling to Quam on a commission basis. 7 U.S.C. 201(c)(1); 

. Selling on a commission basis means purporting to profit from facilitating the
transaction—not from the difference between cost and sales price. This is precisely
what Syverson appeared to do. Accordingly, the judicial officer’s determination that
Syverson acted as a market agency was well supported by substantial evidence, and
we will not disturb it.

                                          B.

       Because Syverson acted as a market agency, he owed a fiduciary duty to Quam.
Donahue 

. Syverson’s failure to disclose that he had
repurchased cattle from his own consignment was a conflict of interest, an unfair and
deceptive practice, and a violation of 7 U.S.C. § 213(a). Donahue 

-23 (“The act specifically forbids unfair, unjust, unreasonable, or deceptive
practices or devices by market agencies in connection with the marketing of live stock
or the performance of stockyard services.”); Embry, 48 Agric. Dec. at 973; In re:
Mark V. Porter, 47 Agric. Dec. at 668-69; In re: Harry Vealey, Jr., 39 Agric. Dec. 8,
13 (1979).5



      5
       The judicial officer determined that, as a matter of law, Syverson’s deceptive
and unfair practices violated § 213(a) even if he was acting as a dealer. Giving
deference to the judicial officer’s construction of the PSA, Van 

,
we would most likely agree.

                                         -13-
        Without conceding that he violated the Act, Syverson argues that the
Administrative Procedures Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. § 558(c), precludes his suspension
as a registrant because § 558(c) prohibits administrative suspension without prior
notice by the agency or willful violation. He contends that he neither had notice that
his conduct was unlawful, nor did he willfully violate the PSA. Syverson also argues
that a five-year suspension is unwarranted in law and in fact and contends that it will
put him out of business and force him into bankruptcy. The Secretary argues that
Syverson’s APA argument was waived and is without merit. The Secretary argues
that a five-year suspension is warranted because of the severity of Syverson’s
violations and because he had been previously ordered to cease and desist from
violating the PSA.

                                           1.

       Syverson’s contention that his suspension would violate the APA, 5 U.S.C.
558(c), is raised for the first time on appeal. Generally, we will not consider claims
that are first raised on appeal. Cole v. Int’l Union, United Auto., Aerospace & Agric.
Implement Workers of Am., 

, 936 (8th Cir. 2008); see Excel Corp. v. U.
S. Dep’t of Agric., 

, 1297 (10th Cir. 2005). There is a narrow exception
to this general rule for questions of law that must be addressed if “injustice might
otherwise result.” Hormel v. Helvering, 

, 557 (1941) (describing an
exceptional case when review is warranted); Cleland v. United States, 

,
522 n.6 (8th Cir. 1989).

        GIPSA argued to the judicial officer that a five-year suspension was appropriate
in this case. Syverson had ample opportunity to argue that a suspension would violate
the APA. Instead, he argued that a five year-suspension would be too severe given
his supposed ignorance of the law. He neither cited § 558(c) nor made an argument
similar to the one he makes here. Consequently, the judicial officer did not discuss
whether a suspension would violate the APA, and thus we have no decision in that

                                         -14-
regard to review. Syverson’s violations were serious and a suspension in this case
would not be a miscarriage of justice.6 See United States v. South Dakota, 

, 842 (8th Cir. 1981). Accordingly, Syverson’s claim that a suspension would
violate the APA, 5 U.S.C. § 558(c), is waived.

                                           2.

      Syverson argues that the judicial officer’s sanction of a five-year suspension
was an abuse of discretion.7 He maintains that he did not intentionally violate the PSA
and that a five-year suspension will bankrupt him and visit extreme hardship upon his
family. The Secretary argues that a five-year suspension is warranted given that
Syverson’s violations were serious, his actions were deliberate and effective, and that



      6
        We reject Syverson’s argument that he could not have known that his practices
were illegal. “[T]he act does not specify forbidden practices in detail,” Donahue

, and prior disciplinary cases for price manipulation were
sufficient to put Syverson on notice that his actions were unlawful. Coosemans
Specialities, Inc., v. Dep’t of Agric., 

, 568 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (holding that
prior disciplinary cases put registrant on notice); In re: Marvin J. Dinner & Kenneth
S. Ross, 41 Agric. Dec. 2201 (1982) (disciplinary case involving similar scheme of
price manipulation via repurchasing from own consignment). Syverson had already
been subject to a cease and desist order for price manipulation. In re: Todd Syverson,
P&S Docket No. D-99-0011 (June 12, 2001) (enjoining further issuance of “accounts
of purchase or sale which fail to show the true and correct nature of the livestock
transaction accounted for therein”). Moreover, his initial refusal to produce complete
records of his dealings with Quam, which in and of itself was a willful violation,
belies his claim that he did not know there was anything wrong with what he had
done. We also reject Syverson’s cursory argument that a suspension would deprive
him of “due process.”
      7
        The judicial officer ordered that after suspension for one year Syverson could
apply to the Packers and Stockyards Program to be the salaried employee of another
registrant or packer.

