United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 13-1748
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                               Arthur James Chappell

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                      for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul
                                  ____________

                             Submitted: October 8, 2014
                               Filed: March 11, 2015
                                   ____________

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, SMITH and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

RILEY, Chief Judge.

       On September 15, 2010, a jury convicted Arthur James Chappell of sex
trafficking an underage female in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591 based on his
recruitment and prostitution of CB, a seventeen-year-old high school student. See
United States v. Chappell, 

, 1013-14 (8th Cir. 2012). Exercising our
discretion on appeal to notice plain error in one of the jury instructions, see Fed. R.
Crim. P. 52(b), we “reverse[d] and remand[ed] for a new trial.” 

. On remand, the government secured an eleven-count superseding
indictment, charging Chappell with sex trafficking CB and AW, another underage
female prostitute; possessing and producing child pornography; and various
prostitution transportation charges. Claiming vindictive prosecution, Chappell moved
to dismiss all but the original count of sex trafficking. After the district court1 denied
the motion, a second jury convicted Chappell on all counts. Chappell again appeals,
and we affirm.2

I.     BACKGROUND
       In June 2007, the Bloomington, Minnesota, Police Department received a
complaint from the manager of a local hotel who suspected prostitution was occurring
in a room registered to Chappell. Already suspicious of the scantily clad young
women she saw staying in the room and the large volume of male visitors daily, the
manager called the police after identifying one of her hotel rooms in what she
believed was an illicit personal advertisement on Craigslist.

       Acting on the manager’s complaint, Detective Judson Broen identified similar
advertisements on the erotic services and adult sections of Craigslist and the website
Backpage. The ads depicted young women suspected of performing acts of
prostitution in the area, including at least one young woman seen occupying
Chappell’s room. As part of the investigation, the police interviewed the hotel staff
and began conducting surveillance at the hotel from an unmarked vehicle.

       On June 20, 2007, Detective Broen observed Chappell enter the hotel parking
lot in a silver Dodge Durango. Three young women exited Chappell’s vehicle and
entered the hotel through a side entrance. Detective Broen recognized two of the

      1
      The Honorable Joan N. Ericksen, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
      2
          28 U.S.C. § 1291 provides appellate jurisdiction.

                                           -2-
three from photographs in the illicit advertisements. Detective Broen followed the
Durango as it left the hotel, confirmed Chappell was driving, and arranged for a
marked vehicle to stop Chappell. After Detective Broen and a uniformed officer
arrested and searched Chappell and his passenger, another officer impounded and
searched the Durango. The officers seized $5,738 in cash, false identification for
Chappell, the credit card used to pay for the hotel room, and a “trick note”—a piece
of paper containing the aliases of prostitutes in the case, dollar amounts, and the
names and contact information of their customers.

      The police released Chappell, but the investigation continued. On July 3, 2007,
a team of officers executed a search warrant at a private residence Chappell rented.
Chappell, CB, and two other suspected prostitutes were there. The police seized
$3,811 in cash and additional evidence of prostitution, including a digital camera and
laptop computers containing pornographic images of CB and others.

      On May 19, 2009, a grand jury indicted Chappell for sex trafficking CB
knowing she was a minor, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591. Before trial, Chappell
moved to suppress the evidence seized following his June 20, 2007, arrest. Adopting
the report and recommendation of the magistrate judge, the district court denied
Chappell’s motions.

      At trial, CB initially struggled to identify Chappell, but later testified he
persuaded her to prostitute for him despite knowing she was just seventeen. CB
reported Chappell often picked up CB and AW, then just sixteen, from high school
and took them to the hotel to work as prostitutes—CB’s testimony was corroborated
by other witnesses. On cross-examination, CB admitted she had lied to Chappell and
the police, but maintained Chappell had been her pimp knowing she was just
seventeen.




                                         -3-
       The jury found Chappell guilty on September 15, 2010. Chappell moved for
a new trial based on ineffective assistance of counsel. The district court denied the
motion, explaining Chappell’s trial counsel had been very effective, particularly with
respect to impeaching CB’s and AW’s credibility. On March 16, 2011, the district
court entered judgment and sentenced Chappell to 336 months imprisonment.
Chappell appealed, and this court reversed and remanded for a new trial based on a
faulty jury instruction. See 

.

