United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 16-4455
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                                  Robert S. Beyer, II

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                   ____________

                           Submitted: September 22, 2017
                             Filed: December 21, 2017
                                  ____________

Before COLLOTON, BENTON, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

       A jury found Robert S. Beyer, II guilty of wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1343 and unlawful monetary transaction in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1957. The
district court1 sentenced him to 97 months’ imprisonment. He appeals the conviction
and sentence. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms.

      1
       The Honorable Ronnie L. White, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
                                        I.

      Beyer sold insurance and securities for several companies. In 2011, he formed
Heroic Life Assurance Company. He described HLA as a start-up life insurance
company. Beyer asked at least four of his pre-HLA clients to invest with HLA. He
assured them that their money would be kept safe, promising two of them a
guaranteed rate of return.

       The investors gave HLA over $330,000. Beyer spent much of their money for
his personal benefit. Beyer repaid one investor, using another investor’s funds. He
did not return any funds to any others.

       A jury found Beyer guilty. At sentencing, the district court applied a
vulnerable-victim enhancement. It also denied a downward departure in criminal
history.

                                        II.

       Beyer stressed he used some investor funds for legitimate business expenses.
The government countered with evidence that Beyer spent about $109,000 of investor
funds on non-business expenses, including retail purchases, meals and incidentals,
child support, gas, and dating services. Beyer did not pay these expenses in cash.

       Beyer withdrew about $30,000 in cash from the investor funds. The
government introduced evidence he spent at least some of the cash withdrawals for
non-business expenses, including withdrawing about $300 in cash at an ATM in an
adult-entertainment club. This “ATM-location evidence” discussion takes 18 lines
of a three-volume transcript, and it was not mentioned again.




                                        -2-
      Beyer objected to the ATM-location evidence. The district court admitted it
without limitation. Beyer appeals. This court reviews a district court’s evidentiary
rulings for abuse of discretion. United States v. Never Misses A Shot, 

,
1027 (8th Cir. 2015).

         In his objection, Beyer paraphrased Rule 403: a district court may “exclude
relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of
. . . unfair prejudice.” Unfair prejudice is “an undue tendency to suggest decision on
an improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.” Fed. R.
Evid. 403 advisory committee’s note; see also United States v. Fletcher, 

, 518 (8th Cir. 2003) (“Rule 403 is concerned only with unfair prejudice, that is,
an undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis.”) (internal quotation
marks and attribution omitted).

       Admitting the ATM-location evidence, the district court said: “[Defense
counsel], as you’re aware, it’s a rule of inclusion instead of exclusion. So I’m going
to overrule your objection.” The government believes the district court was applying
Rule 403. See United States v. Dennis, 

, 797 (8th Cir. 1980) (“In
weighing the probative value of evidence against the dangers and considerations
enumerated in Rule 403, the general rule is that the balance should be struck in favor
of admission.”). Beyer believes the district court was referencing Rule 404(b). See,
e.g., United States v. Armstrong, 

, 1034 (8th Cir. 2015) (stating “Rule
404(b) is a rule of inclusion rather than exclusion”), quoting United States v. Turner,

, 1065 (8th Cir. 2009).

       Regardless of Beyer’s belief, he focuses on Rule 403, which controls this issue.
“[B]oth Rule 404(b) evidence and evidence beyond the rule’s scope are subject to the
dictates of Rule 403, which requires that the probative value of evidence is not
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.” United States v. Adams,

, 899 (8th Cir. 2005). According to Beyer, the ATM-location evidence

                                         -3-
“introduced a spurious and prejudicial lure quite capable of distracting jurors from
resolving the hotly contested question of whether he acted with an intent to defraud.”

      This court rejected a similar argument in United States v. Abodeely, 

(8th Cir. 1986). There, the government alleged the defendant under-reported
taxable income. 

The government presented evidence of potential sources
of unreported income, including prostitution. 

acknowledged that the
evidence was “certainly prejudicial.” 

But this court approved its
admission because the evidence was “highly probative of unreported taxable income.”

evidence—income from illegal acts—is more prejudicial than
the ATM-location evidence. Like the Abodeely evidence, the ATM-location evidence
was highly probative of a necessary element, the intent to defraud. See 18 U.S.C. §
1343. The location of Beyer’s withdrawals—an adult club—was proof he might not
have used investor funds for legitimate business expenses. The district court did not
abuse its discretion in admitting the ATM-location evidence. See 

; see also United States v. Shrum, 

, 786 (8th Cir. 2011)
(affirming the admission of evidence that the defendant spent business income on
gambling, despite his argument that the evidence “inflame[d] moral prejudice.”).

