United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 09-1058
                                   ___________

Jerry B. Darvell,                       *
                                        *
             Appellant,                 *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the
                                        * District of Minnesota.
Life Insurance Company of               *
North America,                          *
                                        *
             Appellee.                  *
                                        *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: October 22, 2009
                                Filed: March 10, 2010
                                 ___________

Before COLLOTON and BENTON, Circuit Judges, and PIERSOL,1 District Judge.


BENTON, Circuit Judge.

    Jerry B. Darvell was denied long-term disability benefits by Life Insurance
Company of North America (“LINA”). The district court2 granted LINA’s motion for
summary judgment, finding that it did not abuse its discretion in determining that he


      1
        The Honorable Lawrence L. Piersol, United States District Judge for the
District of South Dakota, sitting by designation.
      2
      The Honorable Patrick J. Schiltz, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
was not disabled. Darvell appeals. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this
court affirms.

                                           I.

      Beginning in May 2003, Darvell worked for Yellow Book USA, Inc., as an
account representative in the Duluth area. His job involved in-person calls to sell new
advertising, while carrying a book of advertising and account information that
weighed about 35 pounds. He claims he was disabled by three conditions: reflex
sympathetic dystrophy (a pain syndrome), osteoarthritis in both shoulders, and
depression. He asserts that these conditions prevented him from the driving, walking,
and carrying involved in his job.

      Darvell has a history of shoulder, arm, and hand pain stemming from a 1980 car
accident. He is under the care of Dr. Douglas Johnson, a family practitioner; Dr.
Raymond Hausch, a rheumatologist; and Dr. Thomas Kaiser, an orthopedic surgeon.
These doctors diagnosed Darvell with the three conditions that he bases his claim on.

      In October 2004, Darvell’s symptoms got worse. He complained to both Dr.
Hausch and Dr. Kaiser of increased pain. He reported having trouble with pushing,
pulling, and lifting, and not being able to lift his right arm above shoulder level. He
also experienced crepitus (grinding and crackling) with the movement of his
shoulders. X-rays revealed progressive osteoarthritis in both shoulders, with the right
shoulder significantly worse than the left, as well as osteophyte formation in the right
shoulder joint.

       Both Dr. Hausch and Dr. Kaiser restricted Darvell to sedentary work (lifting up
to ten pounds and occasional walking and standing). Dr. Hausch stated, “I do not see
any way [Darvell] can continue to do any work or sustain gainful employment given



                                          -2-
the amount of arthritis in his shoulder and also his reflex sympathetic dystrophy.. . .
I do believe this patient is disabled and is unable to sustain gainful employment.” Dr.
Kaiser noted that Darvell had “a major problem right now with depression and
anxiety.”

       A few days later, Darvell saw Dr. Johnson, who said that “depression was
becoming a greater and greater part of his disability” and that he “should be on
disability due to depression.” Dr. Johnson prescribed an antidepressant.

       For the next four months (through February 2005), Darvell’s doctors restricted
him to sedentary work. On February 9, Dr. Johnson said that each of his conditions
(RSD, osteoarthritis, and depression) was disabling, precluding gainful employment
of any kind. Dr. Johnson also noted that antidepressants had improved Darvell’s
symptoms of depression, alleviating any need to see a psychiatrist. A week later, after
a clinic visit, Dr. Johnson again noted that Darvell’s symptoms of depression were
improving. On March 4, according to Dr. Johnson, Darvell’s right shoulder was
“jelling much more” and he had a limited range of motion and increased pain with any
type of movement. At this point, Dr. Johnson decided to order Darvell to stop
working altogether. He authored a second letter on March 30 — essentially identical
to the February 9 letter — again opining that each of the three conditions was
disabling, that Darvell was unable to work as a result of each condition, and that he
did not believe that Darvell could ever return to work as an account executive.
Darvell’s other doctors agreed he was disabled and should not be working.

       Darvell’s last day of work was March 3, 2005. He applied for and received
short-term disability benefits. Over the next nine months, his symptoms continued to
wax and wane, and his doctors adjusted his pain medications. At one point (in May
2005), Dr. Kaiser noted that Darvell “really just cannot use the arms at all at this



                                         -3-
point,” but this limitation was apparently due solely to pain, as Dr. Kaiser noted that
Darvell had “excellent motion in both of his shoulders . . . .”

       In June, according to Dr. Kaiser, Darvell was showing signs of radiculopathy,
as a neck x-ray showed “significant degenerative change” in one area of his vertebrae.
Later, however, Dr. Hausch noted that the x-ray appeared normal. Dr. Edward
Martinson (a physical-medicine rehabilitation specialist) recorded, in July, that there
were not “significant radicular type features to his pain” and, in October, that there
was “[n]o clinical evidence at this time to suggest a cervical
myelopathy/radiculopathy.”