       On remand, a second grand jury—at the request of a different
prosecutor—returned an eleven-count superseding indictment against Chappell,
charging additional crimes against different victims. In addition to charging Chappell
with sex trafficking CB in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591, the superseding indictment
charged Chappell with sex trafficking AW (count 2); possessing and conspiring to
possess child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B), (b)(2) (counts
3 and 4); conspiring to produce child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 2251(a), (e) (count 5); enticing and transporting HB and RN to engage in
prostitution in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2422(a), 2421, and 2 (counts 6 through 9);
and conspiring to entice and transport an individual to engage in prostitution, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2422(a), 2421, and 371 (counts 10 and 11).

       Chappell moved to strike counts 2 through 11 of the superseding indictment
for vindictive prosecution. Initially, the magistrate judge granted Chappell’s request
for an evidentiary hearing at which Chappell expected to call the prosecutors as
witnesses. The government objected, averring the additional charges were not
vindictive but involved “new and different offenses” and were compelled by changed
circumstances. The government explained it obtained a superseding indictment
because (1) Chappell rejected a plea agreement on remand, (2) the government had
“new” evidence, and (3) Chappell’s effective impeachment of CB at the first trial
required a different trial strategy.



                                         -4-
       Substituting oral argument for an evidentiary hearing, the magistrate judge
concluded the rebuttable presumption of vindictiveness from North Carolina v.
Pearce, 

(1969), and Blackledge v. Perry, 

(1974), compelled
dismissal of counts 2 through 11. The magistrate judge decided the government, by
objecting to an evidentiary hearing, had frozen the record and failed to rebut the
presumption with record evidence. Rejecting the government’s proposal to make a
proffer or submit affidavits if necessary, the magistrate judge recommended the
district court grant Chappell’s motion.

       On the government’s objection, the district court declined to adopt that
recommendation, concluding “the context and objective circumstances d[id] not
present a reasonable likelihood of vindictiveness.” Noting “seven of the ten new
counts pertain[ed] to different events involving different victims” and the other three
new counts “relate[d] to entirely different events and conduct” than count 1, the
district court reasoned Blackledge did not deprive the government of its traditional
prosecutorial discretion on remand. The district court also noted the government did
not substitute “a more serious charge for the original charge” of sex trafficking under
count 1.

         The district court further concluded, even if the presumption of vindictiveness
applied, the government had given “sufficient legitimate, non-vindictive reasons
. . . to rebut the presumption.” Specifically, the district court emphasized CB “had
been effectively cross-examined and possibly discredited during the original trial”
based on “credibility and recollection problems that surfaced” at trial. The district
court decided those problems supported the new prosecutor’s strategy of bringing
additional charges that did not depend on CB’s credibility and memory. The district
court also noted the record indicated AW only admitted she was a victim of sex
trafficking a few days before the first trial, preventing the government from obtaining
a superseding indictment before trial.



                                          -5-
      On October 9, 2012, Chappell went to trial for the second time. On October
24, 2012, the jury convicted Chappell of every count charged. After a sentencing
hearing, the district court again sentenced Chappell to a total term of 336 months
imprisonment. Chappell timely appealed.3

II.     DISCUSSION
        A.    Probable Cause to Arrest
        Before his first trial, Chappell moved to suppress evidence derived from his
arrest in Bloomington based on Chappell’s claim the police lacked probable cause to
arrest him. The district court denied Chappell’s motions. On remand, Chappell
sought to reopen the suppression issue “based upon new facts brought forth at trial”
through Detective Broen’s testimony regarding the investigation and his prior
knowledge of Chappell.

       After hearing argument at trial and ordering supplemental briefing, the district
court denied Chappell’s motion, concluding “[t]he record d[id] not support a
reopening of the issue.” Explaining that, “even if the record were reopened, it would
be to put testimony on that has already been adduced either at the suppression hearing
or items of probable cause that have come out through the testimony of other
witnesses,” the district court reiterated “[t]here [wa]s no doubt, based on the entire
record, that the arrest . . . was in fact supported by probable cause.”




      3
       Though represented by counsel, Chappell, acting pro se, moves this court to
accept additional evidence on appeal and requests leave “to file an oversize pro se
supplemental brief” and a “pro se supplemental reply brief.” After carefully
reviewing the requests, we deny Chappell’s motions because we see no reason to
deviate from our policy of “‘refus[ing] to consider pro se filings when a party is
represented by counsel.’” United States v. Martin, 

, 768 n.2 (8th Cir.
1995) (quoting Hoggard v. Purkett, 

, 472 (8th Cir. 1994)).