                                         III.

     The Presentence Investigation Report did not recommend a vulnerable-victim
enhancement. See USSG § 3A1.1(b)(1) (“If the defendant knew or should have
known that a victim of the offense was a vulnerable victim, increase by 2 levels.”).
The government objected. At sentencing, the government presented testimony from
two victims, R.R. and Mi.F. R.R. is permanently disabled from a train derailment in
1994. From a settlement, he had about $250,000 left, the bulk of his savings. R.R.’s
only source of income is a $2,500 monthly disability pension. He testified he gave

                                         -4-
Beyer “a complete picture” of his financial situation. He said he did not “keep up on”
investment “stuff,” but trusted Beyer. At trial, an FBI agent testified Beyer admitted
that R.R. “was not a savvy investor” and “did not understand the risks involved in
providing money to Mr. Beyer for a start-up, such as HLA.”

       Mi.F. testified that when he invested with HLA, he was an alcoholic. For
several years, he drank a quart of whiskey a day. His wife testified at trial that Mi.F.
was drunk when Beyer solicited his investment. Mi.F. explained that his military
service has led to health and psychological issues. He testified that because of these
issues, he invested “to make sure my wife’s well taken care of.” Mi.F. said that he
had told Beyer about his alcoholism and health issues.

       The district court applied the two-level vulnerable-victim enhancement. This
court reviews this factual issue for clear error. United States v. Beckman, 

, 495 (8th Cir. 2015). “Under clear error review, we may reverse only if we have
a definite and firm conviction that the District Court was mistaken.” United States
v. Boyd, 

, 919 (8th Cir. 2015), quoting United States v. Willis, 

, 636 (8th Cir. 2006).

       A “vulnerable victim” is “a person . . . who is unusually vulnerable due to age,
physical or mental condition, or who is otherwise particularly susceptible to the
criminal conduct.” USSG § 3A1.1 cmt. n.2. The enhancement “applies as long as
one or more victims was vulnerable.” United States v. Pierre, 

, 849 (8th
Cir. 2017).

                                          A.

      Beyer makes two preliminary points. First, he argues that section 3A1.1
requires that a victim’s vulnerability contribute to the success of the defendant’s
scheme. This court has rejected this argument. See United States v. Callaway, 762

                                          -5-
F.3d 754, 760 (8th Cir. 2014) (“Callaway argues that the vulnerable victim
enhancement is inappropriate in his case because the government failed to prove that
a ‘nexus’ existed between Bryant’s vulnerability and his crime’s success. . . . The
Sentencing Commission has eliminated the nexus requirement, however, by amending
§ 3A1.1 and striking a note requiring that the defendant have targeted his victim
because of her vulnerability.”); United States v. Donnelly, 

, 92-93 (1st
Cir. 2004). But see United States v. Adeolu, 

, 333 (3d Cir. 2016), cert.
denied, 

(2017).

      Second, Beyer says that the district court should have made “particularized
findings detailing” how R.R. was “unusually vulnerable.” He invokes United States
v. Anderson, 

, 572 (8th Cir. 2003) (Anderson I): the vulnerable-victim
enhancement “requires a fact-based explanation of why advanced age or some other
characteristic made one or more victims ‘unusually vulnerable’ to the offense
conduct, and why the defendant knew or should have known of this unusual
vulnerability.”

       In Anderson I, the district court said only: “Having presided over the trial in
this case and heard the evidence, I hereby make the factual findings implicit in my
decision to overrule [the defendant’s] objections [to the vulnerable-victim
enhancement].” 

On appeal, the government’s brief “provide[d] no
detailed analysis of why [the trial testimony of multiple victims] established that [the
defendant] knew or should have known that any victim was unusually vulnerable to
this investment fraud due to age or any other factor.” 

This court remanded
for resentencing because the record was insufficient: “On this record, the district
court’s statement that, having heard the trial evidence, ‘I hereby make the factual
findings implicit in my decision,’ does not give us an adequate basis to review the
court’s application of § 3A1.1(b)(1).” 

to Beyer’s argument, the key to Anderson I is the adequacy of the
record. See United States v. Vega-Iturrino, 

, 433-34 (8th Cir. 2009)
(interpreting Anderson I). Here, although the district court did not make explicit
factual findings, R.R. and Mi.F. testified at sentencing. The district court heard
arguments whether that testimony warranted the enhancement. The appellate briefs
analyze the record. Unlike Anderson I, this court has an adequate record to review
the enhancement.