      On October 21, 2005, Dr. Johnson filled out a “physical ability assessment”
form indicating that, during an eight-hour work day, Darvell could:

      • “continuously” lift up to ten pounds
      • “frequently” lift, carry, push, or pull up to 20 pounds
      • “occasionally” lift and carry over 100 pounds
      • “frequently” sit, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl
      • “frequently” work around machinery
      • “occasionally” stand, reach, perform fine manipulations and simple and
      firm grasping
      • “occasionally” withstand exposure to temperature extremes, wet
      conditions, and vibrations, and
      • “occasionally” work overtime.

On the form, “continuously” is defined as more than 5.5 hours each day, “frequently”
as 2.5 to 5.5 hours, and “occasionally” as less than 2.5 hours.

      After Darvell’s short-term disability benefits expired in September 2005, he
applied for long-term benefits. LINA is the Plan insurer and claims administrator. The
Plan defines “disabled,” in relevant part, as:




                                         -4-
      An Employee is Disabled if, because of Injury or Sickness,

      1. he or she is unable to perform all the material duties of his or her
      regular occupation, and solely due to Injury or Sickness, he or she is
      unable to earn more than 80% of his or her Indexed Covered Earnings
      from working in his or her regular occupation . . . .
The Plan gives LINA the discretion to interpret its provisions and to administer
benefits.

      For plans subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act
      (ERISA), the Plan Administrator of the Employer’s employee welfare
      benefit plan (the Plan) has appointed the Insurance Company as the Plan
      fiduciary under federal law for the review of claims for benefits provided
      by this Policy and for deciding appeals of denied claims. In this role, the
      Insurance Company shall have the authority, in its discretion, to interpret
      the terms of the Plan documents, to decide questions of eligibility for
      coverage or benefits under the Plan, and to make any related findings of
      fact. All decisions made by the Insurance Company in this capacity shall
      be final and binding on Participants and Beneficiaries of The Plan to the
      full extent permitted by law.

        On October 19, 2005, LINA denied Darvell’s claim for long-term benefits,
finding: (1) the symptoms were similar to those he had experienced for years; (2) there
was no documentation of a significant physical limitation, such as loss of range of
motion or strength in the shoulders; and (3) the medical data did not support that he
was unable to perform the material duties of his regular occupation, as defined by the
Department of Labor's Dictionary of Occupational Titles ("DOT"). Specifically, the
letter stated:

      According to the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, your occupation was
      an Account Executive. This occupation requires light physical demands,
      which includes lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling 20 pounds
      occasionally, frequently up to 10 pounds. It includes occasional
      reaching, handling and fingering. It can include walking and/or standing
      frequently even though weight is negligible. It can include pushing
      and/or pulling of arm and/or leg controls.

                                         -5-
        Darvell appealed to LINA and submitted more records, including Dr. Johnson’s
physical ability assessment of October 2005. LINA affirmed its denial. Darvell sued
in district court. The district court granted summary judgment for LINA, holding that
it did not abuse its discretion in denying Darvell’s claim. Darvell appeals, arguing
that (1) LINA abused its discretion in ignoring some medical evidence, and (2) LINA
abused its discretion by using the DOT description of Darvell’s occupation, rather
than a description of his actual job duties.

                                           II.

       This court reviews de novo the District Court's grant of summary judgment.
Wakkinen v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of America, 

, 580 (8th Cir. 2008).
When an ERISA plan authorizes the claims administrator to determine eligibility for
benefits, this court reviews the administrator's eligibility determinations under an
abuse of discretion standard. 

standard, an administrator's decision is
upheld if it is reasonable, that is, supported by substantial evidence. 

Substantial evidence means "more than a scintilla but less than a preponderance." 

administrator is also the insurer, the administrator has a conflict of
interest that must be weighed in determining whether there is an abuse of discretion.
Metro Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 

, 2346 (2008). The weight given the
conflict depends on the circumstances of the particular case. 

Where an
insurer has a history of biased claims administration, the conflict may be given
substantial weight, but where the insurer has taken steps to reduce the risk that the
conflict will affect eligibility determinations, the conflict should be given much less
weight. 

the record contained little evidence of the insurer’s efforts to
ensure that the conflict did not affect eligibility determinations. 

Court held that, in light of the lack of evidence, the court of appeals properly gave the
conflict “weight to some degree,” but it was not determinative. 

As


                                          -6-
in Glenn, the record in this case contains little evidence about either LINA’s claims
administration history or its efforts to ensure that claims assessment is not affected by
the conflict. Thus, like the court of appeals in Glenn, this Court gives the conflict
some weight.
                                            A.

       Darvell argues that LINA abused its discretion by rejecting the opinions of three
doctors that he was disabled. LINA counters that the only evidence in the record that
directly addresses his ability to perform job duties is the 2005 physical ability
assessment completed by Darvell's own physician, Dr. Johnson — which indicates
that he can perform the work of an "account executive" as defined by the DOT.