                                         -6-
      Chappell contends the district court abused its discretion in refusing “to
reconsider whether probable cause existed to support his warrantless arrest” on June
20, 2007. See United States v. Chavez Loya, 

, 555 (8th Cir. 2008)
(standard of review). In Chappell’s view, the district court should have dismissed the
superseding indictment because Detective Broen lacked probable cause to arrest him
and the evidence obtained thereafter was “fruit of the illegal arrest” under Wong Sun
v. United States, 

, 488 (1963). Chappell raises two issues on this point:
whether the district court erred in (1) failing to reopen the record on the question of
probable cause, and (2) deciding probable cause supported the arrest. Neither issue
has merit.

        First, Chappell’s “new facts” fall far short of showing the district court abused
its discretion in denying Chappell’s motion to reopen based on Detective Broen’s trial
testimony. Chappell’s vague references to Detective Broen’s testimony about the
probative value of online advertisements in other cases and the hotel staff’s post-
arrest inability to identify Chappell from a photographic lineup4 do little, if anything,
to undermine the district court’s thorough suppression analysis. See United States v.
Kelly, 

, 628 (8th Cir. 2003) (“To determine the existence of probable
cause, we look at the totality of the circumstances as set forth in the information
available to the officers at the time of arrest.” (emphasis added)). And we fail to see
how Detective Broen’s testimony that he did not forget Chappell from an “ongoing
[prostitution] investigation” of Chappell from August 2006, but did not make any
reports or notes about him until Chappell resurfaced in Bloomington in 2007,
somehow invalidated Detective Broen’s testimony and “dispelled probable cause for
the June 20, 2007 arrest,” as Chappell contends.




      4
       Without any record support, Chappell asserts the photographic lineup
preceded his June 20, 2007, arrest. At trial, Detective Broen testified he followed up
with the hotel employees on June 28, 2007—eight days after the arrest.

                                          -7-
       Second, even if the issue were reopened, we agree with the district court that
the police had probable cause to arrest Chappell. “We review de novo the district
court’s determination of probable cause and its factual findings for clear error.”
United States v. Mendoza, 

, 667 (8th Cir. 2005). “An officer has
probable cause to make a warrantless arrest when the facts and circumstances are
sufficient to lead a reasonable person to believe that the defendant has committed or
is committing an offense.” United States v. Torres-Lona, 

, 755 (8th Cir.
2007).

              Arresting officers are not required to witness actual criminal
      activity or have collected enough evidence so as to justify a conviction
      for there to be a legitimate finding of probable cause to justify a
      warrantless arrest. Instead, the mere “probability or substantial chance
      of criminal activity, rather than an actual showing of criminal activity,”
      is all that is required.

United States v. Winarske, 

, 1067 (8th Cir. 2013) (quoting 

). Recognizing “the police possess specialized law enforcement
experience and thus may ‘draw reasonable inferences of criminal activity from
circumstances which the general public may find innocuous,’” 

(quoting United States v. Caves, 

, 94 (8th Cir. 1989)), we afford
the police “‘substantial latitude in interpreting and drawing inferences from factual
circumstances,’” 

(quoting United States v. Henderson,

, 1181 (8th Cir. 2010)).

       Here, the facts and circumstances provided probable cause to arrest Chappell
for promoting prostitution. Detective Broen testified he first suspected Chappell of
being involved in the promotion of prostitution in connection with an investigation
in August 2006. In June 2007, the police received a detailed complaint of suspected
prostitution in a local hotel room Chappell rented. Sharing their suspicions about the
unusual activity at the hotel, the hotel staff provided the police with illicit

                                         -8-
advertisements depicting the hotel and some of the young women using Chappell’s
room. The staff further reported seeing Chappell interacting with the young women
the staff believed were prostitutes, taking money from them, and transporting them
to and from the hotel in a large, silver sport utility vehicle (SUV).