                                         -15-
he was previously ordered to cease and desist from deceptive business practices in
violation of the PSA.8

       We at times have taken a critical view of the judicial officer’s sanctions,
vacating much shorter suspensions as too severe. 

(six
months’ suspension); W. States Cattle 

(same); 

(forty-five day suspension). A sanction that is too severe, given the nature of
the conduct involved and the likely effect on the registrant, may be unwarranted in law
and without justification in fact. 

. A sanction may be
without factual justification when the judicial officer fails to consider relevant facts,
including, but not limited to, whether the conduct at issue undermined the governing
statute, the entire context of the violation, the effect the sanction will have on the
registrant, whether the sanction will put the registrant out of business, and mitigating
circumstances. 

; ABL Produce Inc., v. U. S. Dep’t of Agric.,

, 646-47 (8th Cir. 1994); 

-83. We have
emphasized that the nature of the conduct in question is crucially important, as well
as the effect of the proposed sanction on the registrant. 

.

       Following the Secretary’s sanction policy, as set forth in S. S. Farms Linn
County, the judicial officer was required (1) to examine the nature of the violations
in relation to the remedial purposes of the PSA, (2) to consider all relevant
circumstances, and (3) to give appropriate weight to the recommendations of the
administrators of the PSA. 50 Agric. Dec. at 497. The judicial officer adequately
dealt with the last factor, but did not address the first two.

       The judicial officer was required, by his own rule, to consider the nature of the
violations in relation to the remedial purposes of the PSA. 

is not a


      8
        The ALJ determined that Syverson had not violated the prior cease and desist
order from his previous disciplinary case for price manipulation. Syverson I, at *15.

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criminal statute, but rather a regulatory scheme designed to protect those involved in
the industry. See Donahue 

. The goal of the statute is
compliance, not retribution. The nature of Syverson’s violations were that they
involved price manipulation resulting in ill-gotten gain for him and economic harm
to his customer. The remedial purposes of the PSA would be achieved by Syverson’s
continuing to do business in a fair and honest manner and complying with the PSA’s
record keeping requirements. A five-year suspension, if it permanently forces
Syverson from the industry, appears to bear no relation to the remedial purposes of the
PSA. The judicial officer did not address this relationship, and, without more, we are
left only to speculate how Syverson’s violations relate to the remedial purposes of the
PSA.

       Second, the judicial officer, again by his own rule, was required to consider all
relevant circumstances. S. S. Farms Linn County, 50 Agric. Dec. at 497. Although
we do not mean to blink at Syverson’s violations, they were limited to one customer
and involved a relatively small number of livestock. A five-year suspension would
likely bankrupt Syverson and deprive him of his livelihood.9 By not addressing these
issues, the judicial officer did not consider all relevant circumstances.

        The PSA authorizes the judicial officer to suspend a registrant “for a reasonable
specified period.” 7 U.S.C. § 204. Congress intended a “broad grant” of discretion
to the judicial officer, and uniformity in sanctions is not required by the statute. Butz,

      9
       The judicial officer took note of the size of Syverson’s business and did not
find “that the assessment of a reasonable civil penalty would affect his ability to
continue in business.” Syverson II, at *9. This statement was in the context of
determining whether a fine was appropriate in accordance with the requirements of
7 U.S.C. § 213(b) (mandating consideration of the gravity of the offense, the size of
the business involved, and the effect of the penalty on the person’s ability to continue
in business). It appears to have had no bearing on the judicial officer’s determination
of whether a suspension was justified, and if so, what length of suspension was
appropriate.

                                          

. We, however, take note that other disciplinary cases for similar
conduct resulted in significantly lesser suspensions. In re: Stanley Gildersleeve &
William Eberle, P&S Docket No. 6848 (Apr. 28, 1988) (twenty-one day suspension
for Gildersleeve and six months’ suspension for Eberle); In re: Marvin J. Dinner &
Kenneth S. Ross, 41 Agric. Dec. at 2203 (ninety-day suspension for Dinner); In re:
Marvin J. Dinner & Kenneth S. Ross, 41 Agric. Dec. 2196, 2197 (1982) (ninety-day
suspension for Ross). Although there are aggravating factors present here and
uniformity in sanctions is not required, the extreme variance in suspensions is
troubling.

       We agree with the judicial officer that a suspension is appropriate because this
case involves a serious violation of 7 U.S.C. § 213(a), as well as a violation of 7
U.S.C. § 221 that hindered the investigation. These serious offenses are deserving of
a significant sanction, especially in light of the prior cease and desist order for price
manipulation that had been imposed upon Syverson. A five-year suspension,
however, is not a “reasonable specified period,” given the judicial officer’s deviation
from the requirements of his own sanction policy and the facts of this case. It is
unwarranted in law and without justification in fact. As such, it constituted an abuse
of discretion and must be reconsidered.

                                           III.

       The judicial officer’s determinations that Syverson acted as a market agency
under the PSA and that he violated the PSA are affirmed. The sanction is vacated and
the case is remanded to the judicial officer for reconsideration of the sanction.
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