       Darvell cites Torres v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of America, 

, 681 (8th
Cir. 2005), where this Court held that the plan administrator abused its discretion
when it ignored the only medical evidence in the record that was relevant to Torres's
ability to perform his occupation. 

an abuse of discretion because it
"rendered plan language meaningless." 

      Here, LINA did discount some medical evidence, but necessarily so as there
was conflicting medical evidence whether Darvell was disabled, and, the discounted
evidence was conclusory evidence that he was "disabled." It is not an abuse of an
ERISA plan administrator's discretion to ignore an opinion when the physician did not
"provide[] reliable objective evidence of testing or other proof to support the finding
of long term disability." McGee v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 

,
924-25 (8th Cir. 2004). Similarly, LINA did not abuse its discretion in discounting
some medical evidence in this case.




                                          -7-
                                           B.

       Darvell asserts that LINA abused its discretion by using the DOT description
of Darvell’s occupation, rather than a description of his actual job duties. Under the
abuse of discretion standard, this court must defer to LINA's interpretation of the plan
so long as it is "reasonable," even if the court would interpret the language differently
as an original matter. King v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., 

,
998-99 (8th Cir. 2005) (en banc). To determine reasonableness, courts apply the
five-factor test in Finley v. Special Agents Mutual Benefit Association, Inc., 

(8th Cir. 1992): (1) whether the administrator's language is contrary to the clear
language of the plan; (2) whether the interpretation conflicts with the substantive or
procedural requirements of ERISA; (3) whether the interpretation renders any
language in the plan meaningless or internally inconsistent; (4) whether the
interpretation is consistent with the goals of the plan; and (5) whether the
administrator has consistently followed the interpretation. 

However,
“[t]he dispositive principle remains . . . that where plan fiduciaries have offered a
‘reasonable interpretation’ of disputed provisions, courts may not replace [it] with an
interpretation of their own – and therefore cannot disturb as an ‘abuse of discretion’
the challenged benefits determination.” 

(citation omitted).

       Darvell is not entitled to long-term disability benefits unless "he... is unable to
perform all the material duties of his . . . regular occupation." The dispute centers on
this clear language of the plan (factor 1 of Finley). The Plan here does not define
"regular occupation." The phrase "material duties of his . . . regular occupation" can
be interpreted as referring to the duties that are commonly performed by those who
hold the same occupation as defined by the DOT (a "generic" approach), or the duties
that the specific claimant actually performed for his employer (a "claimant-specific"
approach). The circuits are split, under abuse of discretion review, on this issue.
Compare Schmidlkofer v. Directory Distrib. Assocs., Inc., 107 Fed. Appx. 631,
633-34 (6th Cir. 2004) (insurer reasonably interpreted "regular occupation" to mean


                                           -8-
the insured's occupation as it is performed in a typical work setting in the general
economy), with Bishop v. Long Term Disability Income Plan of SAP Am., Inc., 232
Fed. Appx. 792, 794-95 (10th Cir. 2007) (insurer was required to consider claimant's
actual job duties in determining the "essential duties" of his occupation) and Lasser
v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 

, 385-86 (3d Cir. 2003)
(unambiguous meaning of "regular occupation" is the usual work that the employee
is actually performing immediately before the onset of disability). This court has not
decided this issue.3

       Based on King, this Court defers to LINA's interpretation of the disputed
phrase, because it is reasonable to apply the DOT description in this case. The phrase
"material duties of his . . . regular occupation" can be interpreted to refer to Darvell's
generic occupation, rather than his specific position. See Osborne v. Hartford Life
and Accident Ins. Co., 

, 299 (6th Cir. 2007) (In a case where the plan
administrator has discretion to interpret plan terms, “‘Occupation’ is a more general
term that seemingly refers to categories of work than narrower employment terms like
‘position,’ ‘job,’ or ‘work,’ which are more related to a particular employee's
individual duties.”). The Plan gives LINA the discretion to interpret Plan provisions,
and its interpretation of “material duties of his . . . regular occupation” is not contrary
to clear language of the Plan. Here, according to a Yellow Book job description in the
record, (A.R. 463-64), an account executive needs to carry ten pounds occasionally
and is not required to stand or walk for prolonged periods. Thus, the DOT description
of the occupation is largely consistent with evidence of the duties that Darvell actually
performed for Yellow Book. Because Darvell does not claim that any of the other
four Finley factors indicate unreasonableness, and because he does not show it was
unreasonable to apply the DOT description in this case, LINA did not abuse its
discretion in denying his claims.

      3
       The parties try to draw inferences from Jones v. Mountaire Corp. Long Term
Disability Plan, 

(8th Cir. 2008). However, Mountaire simply does not
resolve this issue.

                                           -9-
                                  III.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

                 _____________________________




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