United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 15-1284
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                                    Jack Frison, Sr.

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                   ____________

                            Submitted: January 15, 2016
                               Filed: June 8, 2016
                                 ____________

Before LOKEN, GRUENDER, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________


KELLY, Circuit Judge.

      After a bench trial, Jack Frison, Sr., was convicted of conspiracy to commit
offenses against the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, aiding and abetting
copyright infringement in violation of 17 U.S.C. § 506(a)(1)(A) and 18 U.S.C.
§ 2319(b)(1) and (2), and aiding and abetting the trafficking of counterfeit goods in
violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2320(a), (b)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. The district court1
sentenced Frison to two years’ imprisonment on each count, to be served
concurrently. Frison appeals, arguing that the statutes of conviction are
unconstitutionally vague as applied to him. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1291, and finding no constitutional violation, we affirm.

                                  I. Background

      Jack Frison, Sr., was the owner of the Frison Flea Market, which he opened in
1985. The flea market was a facility in which dozens of vendors sold their goods
from rented booths within the premises. The market was typically open three days
each week, and Frison was usually present at the flea market during its hours of
operation. Frison’s income was derived from charging vendors a rental fee for the
booths, and by charging customers an entry fee of $1 each.

       The booth fees for vendors varied. Vendors could rent booths by the day or by
the month, with most vendors choosing to rent on a monthly basis. Monthly vendors
usually paid several hundred dollars per month in fees to Frison, and were allowed
to leave their inventory and merchandise at the flea market while it was closed.

       Many of the vendors in Frison’s flea market sold counterfeit goods, including
clothing, footwear, purses, and accessories. The price, quality, and packaging of the
goods strongly indicated that they were counterfeit, yet they bore trademarks and
service marks identical to and substantially indistinguishable from marks that were
in use and registered on the principal register of the United States Patent and
Trademark Office. The vendors also sold counterfeit copies of movies and music that
were protected by copyright. None of the owners of the trademarks, service marks,



      1
        The Honorable Rodney W. Sippel, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Missouri.

                                         -2-
or copyrights had granted Frison or the flea market vendors permission to use their
marks or copyrights or to sell counterfeit goods.

       Frison routinely met with the vendors he rented to, walking around the
premises of his flea market and engaging in personal interactions with them. Frison
also received warnings that he was responsible for any unlawful activity on his
property. In 2003, for instance, a police officer told Frison that he needed to shut
down any vendor selling counterfeit goods, because he was responsible for everything
in his flea market. Frison disagreed, saying he owned the market, not the booths.

       In June 2003, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) notified
Frison that numerous vendors at his flea market were selling illegal bootleg copies
of music. Later that same year, the St. Louis County Police Department conducted
an undercover investigation into the sale of bootleg CDs. The investigation
culminated with a raid of the flea market in December 2003, during which
investigators arrested several vendors and seized thousands of illegal copies of
movies and music. Frison was interviewed by investigators and acknowledged that
he had received a prior notice from the RIAA regarding illegal sales at his flea
market, but stated that he had torn up the notice. The raid apparently did not stop the
illegal sales and the RIAA provided another notice to Frison in July 2004.

      In October 2007, Department of Homeland Security and Immigration and
Customs Enforcement agents executed search warrants directed at three of the large
vendors within the Frison Flea Market selling counterfeit clothing and other items.
Afterwards, vendors continued to engage in the open sale of counterfeit goods at the
flea market.

      In November 2008, Coach, Inc. and Coach Services (Coach) served the Frison
Flea Market with a cease and desist notice regarding the sale of counterfeit Coach
goods. In December 2010, Coach sued Frison and his market for trademark

                                         -3-
infringement. After the lawsuit, Frison directed vendors to stop selling counterfeit
Coach brand items. Frison began requiring vendors who had sold counterfeit Coach
purses and products to pay him a $500 fine to help offset his legal expenses. A purse
vendor testified that failure to pay the fine would likely result in getting expelled from
the flea market. Frison continued to permit vendors to openly sell other counterfeit
purses and items, including vendors who were known to be previously selling
counterfeit Coach items.

      On January 27, 2012, undercover agents again witnessed vendors selling
counterfeit DVD copies of copyright-protected movies. The prices reflected their
counterfeit nature. The agents saw movies advertised for $2 per movie, 3 movies for
$5, and 6 movies for $10. An undercover agent bought 6 of the counterfeit movies
for $10 from one of the vendors, choosing the titles from a display on a table. The
vendor then retrieved the six DVDs from a plastic box, which he placed in covers and
gave to the undercover agent.

