United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 12-4018
                        ___________________________

               In re: Shawn C. Copeland; Lauren MK Copeland

                            lllllllllllllllllllllDebtors

                           ------------------------------

                  Shawn C. Copeland; Lauren MK Copeland

                           lllllllllllllllllllllAppellants

                                         v.

                                Richard V. Fink

                            lllllllllllllllllllllAppellee
                                  ____________

                  Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy
                    Appellate Panel for the Eighth Circuit
                               ____________

                         Submitted: September 26, 2013
                            Filed: January 31, 2014
                                ____________

Before WOLLMAN, SMITH, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.
       In 2011, Shawn Copeland and Lauren MK Copeland, ("the Copelands") filed
for Chapter 13 bankruptcy relief. They proposed, and the bankruptcy court rejected,
a plan to pay nondischargeable state and federal tax debts before other unsecured
creditors. If put in effect, the plan would, in essence, completely pay the Copelands'
tax creditors, leaving all other unsecured creditors with little or nothing.

      The Copelands argue that the plan did not unfairly discriminate against the
unpaid, unsecured creditors, and that tax debts merited special treatment due to the
unique and ongoing obligations of the tax creditors. The bankruptcy court rejected
the plan. The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel (BAP) found the plan unfairly
discriminated against other unsecured creditors and affirmed. For the reasons stated
below, we affirm.

                                   I. Background
      In April 2011, the Copelands filed for Chapter 13 Bankruptcy relief using a
disposable income plan to last for sixty months. In such plans, the debtors pay their
disposable income into a plan, supervised by the bankruptcy court, for use in
repayment of creditors for the designated period. The fund created by a debtor's
payments is called the Disposable Income Pot ("the DIP"). At the time, the Copelands'
State and Federal taxes were in arrears. The Copelands' back taxes constitute
unsecured, non-priority claims in the bankruptcy case.

       The October 2011 version of the Copelands' plan treated their delinquent tax
debt as a "Special Class to be paid 100 percent" from the DIP. The plan also provided
that their attorney would receive payment for tax return preparation from the DIP. If
approved, the plan would have paid their nondischargeable tax debts virtually in full
and left nothing for their remaining unsecured creditors with dischargeable debts. The
bankruptcy trustee estimated, based on claims filed, that the plan proposed by the
debtors would provide a distribution of approximately ninety-seven percent to the tax



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creditors, and nothing for the remaining unsecured, non-priority creditors. The
bankruptcy court rejected the plan.

       In February 2012, the Copelands amended their plan to remove the special-
classification provisions. The bankruptcy trustee estimated that this plan would
provide a distribution of approximately seventy-eight percent to all unsecured, non-
priority creditors. The Copelands then objected to their own plan because it did not
provide for prioritized payment of the tax debts. The bankruptcy court overruled their
objections but did not enter a confirmation order. In April 2012, the Copelands again
amended their plan and renewed their objection to the absence of preferential
treatment for the tax creditors. Noting that judges had already ruled on the issue with
respect to the October 2011 plan, the bankruptcy court overruled the objection and
entered an order confirming the plan. In re Shawn C. Copeland and Lauren MK
Copeland, No. 11–41875–jwv13 (Bankr. W.D. Mo. May 10, 2012). The BAP
affirmed. In re Copeland, 

(8th Cir. BAP 2012).

                                   II. Discussion
       The Copelands appeal, contending (1) that the Bankruptcy court has authority
to confirm a Chapter 13 plan which proposes to pay tax creditors in full as a special
class, and (2) § 1325(a)(3) does not prohibit payment of tax return preparation fees
from the DIP.

                                 A. Standard of Review
      The bankruptcy appellate panel noted the standard of review is unclear. In Re

("The standard of review on the issue of whether the
Debtors' proposed classification discriminated unfairly is not clear."). In In re Groves,
we treated the issue of classification as "primarily one of statutory construction," but
noted that "application of the 'discriminate unfairly' standard in other cases may
involve little more than exercise of the bankruptcy court's broad discretion." 39 F.3d



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212, 214 (8th Cir. 1994). We need not resolve that issue here, as we would affirm the
bankruptcy court under either a de novo or abuse-of-discretion standard.

                            B. Plan Discrimination Fairness
       Section 1322(b)(1) of Title 11 permits a Chapter 13 plan to "designate a class
or classes of unsecured claims, as provided in section 1122 [of the bankruptcy code],"
but the plan "may not discriminate unfairly against any class so designated." Some
differential or discriminatory treatment is clearly permitted by § 1322(b)(1);
otherwise, the power to classify and the "discriminates unfairly" restriction would be
superfluous. See In re Leser, 

, 671–72 (8th Cir. 1991). The Copelands
frame the issue as one of the bankruptcy court's authority to confirm a plan that pays
tax creditors as a special class. The question, however, is not one principally of court
authority so much as it is of the appropriate use of discretion when unfair
discrimination results.

       We have adopted a four-part test for unfair discrimination. 

