United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 15-3264
                         ___________________________

               Kyle Soltesz, doing business as Top Dog Enterprises

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

 Rushmore Plaza Civic Center, a political subdivision of the City of Rapid City;
    City of Rapid City, a political subdivision of the State of South Dakota

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellants
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the District of South Dakota - Rapid City
                                   ____________

                            Submitted: October 20, 2016
                              Filed: February 7, 2017
                                  ____________

Before MURPHY, GRUENDER, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.

      Kyle Soltesz ran a concession stand in the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center in
Rapid City, South Dakota. He sued the Civic Center and the City after his lease was
terminated—supposedly without due process—and his property seized. At trial,
Soltesz alleged municipal liability premised on the decision of a final policymaker.
See Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 

, 482-83 (1986). The district court
failed to identify the final policymaker as a matter of state law. Because the Supreme
Court demands a district court make such an identification, we reverse and remand.

                                   I. Background

      Kyle Soltesz operated as a food vendor in the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center
under a five-year lease agreement. The Civic Center could terminate the agreement
at any time with 45 days notice. Soltesz ran his concession stand—Top Dog
Pizza—for two years until a video surveillance camera captured him assaulting one
of his employees. The video was later viewed by the Civic Center’s General
Manager, Brian Maliske.

        Maliske then took a series of steps to end the business relationship between
Soltesz and the Civic Center. Maliske first called Soltesz into a meeting and
confronted him with the video. Maliske next issued Soltesz a “no trespass” warning
and then had security escort him out of the building. Soltesz understood the warning
to mean that he would be arrested if he returned to the Civic Center. Several days
later, the Civic Center’s Board of Directors met. The record reveals no evidence
whatsoever of what the Board did or did not discuss at its meeting. But shortly after
the meeting ended, Soltesz’s attorney received a letter signed by Maliske terminating
the lease agreement immediately.

        Over the next few months, Soltesz unsuccessfully sought to retrieve his
property from the Civic Center and transfer his lease to another food vendor. But the
“no trespass” warning remained in effect—he could not return to his concession stand
to retrieve any of his property. Eventually two employees were allowed into the Civic
Center; by that time, much of the food had spoiled. Soltesz also arranged to sell his
business to another pizza vendor, so long as the Civic Center would transfer the lease
from Soltesz to the new vendor. The Board rejected this request and shortly
thereafter leased out Soltesz’s old space.

                                         -2-
       Soltesz sued the Civic Center and the City of Rapid City—a municipality and
a political subdivision of the State of South Dakota that owns and operates the Civic
Center—under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The suit alleged violations of federal and state law.
Under federal law, Soltesz claimed a deprivation of his constitutional rights by the
municipality. Specifically, he alleged that terminating the lease without the mandated
45 days notice violated the due process protections of the Fourteenth Amendment and
that keeping his property locked in the concession stand was an unreasonable seizure
under the Fourth Amendment. Under state law, Soltesz claimed breach of the lease,
conversion, and tortious interference with business relationships. The Civic Center
counter-claimed for breach of contract, failure to restore premises, fraud and deceit,
and rescission.

        Soltesz brought his federal claims under the Pembaur theory of municipal
liability: a decision of an official responsible for establishing final policy attaches
liability to the municipality. See 

. The case was tried to a
jury. After Soltesz presented his case, the Civic Center moved for judgment as a
matter of law (“JMOL”), arguing that Soltesz had failed to establish the identity of
the final policymaker for the municipality in regards to his lease. The district court
denied the motion and allowed the case to proceed. At the close of the Civic Center’s
case, the Civic Center again moved for JMOL, asserting that “the issue of who the
final policy decision-maker is is a legal issue for the Court [to determine].” The
district court again denied the motion, stating, “It’s a fact issue, not a legal one. And
I am not going to instruct the jury on who the person acting under color of law is.”
Indeed, the district court did not instruct the jury as to the identity of the official
responsible for establishing final policy for the municipality. The jury ultimately
found in favor of Soltesz on all of his claims.

      The Civic Center raised the final-policymaker issue a third time in its renewed
motion for JMOL following entry of judgment. The Center argued that state law
designated the Board as the final policymaker and that Soltesz had failed to present

                                          -3-
evidence showing the Board had violated his constitutional rights. The district court
once again denied the motion. In its order, the court ruled that sufficient evidence
was presented at “trial from which the jury could conclude that Mr. Maliske was the
final policymaker for the Rushmore Civic Center.” The court also suggested that the
Civic Center’s Board of Directors both ratified Maliske’s decisions and delegated
authority to him. In a footnote, the court alternatively held that, as a matter of law,
“Maliske was the final decision-maker for the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center and the
City of Rapid City with regard to their relationship with Mr. Soltesz.” In a separate
order, the district court granted Soltesz’s motion for attorneys’ fees under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1988(b). The Civic Center appeals the district court’s denial of its renewed motion
for JMOL and the award of attorneys’ fees.

