United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 14-2545
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                                     Miguel Soto

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Western District of Arkansas - Fort Smith
                                 ____________

                            Submitted: January 12, 2015
                             Filed: February 24, 2015
                                  ____________

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, COLLOTON and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

RILEY, Chief Judge.

       Miguel Soto pled guilty to conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846. The district court1 sentenced Soto to 87
months imprisonment. Soto appeals his sentence, arguing the district court failed to

      1
      The Honorable P.K. Holmes III, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Western District of Arkansas.
(1) provide notice of an upward departure from the United States Sentencing
Guidelines (U.S.S.G. or Guidelines) in violation of Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 32(h), and (2) allow his attorney “a meaningful opportunity” to comment
on Soto’s role in the conspiracy in violation of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
32(i)(1)(C). After filing his brief in our court, Soto filed in the district court an
unopposed motion to reduce his sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), which
the district court granted. With appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we
affirm Soto’s sentence.

I.     BACKGROUND
       Soto pled guilty, pursuant to an agreement with the government, to conspiring
to distribute methamphetamine. Before sentencing, a probation officer prepared a
presentence investigation report (PSR) calculating a two-level reduction to Soto’s
Guidelines base offense level, based on U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b), for being a minor
participant in the conspiracy, which would require a commensurate four-level
reduction under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(a)(5)(iii). Based on these and several other
reductions, the PSR ultimately computed an offense level of 27. Considering Soto’s
criminal history level I, the PSR reached an advisory Guidelines range of 70 to 87
months imprisonment. In Soto’s plea agreement, the government agreed “not to
object to a finding by the probation office or a ruling by the court which awards the
defendant an appropriate level decrease in the base offense level for [his] role in the
offense.”

      At the same time, Soto acknowledged in his plea agreement that the district
court “may sentence [Soto] to any sentence within the statutory range.” Soto also
“acknowledge[d] that discussions have taken place concerning the possible guideline
range which might be applicable to this case” and “agree[d] that any discussions
merely attempt to guess at what appears to be the correct guideline range and do not
bind the district court.”



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       Although the government did not object to the minor participant reduction, the
district court rejected it, explaining, “The Court does not believe that Mr. Soto was
a minor participant and is not entitled to a mitigating role, but I am going to give Mr.
Soto’s counsel an opportunity to argue this point, if he wishes to make argument.”
After describing Soto’s role in the conspiracy, the district court stated, “[T]he Court
does not believe that [Soto] is a minimal [sic] participant and, therefore, is going to
deny [the reduction] . . . there may be other facts that are not in the [PSR], if you wish
to make that argument, you may.” Soto’s attorney responded, “No, sir, Your Honor.
At this point in time I would ask the Court to accept the recommendation of the
probation officer about his role as being minor in the offense.” The district court
adopted the probation officer’s recommendations in the PSR except for the minor
participant reduction and found Soto’s offense level to be 33, with an advisory
Guidelines range of 135 to 168 months.

      Next, the district court granted the government’s motion for a downward
departure for substantial assistance pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 and reduced Soto’s
offense level by four levels, from 33 to 29. The district court then found Soto’s final
advisory Guidelines range was 87 to 108 months.

      Finally, the district court considered the factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and
heard argument from Soto’s attorney for a downward variance. Based on Soto’s
involvement in the conspiracy and the seriousness of the offense, the district court did
not vary downward and sentenced Soto to a term of imprisonment at the bottom of
the advisory Guidelines range, 87 months.

II.   DISCUSSION
      A.     Standard of Review
      Because Soto did not raise his present objections before the district court, we
review for plain error. See United States v. Troyer, 

, 358-59 (8th Cir.
2012) (explaining plain error review).

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       B.    Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(h)
       Soto characterizes the district court’s decision not to reduce his base level
under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b) for a minor role in the conspiracy as an “upward
departure” and claims the district court procedurally erred by not giving notice as
required by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(h). See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(h)
(“Before the court may depart from the applicable sentencing range on a ground not
identified for departure either in the presentence report or in a party’s prehearing
submission, the court must give the parties reasonable notice that it is contemplating
such a departure.”). Soto misstates the district court’s analysis and decision.