        After confirming the online ads from the hotel staff were still active and
finding similar ads routinely used to promote prostitution, Detective Broen began
surveillance at the hotel in an unmarked car. On June 20, 2007, Detective Broen
observed a silver Dodge Durango SUV arrive at the hotel. Three women exited, two
of whom Detective Broen recognized from the online advertisements. When the
Durango left the parking lot, Detective Broen followed. Pulling alongside the
Durango, Detective Broen confirmed Chappell was driving by comparing the driver
to file photographs of Chappell. Detective Broen then arranged for an officer in a
marked patrol car to stop the Durango, and together they arrested Chappell. On this
record, probable cause supported Chappell’s arrest.

      B.     Vindictive Prosecution
             1.     Standard of Review
      Chappell next argues “the district court erred when it denied Mr. Chappell’s
motion to dismiss Counts 2-11 of the Superseding Indictment for vindictive
prosecution.” Before considering the merits of Chappell’s vindictive prosecution
claim, we must first address “some confusion as to the proper standard of appellate
review of district court determinations of vindictive prosecution.” United States v.
Leathers, 

, 962 n.4 (8th Cir. 2004); accord United States v. Campbell,

, 461 & n.2 (8th Cir. 2005) (acknowledging the confusion and deciding
the defendant could not “succeed under any . . . standard[]”). As noted in Leathers,
we have applied different standards of appellate review to different questions arising
from allegations of vindictive prosecution. See 

n.4
(comparing United States v. Kriens, 

, 602 (8th Cir. 2001), in which we
reviewed de novo the denial of a motion to dismiss a criminal indictment for

                                         -9-
vindictive prosecution, with United States v. Kelley, 

, 885-86 (8th Cir.
1998), in which we reviewed the denial of an evidentiary hearing regarding vindictive
prosecution for abuse of the trial court’s discretion).

        In Leathers, we explained, “Because a finding of vindictiveness vel non can
only be made on the basis of evidence pertaining to the prosecutor’s motives, we treat
the question as one of fact and thus review the District Court’s ruling for clear error.”

(citing United States v. Parham, 

, 846 (8th
Cir. 1994)). That conclusion follows our earliest vindictive prosecution decisions.
See, e.g., United States v. Stacey, 

, 444 (8th Cir. 1978) (upholding the
trial court’s refusal to dismiss the indictment because the trial court’s factual finding
that the criminal prosecution “was not retaliatory in nature” was not “clearly
erroneous”); cf. Thompson v. Armontrout, 

, 31 (8th Cir. 1986) (“We note
that the district court’s findings as to vindictiveness are findings of fact, which we can
set aside only if ‘clearly erroneous.’” (quoting Anderson v. City of Bessemer City,

, 574 (1985))). In United States v. Partyka, 

, 124-25 (8th
Cir. 1977), one of our first cases analyzing a vindictive prosecution claim, we
reviewed legal questions de novo and reviewed the trial court’s factual finding “that
the prosecution . . . was not vindictive” for clear error. When the trial court’s
discretionary decisions, such as whether to allow discovery or hold an evidentiary
hearing, are at issue, we review for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Wayte v. United
States, 

, 624 (1985).

       Evidently unaware of these cases, Chappell, relying exclusively on United
States v. Scott, 

, 1017 (8th Cir. 2010), urges us to review the district
court’s denial of his motion to dismiss for abuse of discretion. But Chappell does not
challenge any discretionary decisions—meaning, Chappell’s proposed standard does
not apply to the issues he raises on appeal. Following our precedent, we review the
district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error. See

; 

.

                                          -10-
              2.    Merits
       Due process prohibits a vindictive prosecutor from punishing a criminal
defendant solely for exercising “his statutory right to appeal by bringing a more
serious charge against him prior to the trial de novo.” 

.
“In order to demonstrate prosecutorial vindictiveness, a defendant must show that the
superseding indictment containing the additional charges was sought in retaliation for
exercising constitutional or statutory rights.” United States v. Punelli, 

,
1371 (8th Cir. 1990). A defendant can prove such impermissible prosecutorial
vindictiveness with objective evidence of the prosecutor’s “vindictive or improper
motive” in increasing the number or severity of charges. 

.

       Absent such evidence, “a defendant may, in rare instances, rely upon a
presumption of vindictiveness,” 

(emphasis added), if he
provides sufficient evidence to show “‘a reasonable likelihood of vindictiveness
exists,’” United States v. Rodgers, 

, 1429-30 (8th Cir. 1994) (quoting
United States v. Goodwin, 

, 373 (1982)). “The defendant’s evidentiary
burden is a heavy one, and we are mindful of the broad discretion given to
prosecutors in carrying out their duty to enforce criminal statutes.” 

