United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 16-2575
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                                  Marcus McIntosh

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                      ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                for the Western District of Missouri - Kansas City
                                 ____________

                             Submitted: March 8, 2017
                               Filed: June 20, 2017
                                 ____________

Before RILEY,1 Chief Judge, GRUENDER, Circuit Judge, and GRITZNER,2
District Judge.
                              ____________

RILEY, Chief Judge.


      1
       The Honorable William Jay Riley stepped down as Chief Judge of the United
States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit at the close of business on March 10,
2017. He has been succeeded by the Honorable Lavenski R. Smith.
      2
      The Honorable James E. Gritzner, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Iowa, sitting by designation.
       In April 2014, police officers began investigating Marcus McIntosh to
determine whether he was involved in a conspiracy to traffic crack cocaine. The
investigation culminated when officers obtained a warrant and searched a home
McIntosh owned (but did not permanently reside in), where they found drugs, marked
money, and several firearms. McIntosh was indicted on several drug and gun related
counts. The case went to trial, and the jury found McIntosh guilty of five of the six
charges filed against him, including one for being a felon in possession of a firearm.
See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court3 sentenced McIntosh to 180 months in
prison on each count, to be served concurrently. See 

(statutory
minimum). McIntosh raises only one issue on appeal: whether the government
presented sufficient evidence to establish he knowingly possessed a firearm.4 We
conclude there was sufficient evidence, and therefore affirm. See 28 U.S.C. § 1291
(appellate jurisdiction).

      McIntosh moved for a judgment of acquittal after the government finished
presenting its evidence at trial.5 See Fed. R. Crim. P. 29(a) (“[T]he court on the
defendant’s motion must enter a judgment of acquittal of any offense for which the
evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction.”). The district court denied the
motion, and the jury found McIntosh did indeed possess a gun. “We review the
denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal de novo, viewing the evidence and all
reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict.” United States


      3
      The Honorable Stephen R. Bough, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.
      4
       To establish a violation of § 922(g)(1), the government needed to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt McIntosh (1) was a felon, (2) knowingly possessed a
firearm, and (3) that firearm had been in or affected interstate commerce. See United
States v. Ellis, 

, 576 (8th Cir. 2016). The parties stipulated to the first
and third elements.
      5
          McIntosh did not present any evidence in his defense.

                                          -2-
v. McDonald, 

, 1072 (8th Cir. 2016) (per curiam). Thus McIntosh can
prevail only if no reasonable jury could have found he knowingly possessed a firearm
beyond a reasonable doubt. See 

perspective in mind, we recount the
evidence offered at trial.

I.     THE EVIDENCE
       When the Kansas City Police Department (Missouri) learned about McIntosh’s
potential drug-dealing activities in spring 2014, Detective Don Stanze spearheaded
an investigation into McIntosh and his two suspected accomplices, brothers Tyrone
and Tyronn Campbell. Detective Stanze worked with two confidential informants
and several undercover detectives to organize and execute a string of controlled buys
over the months that followed. Of relevance here are four controlled buys occurring
at 3910 Flora Avenue, a single-story house McIntosh owned. Though McIntosh
maintained another residence and did not live at 3910 Flora, his then-girlfriend,
Sherita Hardison, did live at the Flora house. It is unclear how often McIntosh stayed
the night, however, Hardison testified McIntosh “was there almost every day.”

      The last controlled buy occurred on August 8, 2014, when a confidential
informant used marked money to purchase crack cocaine from McIntosh at 3910
Flora. Not long after the deal was complete, officers served a knock and announce
warrant, and the tactical team found McIntosh in the living room and arrested him.
Hardison was also arrested. At trial, the government presented a considerable amount
of evidence seized during the search. Most relevant for our purposes are the three
guns found in the bedroom where Hardison (and, on occasion, McIntosh) slept: there
was a .22-caliber Ruger semiautomatic pistol sitting in plain view on top of a
nightstand, next to a piece of mail addressed to McIntosh and a small amount of crack
cocaine; a 9mm PW Arms pistol hidden between the mattresses; and a 12-gauge
shotgun resting against an entertainment center. Officers also found items indicative
of drug dealing elsewhere in the house—digital scales, ingredients and equipment



                                         -3-
used to make crack cocaine, and a safe containing crack cocaine and most of the
marked money from that day’s deal.

        Detective Stanze interviewed both McIntosh and Hardison at the police station
shortly after the search concluded, and the officer testified about these interrogations
at trial. McIntosh and Hardison each claimed the guns belonged to a man named
Curly Pouncil, who had brought the guns to 3910 Flora about a month and a half
earlier while he was renting a room in the basement. Most notably, Detective Stanze
said McIntosh “admitted . . . that he knew the guns were there, that he had handled
the firearms, had moved the firearms from place to place, and on a couple of
occasions had actually taken one of the firearms to investigate a disturbance . . . that
was going on outside of his residence.” This conflicted with what Hardison—who
admittedly was “very” high on crack cocaine during the post-arrest interview—first
told Detective Stanze, when she claimed McIntosh never handled the weapons.
Hardison changed her story at trial, testifying that although McIntosh did not carry
a gun around on a day to day basis, he handled the weapons when he needed them for
their “protection” and would “sit at the table with [a gun] when he was cutting up”
drugs.