      “‘Departure is a term of art under the Guidelines and refers only to non-
Guidelines sentences imposed under the framework set out in the Guidelines,’”
United States v. Omoware, 

, 952 (8th Cir. 2014) (quoting Irizarry v.
United States, 

, 714 (2008)), such as the downward departure granted
to Soto for substantial assistance pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1. In an attempt to
avoid misunderstandings like Soto’s, we have advised district courts on an
appropriate process for sentencing hearings:

      Since [United States v. Booker, 

(2005)], we have
      attempted to carefully distinguish between sentencing departures, which
      are provided for in Chapter 5, Part K of the United States Sentencing
      Guidelines (USSG) Manual . . . , and sentencing variances, which are
      non-Guidelines sentences based on the factors enumerated in 18 U.S.C.
      § 3553(a). In order to maintain this distinction and to facilitate
      meaningful appellate review, we have directed district courts to follow
      a three-step sentencing process. First, the district court must calculate
      the appropriate advisory Guidelines range based on the applicable
      offense level and the criminal history category. Then, the district court
      should consider whether any traditional Guidelines-based departures
      apply. And only after completing steps one and two should the district
      court then consider the other § 3553(a) factors to decide whether to
      impose a Guidelines or non-Guidelines sentence [i.e., whether to vary].


                                         -4-
United States v. Solis-Bermudez, 

, 884 (8th Cir. 2007) (internal citations
omitted). The district court correctly followed our proposed sequence when it
(1) found the applicable offense level—without the minor participant reduction—and
calculated the advisory Guidelines range; (2) applied a four-level downward
departure in recognition of Soto’s substantial assistance to the government; and
(3) then considered the § 3553(a) factors and any possible variance.

       The district court did not “depart” when it assessed Soto’s role in the
conspiracy and decided to forego the minor participant reduction.2 Rather, the district
court performed step one of the process, calculating the advisory Guidelines range.
Rule 32(h) by its terms applies to departures only, not to the initial calculation of the
Guidelines range. Soto does not cite any case, nor have we found one, that supports
extending the requirements of Rule 32(h) to the initial Guidelines range calculation.
We conclude “such an extension [would be] apt to complicate rather than to simplify
sentencing procedures.” 

; cf. United States v. Foy, 

, 1035 (8th Cir. 2010) (“As we have explained, . . . ‘notice pursuant to Rule
32(h) is not required when the adjustment to the sentence is effected by a variance,
rather than by a departure.’” (quoting United States v. Long Soldier, 

,
1122 (8th Cir. 2005))).

       In support of his argument, Soto also asserts the district court did not address
the § 3553(a) factors before making the minor participant decision. Soto concludes
then the decision must have been a departure and not a variance. Soto is only
factually correct: The district court could neither discuss the § 3553(a) factors nor
consider whether to vary from the advisory Guidelines range before the district court
determined the range in the first place. The district court at step one set forth in detail

      2
        Soto claims the district court “by its own language, called its upward ruling
a ‘departure.’” After careful scrutiny of the sentencing hearing transcript, we find the
district court did not use the term “departure” in connection with the proposed, and
rejected, minor participant reduction.

                                           -5-
its reasons for denying the minor participant reduction, some of which overlap with
the § 3553(a) factors. The district court then invited Soto’s attorney to make an
argument in favor of the reduction, which Soto’s attorney declined, other than
referring to the PSR recommendation.

       Soto bore the burden of persuading the district court to apply the two-level
minor participant reduction. See United States v. Pruneda, 

, 606 (8th
Cir. 2008). That Soto claims he was “blindsided” by the district court’s decision and
did not have “any clue” the issue would be contested does not absolve him of his well
established burden. The PSR itself twice put the issue in the conditional, noting what
would result “[i]f the defendant” received the reduction. First, for the minor
participant reduction: “If the defendant was a minor participant in any criminal
activity, decrease by 2 levels. USSG § 3B1.2(b).” Second, for the corresponding
reduction: “If the defendant receives an adjustment under USSG § 3B1.2 and the
base offense level under subsection (c) is 38, decrease by 4 levels. USSG
§ 2D1.1(a)(5)(iii).” Soto’s purported surprise does not trigger Rule 32(h). See

(“‘Garden variety considerations of culpability, criminal
history, likelihood of re-offense, seriousness of the crime, nature of the conduct and
so forth should not generally come as a surprise to trial lawyers who have prepared
for sentencing.’” (quoting United States v. Vega-Santiago, 

, 5 (1st Cir.
2008) (en banc))). The district court did not need to provide Rule 32(h) notice to
determine Soto’s advisory Guidelines range.

       C.     Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(i)(1)(C)
       Soto also claims the district court plainly erred by not “allow[ing] the parties’
attorneys to comment on the probation officer’s determinations and other matters
relating to an appropriate sentence.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(1)(C). On the contrary,
the district court invited Soto’s attorney to address the court regarding the (1) minor
participant reduction to the offense level; (2) downward departure for substantial



                                          -6-
assistance; and (3) § 3553(a) factors. The district court properly followed the dictates
of Rule 32(i)(1)(C).

III.   CONCLUSION
       Finding no error, we affirm Soto’s sentence.
                       ______________________________




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