United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 15-2140
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                                  Sean Ray Conklin

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the District of North Dakota - Bismarck
                                   ____________

                              Submitted: May 16, 2016
                               Filed: August 30, 2016
                                   ____________

Before WOLLMAN, LOKEN, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

      A jury convicted Sean Ray Conklin of distributing methamphetamine and
heroin after a two-day trial at which he represented himself. See 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C). Conklin appeals his conviction, arguing the district court1


      1
       The Honorable Daniel L. Hovland, United States District Judge for the District
of North Dakota.
violated his Sixth Amendment right to counsel because he did not unequivocally state
his intent to proceed pro se. Reviewing the determination that Conklin waived his
right to counsel de novo, we affirm. United States v. Sanchez-Garcia, 

,
751 (8th Cir. 2012) (standard of review), cert. denied, 

(2013).

                                    I. Background.

       Initially charged in a multi-defendant indictment with conspiring to distribute
methamphetamine and heroin, Conklin retained attorney Michael Hoffman to defend
him in that case. Because not all defendants had been located, the government
obtained a second indictment charging only Conklin with two drug-distribution
violations and dismissed him from the conspiracy case. On May 9, 2014, Conklin
attended the initial appearance on the new charges with attorney Hoffman. The
magistrate judge asked Conklin if he wished to retain Hoffman in the case. Conklin
refused to answer, instead complaining about fee and communication issues with
Hoffman. Toward the end of the conference, Conklin stated that he did not want
court-appointed counsel and would seek retained counsel.

       With trial set to begin July 15, 2014, the district court held a pretrial conference
on June 26 because no attorney had entered an appearance as Conklin’s defense
counsel. Appearing by telephone, Conklin refused to discuss whether he had hired
an attorney, wanted appointed counsel, or planned to represent himself, stating that
he preferred to respond to the court in person. The court stated that it would schedule
an in-person conference and warned Conklin:

       I want you to come prepared . . . to tell me specifically what you’re
       going to do about an attorney representing you. And if you’re not
       planning to have an attorney represent you, then . . . . I need to
       specifically warn you in person about the pitfalls and the dangers and
       the hazards of going to trial representing yourself. . . . [U]nless you have
       an attorney that you can tell me about at the next hearing, you need to

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      come prepared to answer a long litany of questions that I’ll have [for]
      you about why you think that you can represent yourself at trial.

       Conklin attended the July 2 conference without counsel. After he complained
at length about unrelated matters, the district court focused on his representation at
the impending trial:

      -- THE COURT: [T]he issue here in [this case] is . . . whether Mr. Hoffman is
            going to represent you . . . or whether you are going to hire yourself
            another attorney, which you told the Court you were going to do, or
            whether you are going to represent yourself, or whether you want the
            Court to appoint defense counsel for you.

      -- THE DEFENDANT: I do not want the Court to appoint counsel for
            me.

      -- THE COURT: Okay. You do not want court-appointed defense
           counsel to represent you in this new drug case, correct?

      -- THE DEFENDANT: Yep.

      -- THE COURT: All right. So are you going to hire your own attorney
            to represent you?

Conklin refused to answer, resuming his complaints about unrelated matters and the
fact that he had not yet received discovery from the government. The court observed
that the government “was waiting to see if you were, in fact, going to retain your own
new attorney to represent you on these two distribution charges,” which government
counsel confirmed. Conklin continued to avoid the representation issue:

      -- THE COURT: Are you going to have an attorney, or are you going to
            be representing yourself?



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      -- THE DEFENDANT: Okay.

      -- THE COURT: What are you going to do? . . . Are you going to hire
            an attorney?

Conklin again complained about unrelated matters, but the court persisted:

      -- THE COURT: Okay. And let’s move on to my question.

      -- THE DEFENDANT: Okay.

      -- THE COURT: Are you going to hire an attorney in [this case]?

      -- THE DEFENDANT: Your Honor, I am expecting the discovery to be
            accomplished in time for me to make it to trial on the 15th [of
            July] so that I can review it, and in the meantime I will use my --
            I will -- if I seek an attorney -- if I find an attorney that I’m
            comfortable with, I might hire him. In the meantime, I’m ready
            for my discovery, and I’ll read it through as much as -- the best I
            can to prepare my defense, and I’ll be at trial on the 15th.

        The court confirmed that the government would make its discovery -- some 40
DVDs – available for Conklin’s personal review if he were to represent himself. The
court then told Conklin, “I need to cover some things with you then if you’re
intending to represent yourself. The case is not going to go to trial on July 15th. It
can’t. You can’t go to trial representing yourself in a case where you’ve got 40 DVDs
of discovery that you’ve got to listen to.” The court explained to Conklin his Sixth
Amendment right to waive appointed or retained counsel and proceed to trial pro se,
and then asked if he understood that it is “extremely unwise to ever think about
representing yourself in a criminal trial.” Conklin replied, “Yes, I sure do. . . . I can
start to show you proof in how I’m able to defend myself.”




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      After a lengthy diversion to discuss Conklin’s unrelated complaints, the court
returned to the question of self-representation:

      I’m going to make a finding here that you have knowingly and
      intelligently and voluntar[il]y decided to waive your right to a court-
      appointed defense attorney in [this case]. I believe that I fully informed
      you that you do have a Sixth Amendment right to waive counsel and to
      proceed to trial pro se or on your own. I’ve tried to outline for you the
      extreme disadvantages of representing yourself at trial, and I think it’s
      probably the worst decision that you could ever make in your life, but
      I find that you have made the decision that you wish to proceed to trial
      and represent yourself. I also find that . . . you are mentally competent
      to make that decision. But . . . I’m going to appoint stand-by counsel for
      you . . . an experienced defense attorney that would be there, standing
      by, so to speak, who would become familiar with the case and all the
      evidence, all the discovery, who would be there to assist you at trial if
      you wish. But if you don’t wish to use the services of that stand-by
      counsel, you don’t have to. You’re not obligated to.