                                    II. Discussion

       “We review the denial of a motion for a judgment as a matter of law de novo,
and we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict.”
Bonenberger v. St. Louis Metro. Police Dep’t, 

, 1107 (8th Cir. 2016)
(internal quotation marks omitted). JMOL “is appropriate when ‘a party has been
fully heard on an issue during a jury trial and the court finds that a reasonable jury
would not have a legally sufficient evidentiary basis to find for the party on that
issue.’” Duban v. Waverly Sales Co., 

, 835 (8th Cir. 2014) (quoting
Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a)(1)). “[I]n reviewing a jury verdict, we draw every reasonable
inference in favor of the verdict and may not make credibility determinations or
weigh the evidence.” Chen v. Mukasey, 

, 801 (8th Cir. 2007).

       “[M]unicipal liability under § 1983 attaches where . . . a deliberate choice to
follow a course of action is made from among various alternatives by the official or
officials responsible for establishing final policy with respect to the subject matter in
question.” 

. Thus a single decision by a municipal official
can constitute official policy. Bolderson v. City of Wentzville, 

, 985

                                          -4-
(8th Cir. 2016). But “liability attaches only where the decision-maker possesses final
authority to establish municipal policy with respect to the action ordered.” 

.

       “[T]he identification of those officials whose decisions represent the official
policy of the local government unit is itself a legal question to be resolved by the trial
judge before the case is submitted to the jury.” Jett v. Dall. Indep. Sch. Dist., 

, 737 (1989). The need for the trial judge to identify a final
policymaker—and not submit the issue to the jury—is beyond debate. See, e.g., Dean
v. Cnty. of Gage, 

, 940 (8th Cir. 2015) (citing 

);
Walden v. City of Providence, 

, 55 (1st Cir. 2010) (“Whether an official
is a final policymaker is . . . a question of law for the trial judge to decide.”);
Milligan-Hitt v. Bd. of Trs. of Sheridan Cnty. Sch. Dist., 

, 1224 (10th
Cir. 2008) (“The judge, not the jury, should determine who exercises final
policymaking authority in a municipality.”). “Only after the judge identifies an
official as a final policymaker is it appropriate for the jury to determine whether [that
official’s] decisions have caused the deprivation of rights at issue by policies which
affirmatively command that it occur.” Atkinson v. City of Mountain View, 

, 1215 (8th Cir. 2013) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       District courts should consult two sources to identify the final policymaker:
“(1) ‘state and local positive law’ and (2) state and local ‘custom or usage having the
force of law.’” Id. (quoting 

). State law, including valid local
ordinances and regulations, will always direct the courts to some official or body of
officials that has policymaking authority in a given area of the municipality’s
business. City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 

, 125 (1988). Federal courts
are not justified “in assuming that municipal policymaking authority lies somewhere
other than where the applicable law purports to put it.” 

                                           -5-
       In addition to creating municipal liability for their own actions, final
policymakers can also create this liability by either delegating policymaking authority
to a subordinate or ratifying the actions of a subordinate. See 

       A subordinate official possesses delegated final policymaking authority when
that official acts (1) free of review and (2) without any constraints imposed as a
matter of policy by the original policymaker. 

“If the board retains the
authority to review, even though it may not exercise such review or investigate the
basis of the decision, delegation of final authority does not occur.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]e are interested only in
delegations of legal power, not in whether the board’s actual exercise of its power of
review was sufficiently aggressive.” 

“Simply going along with
discretionary decisions made by one’s subordinates . . . is not a delegation to them
of the authority to make policy.” 

. Even if an official has
the final say on an issue, his decisions may not be final policy. “That a particular
agent is the apex of a bureaucracy makes the decision final but does not forge a link
between finality and policy.” Gelin v. Hous. Auth. of New Orleans, 

,
530 (5th Cir. 2006) (quoting Auriemma v. Rice, 

, 400 (7th Cir. 1992))
(internal quotation marks omitted).

       A final policymaker ratifies the decision of a subordinate when he or she takes
an affirmative act to approve both the decision and the basis for the decision.