; see also 

(“[W]e do not read [Blackledge] as
taking away from prosecutors their traditional and proper discretion in deciding
which of multiple possible charges against a defendant are to be prosecuted or
whether they are all to be prosecuted at the same time.”).

      “To determine whether the presumption of vindictiveness applies, ‘the court
must examine the prosecutor’s actions in the context of the entire proceedings.’”
United States v. Saltzman, 

, 359-60 (5th Cir. 2008) (quoting United
States v. Krezdorn, 

, 1365 (5th Cir. 1983) (en banc)). Because a
vindictive prosecution “claim asks a court to exercise judicial power over a ‘special
province’ of the [President and his delegates to enforce the law],” United States v.

                                         -11-
Armstrong, 

, 464 (1996) (quoting Heckler v. Chaney, 

, 832
(1985)), “‘[t]he presumption of regularity supports’ their prosecutorial decisions and,
‘in the absence of clear evidence to the contrary, courts presume that they have
properly discharged their official duties,’” 

original) (quoting United
States v. Chem. Found., Inc., 

, 14-15 (1926)).

       Chappell states he does not allege “intentional vindictiveness on the part of [the
new prosecutor].” Rather, he argues the district court failed to consider relevant
factors and erred in concluding the presumption of vindictiveness did not apply given
the timing of events in his case. According to Chappell, there was “a reasonable
likelihood of vindictiveness” because the superseding indictment was based on the
same underlying facts as the original indictment and “the only change in the
intervening facts w[as] Mr. Chappell’s victory on appeal after the first trial.”
Chappell asserts the district court was “wrong on the facts,” thus its conclusion that
the objective circumstances did not warrant a presumption of vindictiveness had “no
factual basis.” In Chappell’s view, “[a]dding additional and more severe counts” that
the government could have charged earlier—following a successful
appeal—automatically “triggers the presumption of vindictiveness,” even if the
additional charges are “unrelated” to the original charges or involve different victims
and events and distinct criminal conduct. Chappell’s arguments are unpersuasive.

      Having thoroughly reviewed the record, we detect no clear error in the district
court’s factual findings and agree with the district court that “the context and
objective circumstances do not present a reasonable likelihood of vindictiveness.”
As the district court observed, on remand, a different prosecutor5 added counts

      5
        See Holloway v. Lockhart, 

, 254 (8th Cir. 1985) (per curiam)
(rejecting a vindictive prosecution claim in part because “the case was handled by a
different prosecutor”); United States v. Wilson, 

, 319-20 (4th Cir. 2001)
(same). But cf. Thigpen v. Roberts, 

, 31 (1984) (observing the
presumption “arises in part from assumptions about the individual’s personal stake

                                          -12-
2 through 11 after Chappell’s counsel effectively had impeached the credibility of
CB—the minor victim of count 1 and the government’s principal witness at the first
trial—by getting CB to admit she was a liar after she initially struggled to identify
Chappell for the jury. Chappell’s effective impeachment of CB’s credibility played
a key part in the first trial, the district court’s denial of his motion for a new trial, and
this court’s decision to reverse Chappell’s conviction and remand for a new trial
based on an improper jury instruction as to Chappell’s requisite knowledge of CB’s
age. See 

. Those circumstances objectively justified
additional charges on remand. See 

(deciding there was no
presumption of vindictiveness after a mistrial in part because “the government sought
the superseding indictment because of evidence elicited in the first trial”); 

(recognizing actions at trial justify different charging decisions on
remand); accord United States v. Perez, 

, 81 (7th Cir. 1996) (“We had
reversed [the defendant’s] first conviction because of an error in the instructions, . . .
mak[ing] it more difficult for the government to convict him of this charge, and so the
government prudently added a second, lesser charge, as to which it had Perez cold.
This it seems to us was reason enough for the district judge to find that the addition
of the new charge was not intended to teach people in [the defendant’s] position not
to appeal.”).