      On February 23, 2012, Frison received a written complaint from the Better
Business Bureau (BBB) advising him that a consumer had filed a complaint that the
Frison Flea Market continually allowed the sale of a variety of counterfeit goods.
Frison wrote a letter to the BBB in response, stating that no one had been arrested or
charged in connection with the sale of counterfeit goods at his market.

       On February 24, 2012, authorities conducted another undercover operation at
the Frison Flea Market. Using electronic and video surveillance, investigators
monitored Frison while he gave a tour of the flea market to an undercover agent
posing as a potential vendor looking for a booth from which to sell counterfeit
iPhones bearing a counterfeit Apple trademark. Frison assured the undercover agent
that people would buy the fake phones and explained his booth rental policies and
terms. When the agent asked Frison about booth locations near the front of the
market, Frison told her that vendors near the front had made him millions of dollars.

                                           -4-
The agent gave Frison a sample counterfeit iPhone, which he kept. Frison did not tell
the agent at any time during the meeting or tour that he did not allow the sale of
counterfeit goods within the flea market.

       On May 13, 2012, the undercover agent met with Frison again. This meeting
was also recorded by electronic and video surveillance. The undercover agent rented
a booth from Frison in order to sell fake iPhones. In the midst of a conversation on
the availability of booth space in the market, Frison stated that he preferred his
vendors to use the term “lookalike,” rather than referring to counterfeit iPhones as
“fake.” Frison did, however, require the undercover agent to sign a form indicating
that she would not commit any trademark “enfranchement.” The undercover agent
eventually set up her booth and sold several counterfeit iPhones in controlled sales
to undercover officers and investigators posing as customers. Frison did not ask for
a cut of the agent’s proceeds, but received $18 for the daily booth rental.

      On June 22, 2012, a federal search warrant targeting the seizure of trademark-
protected items was executed at the Frison Flea Market. Authorities seized
approximately 10,000 counterfeit purses, approximately 60,000 counterfeit/bootleg
movie DVDs, and approximately 50,000 illegally-copied music CDs. A total of
164,669 counterfeit items were seized. The estimated manufacturer’s retail prices of
the counterfeit merchandise suggested that if the goods had been authentic, they
would have been worth more than 20 million dollars. A DVD disk burner was also
seized. The MPAA and RIAA inspected samples of the seized DVDs and CDs and
concluded they were not authentic. The counterfeit iPhone that the undercover agent
had given Frison a few months prior was found in his business office.

      Agents also seized records, notes, and correspondence from Frison’s office.
Many of the records revealed the extent of Frison’s control over the market. For
instance, in a “dealer newsletter” document dated February 5, 2005, Frison addressed
“Price wars,” writing “One, there will not be anyone in here underselling or

                                         -5-
undercutting prices on the merchandise. I have had this problem many years ago.
One time it was with tapes, earrings, jewelry, and now the clothing. We will set one
price, and everyone will sell.” In a topic list for a vendor meeting, Frison wrote to
himself, “I must fix prices.” Frison’s records also revealed that, as far back as 1997,
he was aware of the illegality of various items being sold in his flea market,
indicating in his business notes that vendors were selling illegal goods and at one
point giving them notice that they had three weeks to sell their illegal merchandise.

      In another notice to dealers, dated December 2004, Frison wrote “I am the sole
owner of this business and property as well as the corporation, president, and CEO.
I am responsible for everything at this business at all times. You will cooperate or
leave. When I state what I can or cannot be – when I state what can or cannot be
done, I mean it. So don’t play.”

     In a June 22, 2012, interview with investigators, Frison eventually
acknowledged that he knew vendors were probably selling illegal copies of DVDs
and music. On June 20, 2013, Frison was arrested on the instant federal indictment.

       At trial, the government argued that Frison was aware of, had benefited from,
and actively refrained from shutting down the sale of counterfeit goods at the Frison
Flea Market. Frison had made hundreds of thousands of dollars annually, both from
booth rental fees and door admission fees. In 2009, for example, Frison made
approximately $502,104 from booth rental fees and $229,924 from door admission
fees. In 2010, he made approximately $527,824 from booth rental fees and
approximately $265,548 from door admission fees. In addition, Frison earned money
by fining vendors who sold counterfeit goods. One of Frison’s memos indicated that
vendors selling counterfeit goods were “fined $150. Pay and stay.” The government
also argued that the fines were not meant to dissuade the sale of counterfeit goods,
but rather operated as a “street tax” or enhanced rental fee Frison charged in exchange
for allowing the sale of counterfeit goods to continue. One vendor testified Frison

                                         -6-
had told the vendors “I’m protecting you guys. Do you see the police walking around
here and you’re not being arrested? That’s why you have to pay this fine, because [I]
take[] care of the police.”