. “Accordingly, ratification requires both knowledge of
the alleged constitutional violation, and proof that the policymaker specifically
approved of the subordinate’s act.” Lytle v. Carl, 

, 988 n.2 (9th Cir.
2004). The issue of whether a final policymaker ratified a subordinate’s decision is
a question of fact for the jury to decide. See Christie v. Iopa, 

, 1238-39
(9th Cir. 1999).




                                          -6-
        The Supreme Court has set a high bar for establishing municipal liability under
§ 1983, and demands careful analysis from district courts, to avoid any risk that
liability could be imposed under a theory of respondeat superior. See 

. A municipality bears responsibility for its own torts, not the torts of its
employees. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 

, 690-91 (1978). “[I]t
is when execution of a government’s policy[,] . . . by those whose edicts or acts may
fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury that the government as an
entity is responsible under § 1983.” 

       Turning to the claims in this case, the Civic Center contends that no legally
sufficient evidentiary basis exists to support the jury verdict. Whether an official
possessed final policymaking authority, the Center continues, is a question of law.
The district court thus erred in submitting the question to the jury. The Civic Center
raised this very issue three times to the district court; the court denied the motion
every time. The Civic Center, therefore, has preserved the issue for appellate review.
See 

(holding that a motion for JMOL preserved the issue of
whether a municipal official is a final policymaker).

       We agree with the Civic Center: no legally sufficient evidentiary basis exists
to impose liability on a municipality for the decisions of a final policymaker when the
district court fails to identify that policymaker. The district court must identify the
final policymaker as a matter of law before the claims reach the jury. See, e.g.,

. Even if the plaintiff proceeds on a theory of delegation
or ratification, the court must identify the final policymaker. See 

(holding that jury instructions regarding delegated policymaking are
inappropriate because it is for the court to “identify those officials” whose wrongs can
create municipal liability); 

(“If the authorized
policymakers approve a subordinate’s decision and the basis for it, their ratification
would be chargeable to the municipality because their decision is final.”). Failing
to do so raises the risk of respondeat superior liability—a risk we cannot tolerate. For

                                           -7-
§ 1983 liability to attach, the jury must find the decision of a final policymaker
caused the constitutional deprivation. See 

. If the jury is not
instructed as to who the final policymaker is, it cannot find that the decision of a final
policymaker caused any constitutional deprivation. A verdict imposing municipal
liability on the decision of a final policymaker, when the jury receives no instruction
on the final policymaker’s identity, cannot be affirmed. See Speer v. City of Wynne,

, 987 (8th Cir. 2002) (remanding the case to the district court, in part,
because municipal liability had been imposed without the district court identifying
a final policymaker). We must therefore vacate the jury verdict.

        Soltesz and the district court each attempt to explain that factual evidence
presented at trial supports the jury’s verdict. Soltesz presents an argument that trial
testimony showed Maliske had final policymaking authority in dealing with food
vendors and their leases. In the alternative, Soltesz argues that the record implies the
Board of Directors had delegated policymaking authority to Maliske because the
Board did nothing after receiving notice of the lease termination. Again in the
alternative, Soltesz argues that the record indicates the Board ratified Maliske’s
decisions when it failed to protest or stop termination of the lease. The district court,
in its post-trial order denying the Civic Center’s renewed motion for JMOL, held: “as
a matter of law, . . . by the greater convincing weight of the evidence presented at
trial[,] Maliske was the final decisionmaker for the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center and
the City of Rapid City with regard to their relationship with Mr. Soltesz.”

       The explanations offered by Soltesz miss the clear import of Supreme Court
precedent: the identity of the final policymaker is a question of state law for the court,
not the jury, to decide. Thus an argument about the sufficiency of evidence
supporting the jury’s determination of the identity of the final policymaker “entirely
misses the mark.” 

. The district court’s post-trial order
fares no better. The court repeats Soltesz’s mistaken logic by basing its decision on
evidence presented at trial suggesting Maliske was the de facto final policymaker.

                                           -8-
But there are no de facto final policymakers—only de jure. See 

. Further, the district court’s post-trial identification of Maliske as the final
policymaker cannot remedy the error already made. The jury can find liability on the
part of the municipality only through the decisions of a final policymaker. Given no
final policymaker whose decisions it could analyze, the jury rendered a verdict
against the defendants that lacked a legally sufficient basis.

                                   III. Conclusion

       A final policymaker may have deprived Soltesz of his constitutional rights in
this case. But if Soltesz wishes to bring his claims to a jury, the district court must
identify the final policymaker in accordance with South Dakota state law and local
Rapid City ordinances. We therefore reverse the district court’s ruling on the Civic
Center’s renewed motion for JMOL, vacate the jury’s verdict, and remand for a new
trial.
                        ______________________________




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