(citing AMFAC Distribution Corp. v. Wolff (In re Wolff), 

, 512 (9th
Cir. BAP 1982); In re Storberg, 

, 146 (Bankr. D. Minn. 1988)). The court
asks "(1) whether the discrimination has a reasonable basis; (2) whether the debtor
can carry out a plan without the discrimination; (3) whether the discrimination is
proposed in good faith; and (4) whether the degree of discrimination is directly
related to the basis or rationale for the discrimination." 

22 B.R. at
512; 

). Our review of the Copelands' proposed plan confirms
the bankruptcy court's conclusion that the plan is unfairly discriminatory.

       The Copelands contend that their plan is not discriminatory because it meets
all four prongs of the test. They emphasize the nondischargeable nature of the tax
debts, and argue that the nondischargeability of the tax debt indicates a strong public
policy in favor of full tax collection. According to the Copelands, this satisfies the
"reasonable basis" requirement of the first prong.

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       Nondischargeability alone does not justify special classification, as we held in
Groves. 

. The Copelands' reliance on Leser is also misplaced.
While Leser held that the nondischargeability of child-support arrearage reflects a
strong public policy in favor of full payment, that public policy does not apply with
full force to the Copelands. The Copelands' tax delinquency made the debts
nondischargeable. Had they filed pre-petition tax returns on time, the tax debts would
largely be dischargeable. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 523(a)(1)(B) and 1328(a)(2). Child-
support payments are by nature nondischargeable, whereas tax debt becomes
nondischargeable only after the debtor fails to file timely returns. See 11 U.S.C. §§
523(a)(1)(B) and 1328(a)(2). The statutory scheme concerning nondischargeability
of tax debts reflects an emphasis on timely filing.

      The Copelands suggest that the court apply the second, or "no discrimination,"
prong with caution to avoid the rule being "simplified to the 'Debtor always loses.'"
The Copelands suggest that too stringent application of the nondiscrimination
requirement means that debtors will find it difficult, if not impossible, to appeal the
bankruptcy court's discrimination determination.

       The Copelands' argument on this point is neither convincing nor supported
with authority, and we thus reject it. See Watson v. O'Neill, 

, 615 (8th
Cir. 2004) ("[A]s is our practice—without any arguments or citations to the record
that would assist us in judging the merits of [plaintiff's] claim of error—we decline
to address it."). Filing a nondiscriminatory plan is not the only vehicle for seeking an
appeal. A debtor may, as was the case in Groves, simply refuse to file a plan without
the special classification. The bankruptcy court would then dismiss the case, which
could be 

.

      In prior cases, we have given a thorough analysis of this prong, and the
confirmation of a nondiscriminatory plan is not dispositive. In Groves, we held that
nondischargeability did not "dictate full payment of [student loan] debts during the

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life of the 

. Rather, "[t]he debtor need only formulate a plan
which pays [the nondischargeable debts] pro rata with other unsecured creditors
during the life of the plan and as a continuing obligation thereafter." 

is
true here. Such a plan may interfere with the "fresh start" that bankruptcy provides,
but it is hardly remarkable that a nondischargeable debt may remain after a debtor has
emerged from bankruptcy; that is precisely what "nondischargeable" means.

       Under the third prong, the Copelands state that their good faith is demonstrated
by their intention to pay all tax debts, and not merely those that are nondischargeable.
According to the Copelands, the government is an involuntary creditor, akin to the
child support recipients in Leser, and it must continue to provide services to the
Copelands regardless of whether it is paid.

       We agree with the bankruptcy court that the Copelands' plan lacks good faith.
They propose to pay off as much nondischargeable debt as possible, leaving other
creditors with nothing at the close of bankruptcy. The Copelands clearly are
prioritizing payment to creditors who will be paid in full regardless of the plan
implemented in bankruptcy, at the expense of creditors with no other recourse. In
short, they propose to "protect" those creditors least in need of protection, at the
expense of the most vulnerable.

        With respect to the fourth prong of the Wolff test, the Copelands build on their
involuntary-creditor argument. They contend that the discrimination they propose is
justified by its societal benefit of funding the government. Unlike the voluntary
student-loan creditors in Groves, the Copelands argue that the government is an
involuntary creditor. Whereas the other creditors "can choose to spend zero additional
funds towards [the Copelands'] security, education, and welfare," the government has
no such choice.




                                          -6-
       Having rejected the Copelands' proffered rationale for the discrimination, we
see no need to consider whether the degree of discrimination is reasonably related to
the rationale.

                         C. Payment of Tax Return Preparation
       Finally, the Copelands argue that their post-petition tax preparation fees should
be treated as pre-confirmation legal fees or trustee administration fees, as the
bankruptcy could not have proceeded without filing those returns. The Copelands
correctly state that the bankruptcy could not go forward without the preparation of tax
returns. See 11 U.S.C. § 1308. Like the nondischargability of the underlying debt, this
is a self-created problem. Had they filed their pre-petition tax returns on time, they
presumably would have paid their tax preparer directly at that time.

                                III. Conclusion
      Accordingly, the judgment of the Bankruptcy Court is affirmed.
                      ______________________________




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