The court ended the conference after working through the discovery issues, answering
Conklin’s questions about the defense he intended to present at trial, repeating the
court’s advice to use counsel, and explaining that trial would be continued at
Conklin’s request. The court later appointed experienced stand-by counsel and
scheduled the trial to begin on January 27, 2015.

        At a conference on the record before trial began, the district court raised two
trial issues discussed at the July 2 conference -- the government producing discovery
and Conklin’s representation at trial. As to discovery, government counsel advised
the court that it had made all discovery available for Conklin’s review, but jail staff
advised that Conklin refused to review it. The court asked Conklin, “Why wouldn’t
you listen to [the DVDs]?” He replied, “I don’t feel that I’m in danger by not doing
it.”



                                         -5-
       Regarding the question of self-representation, the court stated:

       I’m going to incorporate into the record here that entire discussion that
       we had back on July 2, 2014, concerning the hazards of representing
       oneself at trial. . . . I think [self representation is] an extremely unwise
       decision, but it’s a decision that I felt back in July 2014, that you had
       voluntarily made and consciously made on your part. And is that still
       true?

Again refusing to answer the question, Conklin concluded a rambling response by
stating, “I choose to move forward with trial under the grounds that everything has
been stated.” Conklin then participated in jury selection and represented himself at
trial without making use of stand-by counsel the court provided.

                                    II. Discussion.

       On appeal, Conklin claims that the district court violated his Sixth Amendment
right to counsel by requiring him to represent himself despite the fact that he did not
clearly and unequivocally request self-representation. “The Sixth Amendment . . .
grants an accused both the right to counsel and the alternative right to self-
representation.” 

, citing Faretta v. California, 

, 807 (1975). Because an accused who conducts his own defense
relinquishes “the traditional benefits associated with the right to counsel,” a trial court
considering a defendant’s request to represent himself must make the defendant
“aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation” to ensure that his
decision to waive the right of counsel is clear, unequivocal, knowing, and intelligent.

; see Reese v. Nix, 

, 1280 (8th Cir. 1991), cert.
denied, 

(1992). Whether the district court complied with this mandate
has been central in most of our prior appeals raising Faretta issues. See, e.g.,
Hamilton v. Groose, 

(8th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 

(1995).



                                           -6-
       This appeal raises a less common issue: how to deal with a defendant who
refuses to state whether he wishes to be represented at trial by counsel, either
appointed or retained, or to represent himself. It is clear that a defendant cannot
manipulate this Sixth Amendment right “in order to delay or disrupt his trial.”

. Therefore, to prevent a defendant from using refusal to
respond as a tactic to postpone trial indefinitely, it is well-established that an accused
can waive his right to counsel by conduct. For example, “where a defendant is
warned that he must choose between continuing with court-appointed counsel or
proceeding pro se, the defendant’s choice to discharge the appointed counsel
constitutes a knowing and intelligent waiver of the right to the assistance of counsel.”

.

       In Sanchez-Garcia, defendant’s retained counsel withdrew before trial because
of a conflict of interest. The court instructed defendant to obtain a new attorney or
inform the court he would proceed pro se, and the court advised defendant of the
dangers of self-representation. Defendant said he could not afford to retain a new
attorney and then “refused to choose one of the two options presented by the court --
accepting a court-appointed attorney or proceeding pro se.” 

We held that
“by repeatedly rejecting all options except self-representation, after having been
warned of the consequences, [defendant] necessarily chose self-representation.” 

(quotation omitted). The government argues that Sanchez-Garcia is
controlling precedent in this case. We agree.

      Conklin argues the district court erred in finding a waiver of counsel because
he never expressly asked to represent himself. That is true. But he categorically
refused appointed counsel, refused to retain attorney Hoffman for this case,
repeatedly said he was seeking other counsel and “if I find an attorney that I’m
comfortable with, I might hire him,” and then ignored the district court’s reasonable



                                           -7-
pretrial deadline for resolving the issue. In these circumstances, given the district
court’s thorough and repeated explanation of the dangers of self-representation, our
decision in Sanchez-Garcia applies. As the Second Circuit explained in United States
v. Barton, 

, 119 (2d Cir. 2013), “[b]ecause [defendant] was fully advised
of his right to counsel, the importance of this right, and his options for exercising it,
but did not hire a lawyer and refused to have one appointed, the district court was
authorized to treat his conduct as a knowing, intelligent and voluntary waiver of his
right to counsel, and to require him to proceed without representation if he failed to
obtain counsel within a reasonable time.”

       Conklin further argues the district court forced him to proceed pro se instead
of granting him more time to find counsel. Conklin acknowledges the court granted
a six month trial continuance after concluding that he had waived his right to counsel.
But he argues, without supporting authority, that the court erred by failing to advise
him that he continued to have the right to retain private counsel. This contention
ignores the colloquy before the start of trial, when the district court asked Conklin
whether he still waived the right to counsel, and Conklin again failed to answer the
question. This exchange gave Conklin one final chance to avoid the dangers of self-
representation, and he again refused to take a position. On this record, it is apparent
that Conklin knew he could retain attorney Hoffman or other counsel, or reverse his
prior position and ask the court to appoint counsel, and that he knowingly and
intelligently chose to represent himself.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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