II.    DISCUSSION
       McIntosh attacks the adequacy of this evidence in several ways. He first takes
aim at the government’s evidence suggesting he had constructive possession of the
guns. See United States v. Battle, 

, 511 (8th Cir. 2014) (“The
government can prove knowing possession by showing actual or constructive
possession, and possession can be sole or joint. Constructive possession is
established if the person has dominion over the premises where the firearm is located,
or control, ownership, or dominion over the firearm itself.” (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted)). McIntosh emphasizes he did not permanently reside at
3910 Flora with Hardison, yet this fact does not negate the possibility of constructive
possession. For instance, in United States v. Butler we upheld a jury verdict where

                                          -4-
the gun was found between the mattress and box springs in a home owned by the
defendant’s girlfriend, even though the defendant “maintained a separate apartment.”
United States v. Butler, 

, 964 (8th Cir. 2010). The evidence showed the
defendant had been staying with his girlfriend “for some period of time,” appeared
to use the house for drug trafficking, and was present when the search occurred. 

The gun was hidden in the south part of the bed, which was the same side
of the room that officers found the defendant’s wallet and a few other personal
effects. See 

facts are not so different than the facts here. Yes,
McIntosh maintained a different residence. But there is evidence to indicate
McIntosh was at 3910 Flora—a house he owned, unlike the defendant in
Butler—“almost every day,” used the residence to store and sell drugs, and was
present during the search. One of the guns was found right by a piece of mail
addressed to McIntosh at 3910 Flora. This is all circumstantial evidence McIntosh
had constructive possession of the guns. See 

(“Constructive possession of
a firearm . . . may be established with circumstantial evidence.”).

       McIntosh also attempts to marginalize the evidence that suggests he ever
exercised actual possession over the guns. The bulk of McIntosh’s argument on this
point is spent attacking Hardison’s credibility. McIntosh’s arsenal for this attack is
well-stocked. Hardison admitted she changed her story somewhere between the first
interrogation and the trial (though Hardison was “very” high on crack at the first
interview). Hardison acknowledged the government encouraged her to cooperate and
she had not yet been charged for her own involvement. In addition, not only was
Hardison no longer romantically involved with McIntosh, she was now pitted against
him (and his new girlfriend) in a civil suit in which McIntosh sought to evict her from
3910 Flora and she counterclaimed for “lies being told against” her. Given these
concerns, we agree a jury would have had ample reason to discredit Hardison. “But
weighing the evidence and assessing the credibility of witnesses are ‘exclusively for
the jury.’” United States v. Ellis, 

, 577 (8th Cir. 2016) (quoting United
States v. Kirk, 

, 1111 (8th Cir. 2008)). McIntosh raised these

                                         -5-
credibility issues at trial, and they “were for the jury—not the court—to resolve.” Id.;
accord 

(“We do not weigh the evidence or assess the
credibility of witnesses.”).

       While Hardison’s testimony supports the verdict,6 so does the admission
McIntosh made to Detective Stanze. McIntosh also complains the video recording
of his interrogation was never played for the jury, yet McIntosh never objected nor
did he offer the recording himself. We see nothing wrong with submitting
McIntosh’s statement through Detective Stanze’s testimony. See also, e.g., United
States v. Boyd, 

, 978-79 (8th Cir. 1999) (determining there was
sufficient evidence where an officer testified about how the defendant, after he was
arrested, admitted the gun was his).

       McIntosh’s other arguments are similarly unpersuasive. To the extent
McIntosh argues the guns belonged to Pouncil, ownership and possession are distinct
concepts and the absence of one does not preclude the possibility of the other. See
United States v. Boykin, 

, 274 (8th Cir. 1993) (“[O]wnership is
irrelevant to the issue of possession.”). McIntosh also points to the lack of forensic
evidence linking him to any of the firearms, and emphasizes “[n]o law enforcement
witness ever testified to seeing [him] with any firearm, despite the fact that they had


      6
        McIntosh posits the jury must have disbelieved Hardison’s testimony because
if, as Hardison claimed, McIntosh handled the guns while he was cutting drugs, then
how could the jury not find him guilty of possessing a gun in furtherance of drug-
trafficking crimes? “‘We have previously held, when considering what are
characterized as inconsistent verdicts, that we only ask whether the government
presented sufficient evidence to support the conviction.’ This is because ‘[w]e are
reluctant to delve into the minds of the jurors to determine the reasons for apparently
inconsistent verdicts.’” 

(alteration in original) (quoting
United States v. Opare-Addo, 

, 416 (8th Cir. 2007)). We also note there
was ample other evidence of McIntosh’s firearm possession for the jury to rely upon
without Hardison’s testimony.
                                          -6-
conducted significant surveillance of him.” Forensic evidence and officer
observations are ways for the government to present sufficient evidence of knowing
possession—such evidence is not required. See, e.g., 

(identifying sufficient evidence even though “there was no forensic evidence
presented to link Defendant to the handgun and no witness testified to seeing
Defendant with the handgun”); see also United States v. Varner, 

, 657
(8th Cir. 2012) (“[F]orensic evidence is not necessary for a conviction.”).
Circumstantial evidence of constructive possession and testimony about prior specific
instances where the defendant handled the firearms are also methods for the
government to meet its burden. The government offered these latter forms of
evidence at trial. The jury found such evidence sufficient to prove guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt. We conclude this was a reasonable conclusion.

III.   CONCLUSION
       We affirm.
                  ______________________________




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