      Although he quibbles with the district court’s understanding of the charged
conduct, Chappell concedes the new charges were based on different criminal acts,
mostly against different victims. Without more, “adding new charges based on
independent acts, ‘even where the separate acts that prompted the new charges
occurred in the same spree of activity,’ does not create a presumption of prosecutorial
vindictiveness.” United States v. Kendrick, 

, 982 (11th Cir. 2012)
(quoting United States v. Jones, 

, 1261 n.5 (11th Cir. 2010)); accord


in the proceedings,” but declining to decide whether the presumption is inappropriate
when “two independent prosecutors are involved”).

                                            -13-
United States v. Peoples, 

, 894, 896 (8th Cir. 2004); 

.

       In addition, “[t]here can be no prosecutorial vindictiveness if the prosecutor
revised the charge because of newly discovered evidence or some objective reason
other than to punish the defendant for exercising his legal rights.” 

. With respect to count 2, the trial record established AW did not tell the
police she had worked as an underage prostitute for Chappell until a few days before
the first trial—too late for the government to seek a superseding indictment to add a
second count of sex trafficking a minor. Chappell insists “there was no newly
discovered evidence” because the government was aware AW was a victim before
Chappell’s first trial and successful appeal. But we have not construed that phrase
so narrowly in this context. See 

(rejecting a
prosecutorial vindictiveness claim when the government added a charge based on
evidence discovered “shortly before or after the first trial” and saying “there was not
enough time to seek a superseding indictment before the first trial” (emphasis
added)).

        We also reject Chappell’s unsupported assertions that timing alone “gives rise
to a reasonable likelihood of vindictiveness” and “[t]he presumption applies
whenever the prosecution has knowledge of the facts essential to the other charges
at the time of the original indictment, trial, and conviction.” See 

(“[A] mere opportunity for vindictiveness is insufficient to justify the
imposition of a prophylactic rule.”). Chappell’s expansive reading of Blackledge is
directly at odds with our precedent. See, e.g., 

(“A
presumption does not arise just because action detrimental to the defendant was taken
after the exercise of the defendant’s legal rights; the context must also present a
reasonable likelihood of vindictiveness.”).




                                         -14-
      Although a rebuttable presumption of vindictiveness may arise when
      prosecutors increase the number or severity of charges, “[i]f any
      objective event or combination of events in those proceedings should
      indicate to a reasonable minded defendant that the prosecutor’s decision
      to increase the severity of charges was motivated by some purpose other
      than a vindictive desire to deter or punish appeals, no presumption of
      vindictiveness is created.”

(alteration in original) (emphasis added) (quoting 

); accord 

. Such is the case here. See,
e.g., 

(refusing to “disturb the district court’s finding that no
presumption of vindictiveness arose” where “[t]he objective circumstances
indicate[d] the prosecutor’s decision to reindict was motivated by some purpose other
than a vindictive desire to punish [the defendant’s] exercise of his right to appeal”).
“[A] reasonable minded defendant should have appreciated that the prosecutor’s
actions were taken to pursue a course indicated by the appellate opinion rather than
to impose a penalty on [the defendant] for having exercised his right of appeal.”

.

      In contrast, Chappell’s broad interpretation of Blackledge would deprive the
prosecutor of any discretion on remand.

      [W]e do not think that [Blackledge] holds that if at a given moment a
      prosecutor is in a position to indict a defendant on two separate felony
      charges growing out of different events he must indict on both charges
      at the same time unless he cares to assume the risk that if a prosecution
      on one charge only aborts as a result of defense efforts, it will be held
      that he has been guilty of vindictive prosecution if he promptly obtains
      an indictment on the other charge.

. Chappell has failed to adduce any evidence suggesting an
improper motive on the part of the prosecutor or showing “a reasonable likelihood of
vindictiveness,” 

, under the facts and circumstances of this

                                          -15-
case. The district court did not err in denying Chappell’s motion to dismiss counts
2 through 11. See 

. Chappell’s contingent argument that
he deserves a new trial on count 1 because the district court improperly admitted
evidence related to counts 2 through 11 likewise fails.6

III.   CONCLUSION
       We affirm the well-reasoned judgment of the district court.
                      ______________________________




       6
        Because we conclude the district court did not err in concluding the facts and
circumstances of this case did not warrant a presumption of vindictiveness, we need
not consider Chappell’s various challenges to the district court’s conclusion “that
even if the presumption of prosecutorial vindictiveness did apply under these factual
circumstances, the Government has proffered sufficient legitimate, non-vindictive
reasons . . . to rebut the presumption.”

                                        -16-