                                    II. Discussion

      Frison alleges that 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 371, 2319, and 2320, and 17 U.S.C. § 5062
are unconstitutionally vague as applied to him as an aider and abettor or co-
conspirator. “The question of whether a statute is constitutional is a question of law
and must be reviewed de novo.” United States v. Prior, 

, 658 (8th Cir.
1997) (quoting United States v. Wesley, 

, 363 (8th Cir. 1993)).

      Frison argues that the statutes under which he was charged and convicted are
unconstitutional as applied to him because he did not have fair notice that his
behavior was criminal; it was unclear what he should have done to avoid liability; and
law enforcement enforced the statutes arbitrarily.

       “A statute is void for vagueness if it: (1) ‘fails to provide a person of ordinary
intelligence fair notice of what is prohibited,’ or (2) ‘is so standardless that it
authorizes or encourages seriously discriminatory enforcement.’” United States v.
Cook, 

, 987 (8th Cir. 2015) (quoting Holder v. Humanitarian Law
Project, 

, 18 (2010)). “We consider whether a statute is vague as applied


      2
        The statutes cover aiders and abettors as principals (18 U.S.C. § 2), conspiracy
to commit an offense or to defraud the United States (18 U.S.C. § 371), criminal
infringement of a copyright (18 U.S.C. § 2319), trafficking in counterfeit goods or
services (18 U.S.C. § 2320), and criminal infringement of a copyright (17 U.S.C.
§ 506). Frison does not distinguish among the statutes or take issue with any
language within a single statute, so we consider them together in analyzing his as-
applied vagueness challenge. We address Frison’s arguments and the statutes
collectively in light of the overall conduct at the Frison Flea Market.

                                          -7-
to the particular facts at issue, for ‘[a] plaintiff who engages in some conduct that is
clearly proscribed cannot complain of the vagueness of the law as applied to the
conduct of others.’” 

561 U.S. at 18–19).

       Frison complains that the statutes at issue failed to give him fair notice that his
conduct was criminal. 

. Specifically, he claims he did not have
notice that a passive landlord who is merely renting his property could be held
responsible for the actions of his tenants – tenants who were, in this case, illegally
selling counterfeit goods and improperly reproducing or distributing copyrighted
works. But Frison was not simply a passive landlord. Instead, as the district court
found, Frison was actively involved at his market, continually reminded his vendors
that he was in charge, and even involved himself in regulating the prices of
counterfeit goods. Frison’s attempt to carve out a niche for the truly passive landlord
is unavailing on the facts of this case.

       Even if Frison had been a less active landlord, a person of ordinary intelligence
would reasonably understand that intentionally selling counterfeit products at a flea
market, or willfully infringing copyrighted works at the market for financial gain,
could result in criminal liability, and that intentionally aiding and abetting such
conduct could result in the same. See United States v. White, 

, 252 (7th
Cir. 1989) (citing Knutson v. Brewer, 

, 750 (8th Cir. 1980)) (holding
that in a Fifth Amendment challenge, “[p]rovided that conduct is of a sort widely
known among the lay public to be criminal . . . a person is not entitled to clear notice
that the conduct violates a particular criminal statute. It is enough that he knows that
what he is about to do is probably or certainly criminal.”). Frison makes no
meaningful argument otherwise.

      Moreover, the evidence shows Frison received actual notice that his conduct
as the operator of the flea market was unlawful, a factor that is relevant to our
analysis. See United States v. Ghane, 

, 778 n.4 (8th Cir. 2012); United

                                           -8-
States v. Washam, 

, 930 (8th Cir. 2002) (holding that an argument of
“actual notice” has some appeal and weakens a constitutional vagueness challenge
(citing United States v. Saffo, 

, 1270 (10th Cir. 2000)).3 Several events
put Frison on notice that he was responsible for the illegal conduct at the flea market.
In 2003, Officer Gary Nichols, Jr., “was directed by the police chief” to inform Frison
“that he was responsible for all the contents inside” his flea market, and he needed to
“shut . . . down or remove” any pirated items. When Frison “said that he just owned
the building,” not the booths, Officer Nichols “advised to him that he owns the
building,” and was “responsible for everything inside the building.”