                                          B.

       According to Beyer, “the fact [that] victims are alcoholic or physically disabled
does not render any crime they suffer” a crime against a vulnerable victim. Beyer
ignores the combination of factors he knew about R.R. and Mi.F.: (1) R.R.’s
disability, limited income and assets, and lack of investment sophistication; and (2)
Mi.F.’s health issues and alcoholism. R.R. and Mi.F. were thus “particularly
susceptible” to financial fraud. See United States v. Rumsavich, 

,
413-14 (7th Cir. 2002) (the defendant’s “victims were vulnerable because they had
a lower than average ability to protect themselves against his fraudulent investment
programs, due to a combination of their age, severe physical or emotional difficulties,
widowhood, pronounced need for sound and truthful investment advice, limited
incomes, and frequently combined with a demonstrated lack of knowledge and
understanding of financial ventures.”) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted);
United States v. Anderson, 

, 1018 (8th Cir. 2006) (upholding a
vulnerable-victim enhancement for a crime against an 84-year-old with an
eighth-grade education, no work experience that “demonstrate[d] an exposure to or
an understanding of investments,” and “no investment experience outside of her
connection with the defendant”).

      This court does not have a definite and firm conviction that the district court
mistakenly applied the vulnerable-victim enhancement.

                                          -7-
                                          IV.

       Beyer received probation for driving while intoxicated in 2012. The district
court found that Beyer committed the charged offenses while on probation, adding
two points to the criminal history. See USSG § 4A1.1(d) (“Add 2 points if the
defendant committed the instant offense while under any criminal justice sentence,
including probation, parole, supervised release, imprisonment, work release, or
escape status.”). Beyer thus moved from criminal history category I to category II.
See USSG Ch. 5, Pt. A.

      Beyer sought a downward departure in criminal history.             See USSG §
4A1.3(b)(1) (authorizing a downward departure if the criminal history calculation
“substantially overrepresents the seriousness of the defendant’s criminal history or
the likelihood that the defendant will commit other crimes”). The district court
denied the motion. This court has “jurisdiction to review a district court’s decision
not to depart only where the decision is based on the district court’s legally erroneous
determination that it lacked authority to consider a particular mitigating factor.”
United States v. Patten, 

, 1105 (8th Cir. 2005), quoting United States
v. Field, 

, 591 (8th Cir. 1997). “We presume that a district court is
aware of the scope of its authority to depart.” 

that the district court did not understand its authority to depart
downward. He focuses on the district court’s statement in this exchange:

      Defense counsel: Under the Guidelines, it’s – the Probation Office was
      right in – in doing the calculation, but you have the power because the
      calculations aren’t always the right thing in terms of the sentence. And
      [co-defense counsel] was right when he argued this DUI offense has the
      same effect as if he had gotten five years for a bank robbery. He’d have
      three points and a Criminal History Category 2; five years for an assault.

                                          -8-
       So if he had gotten a substantial amount of time on a serious felony, it
       would be the same situation as we have here. So I’d like the Court to
       factor that in.

       District court: But [counsel] I have to believe that the drafters of that
       language understood that when they said “any conviction,” it could have
       the consequences you’re speaking of this morning.

Beyer faults the district court for not responding “with any comment recognizing that
it had the authority to apply a Sentencing Guidelines departure for ‘overstated
criminal history.’”

       But the district court did not say it lacked the power to depart, and the
government never made that argument. “The overall context of the judge’s
statement” indicates whether a district court understood its authority to depart.
United States v. Payne, 

, 765 (8th Cir. 1996). In context, the district
court’s statement is a response to defense counsel’s point that a serious felony
“could” have the same effect as the DUI offense. The context does not show that the
district court believed it lacked the power to depart. This court does not have
jurisdiction to review the denial of the downward departure. Cf. United States v.
Whitetail, 

, 863-64 (8th Cir. 1992) (remanding for resentencing when
the district court incorrectly ruled that the jury’s rejection of a claim did not allow the
court to consider the facts of that claim as a basis for departure).

                                        *******

       The judgment is affirmed.

                        ______________________________



                                           -9-