United States Court of Appeals
                         For the Eighth Circuit
                     ___________________________

                             No. 13-2632
                     ___________________________

                          United States of America

                     lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                        v.

                                   Leo Berger

                   lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                   ____________

                  Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Northern District of Iowa, Waterloo
                               ____________

                       Submitted: February 10, 2014
                           Filed: July 7, 2014
                             [Unpublished]
                             ____________

Before SMITH, BEAM, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

PER CURIAM.
       Leo Berger appeals the district court's1 classification of his prior Iowa state
conviction for lascivious acts with a child as a crime of violence. Applying controlling
circuit precedent, we affirm.

                                    I. Background
       In 2002, Leo Berger was convicted of conspiracy to distribute 50 grams or more
of a mixture containing a detectable amount of methamphetamine to persons under 21
years of age, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), 846, and 859. He
was sentenced to 70 months' imprisonment, followed by eight years of supervised
release.

       In September 2012, Berger was charged in state court with second-degree
sexual abuse, in violation of Iowa Code § 709.3. In May 2013, Berger pleaded guilty
to two counts of lascivious acts with a child, in violation of Iowa Code § 709.8. The
state court sentenced Berger to two consecutive ten-year terms.

       Because of Berger's arrest and state conviction, his federal probation officer
filed a petition to revoke sentencing with the district court. Berger admitted the
allegations in the revocation petition. The district court found that a violation of
§ 709.8 is a "crime of violence" under this court's precedents and thus a Grade "A"
violation under the Sentencing Guidelines. The district court revoked Berger's
supervised release and sentenced him to five years' imprisonment, four years running
consecutive to his state court sentence. Berger appeals the district court's "crime of
violence" ruling.




      1
        The Honorable Mark W. Bennett, United States District Judge for the Northern
District of Iowa.

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                                  II. Discussion
       "This Court reviews de novo a district court's determination that a conviction
constitutes a crime of violence under the sentencing guidelines." United States v.
Tessmer, 

, 717 (8th Cir. 2011) (per curiam) (citation omitted). A
violation of Iowa Code § 709.8 represents a "crime of violence." United States v.
Rodriguez, 

, 140–41 (8th Cir. 1992). The district court applied
Rodriguez.

      Berger concedes that Rodriguez is binding precedent but urges this court to
reconsider it. Berger correctly states that Rodriguez did not apply the "formal
categorical" or "modified categorical" approaches to determine whether a violation of
Iowa Code § 709.8 is a "crime of violence." Those approaches were developed in the
Taylor v. United States line of cases,2 most of which post-date our decision in
Rodriguez. Berger requests that we look at Rodriguez anew in light of intervening
Supreme Court precedent.

      Iowa Code § 709.8 provides:

      1. It is unlawful for any person sixteen years of age or older to perform
      any of the following acts with a child with or without the child's consent
      unless married to each other, for the purpose of arousing or satisfying the
      sexual desires of either of them:

      a. Fondle or touch the pubes or genitals of a child.

      b. Permit or cause a child to fondle or touch the person's genitals or
      pubes.



      2
        Descamps v. United States; 

(2013); Begay v. United States,

(2008); Shepherd v. United States, 

(2005); Taylor v. United
States, 

(1990).

                                         -3-
      c. Cause the touching of the person's genitals to any part of the body of
      a child.

      d. Solicit a child to engage in a sex act or solicit a person to arrange a sex
      act with a child.

      e. Inflict pain or discomfort upon a child or permit a child to inflict pain
      or discomfort on the person.


      2. a. Any person who violates a provision of this section involving an act
      included in subsection 1, paragraph "a" through "c", shall, upon
      conviction, be guilty of a class "C" felony.

      b. Any person who violates a provision of this section involving an act
      included in subsection 1, paragraph "d" or "e", shall, upon conviction, be
      guilty of a class "D" felony.

"[A] 'child' is any person under the age of fourteen years." Iowa Code § 702.5.

       A class "C" felony is punishable by up to ten years' imprisonment. Iowa Code
§ 902.9.1(d). A class "D" felony is punishable by up to five years' imprisonment. Iowa
Code § 902.9.1(e). Berger's ten-year sentences indicate that he pleaded guilty to
violations of subsection (a), (b), or (c). Consequently, we need only determine
whether subsections (a)–(c) represent crimes of violence.

        Under the Sentencing Guidelines, a crime qualifies as a "crime of violence" if
it is a felony that "has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
physical force against the person of another." U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2. In United States v.
Dawn, we considered Arkansas Code Annotated § 5-14-125(a)(3) (2002). 

(8th Cir. 2012). Arkansas's statute substantially resembles the Iowa statute in
relevant part. The Arkansas statute provides, in part, that "[a] person commits sexual
assault in the second degree if the person. . . [b]eing eighteen (18) years of age or


                                           -4-
older, engages in sexual contact with the sex organs of another person, not the person's
spouse, who is less than fourteen (14) years of age."3 Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-125(a)(3)
(2002). We reasoned that "sexual contact between parties of differing physical and
emotional maturity carries a substantial risk that physical force may be used in the
course of committing the offense." 

(quotation, alteration, and
citations omitted). Consequently, we held that a conviction under the Arkansas statute
was for a "crime of violence" under the Sentencing Guidelines. 

similarities between the Iowa and Arkansas states, we apply our holding in Dawn and
conclude that a violation of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of Iowa Code § 709.8.1 is a
"crime of violence" under the Guidelines. The district court thus did not err.

                                III. Conclusion
      Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                      ______________________________




      3
       Arkansas defines "sexual contact" as "any act of sexual gratification involving
the touching, directly or through clothing, of the sex organs, buttocks, or anus of a
person or the breast of a female." Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-101(10). This definition
would cover all of the prohibited contact in subsections (a)–(c) of Iowa Code § 709.8.

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