        Frison was also given cease and desist letters from the RIAA. One letter
specifically stated that “Manufacturing, selling, and/or offering for sale unauthorized
phono records is illegal, and these actions must stop at once.” It advised Frison to
revoke the licenses of vendors to operate on his property if they were selling
counterfeit goods. The RIAA also included “a copy of one of the civil cases in which
a flea market owner was held liable for infringing activity taking place on his
premises,” and “press clips . . . relating to other flea markets that had been implicated
in infringing activity.” Frison told one RIAA official that he was “not responsible for
what [vendors] sell in their individual booths,” and when RIAA officials attempted
to explain the cease and desist order, Frison “ripped the paper and threw it on the
ground.”

       In further support of his vagueness challenge, Frison asserts that he was doing
all he thought he needed to do to comply with the law, and therefore it was unclear
to him how to avoid criminal liability. He notes the signs he had posted that told
vendors not to sell counterfeit merchandise, and his rental agreement with vendors


      3
       Saffo held that a defendant could not sustain her vagueness challenge where
her behavior showed she had actual knowledge of the illegality of her 

.

                                          -9-
that said “No illegal copyright ‘enfranchment’ [sic].” Frison also, at times, fined
vendors for selling counterfeit products. However, the district court, as the trier of
fact, was unconvinced by Frison’s lip service attempts at compliance. Frison did not
evict violators from the premises and he benefited from fining them, indicating both
that he knew fake merchandise was being sold and that he chose not to shut down
their activities. In fact, Frison told vendors that he was “protecting them.”

       Moreover, to find Frison guilty of aiding and abetting the trafficking of
counterfeit goods, the district court necessarily found he acted intentionally, and in
finding him guilty of aiding and abetting the criminal infringement of a copyright,
that he acted willfully.4 See 18 U.S.C. § 2320; 17 U.S.C. § 506; United States v.
Roan Eagle, 

, 445 (8th Cir. 1989) (“Aiding and abetting is not a separate
crime but rather is linked to the underlying offense and shares the requisite intent of
that offense.”). Likewise, the conspiracy conviction required a similar finding. See
United States v. Bertling, 

, 480 (8th Cir. 2010) (“[I]n order to sustain a
judgment of conviction on a charge of conspiracy to violate a federal statute, the
Government must prove at least the degree of criminal intent necessary for the
substantive offense itself” (quoting United States v. Feola, 

, 686
(1975))). “Void for vagueness simply means that criminal responsibility should not
attach where one could not reasonably understand that his contemplated conduct is
proscribed.” United States v. Mabie, 

, 333 (8th Cir. 2011) (quoting

). The evidence showed that Frison both understood that
his tenants were acting contrary to the law and actively helped to facilitate the
unlawful conduct to his and his tenants’ financial benefit.




      4
      The government also points out that “scienter requirements alleviate
vagueness concerns,” and “narrow the scope of” the statutes’ “prohibition[s] and limit
prosecutorial discretion.” Gonzales v. Carhart, 

, 149–50 (2007).

                                         -10-
       Frison points out that different witnesses gave differing testimony about how
he should have acted to escape liability. But Frison points to no evidence that he
made any meaningful attempt to comply with the law. In fact, the evidence indicates
that Frison acted to the contrary. Investigators found records in Frison’s office
concerning the “sale of illegal merchandise” with notes to “sell under the table.”
Moreover, Frison advised an undercover agent that she should use the term
“lookalike” rather than “fake” when selling her product, and never once told her that
he would not allow her to sell obviously counterfeit goods. There may have been
multiple ways by which Frison could have operated his flea market lawfully, but that
does not render the relevant statutes unconstitutionally vague as applied to him due
to lack of notice.

        Finally, we address Frison’s argument that law enforcement lacked explicit
standards for enforcing the statutes at issue. While “Congress must provide minimal
requirements to guide law enforcement [so as not to] permit a standardless sweep
[that] allows policemen, prosecutors, and juries to pursue their personal
predilections,” Frison has not established there was arbitrary enforcement here.

(second alteration in original) (quoting United States v.
Birbragher, 

, 489 (8th Cir. 2010)). Frison does not argue that law
enforcement applied these statutes to him and not to others, but rather points out that
the government failed to charge him with criminal activity after every violation,
alleging that the failure to do so indicates arbitrary enforcement. Due process
prohibits us “from retroactively applying a new construction of a criminal statute
where it was not previously clear the statute authorized that construction, but there
is no bar where the statute, ‘standing alone . . . made it reasonably clear at the relevant
time that the defendant’s conduct was criminal.’” 

(alteration
in original) (quoting United States v. Lanier, 

, 266–67 (1997)). Frison
presents no reason to believe the statutes at issue did not clearly apply to him, and he
fails to consider that although his arrest did not occur sooner, he was given numerous
warnings over the years that his conduct violated the law.

                                           -11-
                      III. Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the district court.
                ______________________________




                            -12-