United States Court of Appeals
                              For the Eighth Circuit
                          ___________________________

                                  No. 17-2386
                          ___________________________

                               United States of America

                          lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                             v.

                                 Elio Cruz Rodriguez

                        lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                                        ____________

                      Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock
                                   ____________

                          Submitted: September 25, 2018
                            Filed: December 11, 2018
                                  [Unpublished]
                                  ____________

Before LOKEN, BENTON, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

PER CURIAM.

       Elio Rodriguez pled guilty to aiding and abetting the possession of more than
500 grams of methamphetamine with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(viii), and 18 U.S.C. § 2. Rodriguez objected to the pre-
sentence investigation report, seeking a three-level reduction in his base offense level
for a mitigating role. See United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual,
§ 3B1.2. The district court1 overruled his objection and imposed a sentence of 168
months imprisonment followed by five years of supervised release. Rodriguez argues
the district court committed procedural error in denying him a mitigating-role
reduction; failing to adequately explain why it denied his request for a mitigating-role
reduction; and failing to evaluate all of the factors outlined in § 3B1.2 of the
Sentencing Guidelines. We affirm.

                                           I.

       “In reviewing the district court’s sentence, ‘[w]e must first ensure that the
district court committed no significant procedural error.’” United States v.
Salazar-Aleman, 

, 880 (8th Cir. 2013) (alteration in original) (quoting
United States v. Feemster, 

, 461 (8th Cir. 2009) (en banc) (internal
quotation marks omitted)).2 “A district court must ‘adequately explain the chosen
sentence to allow for meaningful appellate review and to promote the perception of
fair sentencing.’” United States v. Durham, 

, 910 (8th Cir. 2016)
(quoting 

). “The district court’s . . . denial of a mitigating
role reduction is a factual finding reviewed for clear error.” 

(citing United States v. Ellis, 

, 1041 (8th Cir. 1989) (per
curiam)). Although we review the district court’s factual findings for clear error, we
review “its application of the guidelines to those facts de novo.” United States v.
Castillo, 

, 411 (8th Cir. 2013) (citing United States v. Aleman, 

, 1163 (8th Cir. 2008)).

      A reduction under § 3B1.2 is available “where the defendant’s role ‘makes him
substantially less culpable than the average participant in the criminal activity.’”

      1
       The Honorable D.P. Marshall Jr., United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.
      2
          Rodriguez does not argue his sentence is substantively unreasonable.

                                          -2-
United States v. Sharkey, 

, 1081 (8th Cir. 2018) (per curiam) (quoting
USSG § 3B1.2, comment. (n.3(A))). The reduction “is intended to cover defendants
who are plainly among the least culpable of those involved in the conduct of a
group.” United States v. Cartagena, 

, 1196 (8th Cir. 2017) (quoting
USSG § 3B1.2, comment. (n.4)). In determining whether to grant a mitigating-role
reduction, a district court should consider:

      (i) the degree to which the defendant understood the scope and structure
      of the criminal activity; (ii) the degree to which the defendant
      participated in planning or organizing the criminal activity; (iii) the
      degree to which the defendant exercised decision-making authority or
      influenced the exercise of decision-making authority; (iv) the nature and
      extent of the defendant’s participation in the commission of the criminal
      activity, including the acts the defendant performed and the
      responsibility and discretion the defendant had in performing those
      acts; and (v) the degree to which the defendant stood to benefit from the
      criminal activity.

USSG § 3B1.2, comment. (n.3(C)). This inquiry is “heavily dependent upon the facts
of the particular case.” 

sure, “[a] defendant who is concededly less culpable
than his codefendants is not entitled to the minor participant reduction if that
defendant was ‘deeply involved’ in the criminal acts.” United States v. Thompson,

, 518 (8th Cir. 1995) (quoting United States v. West, 

, 531
(8th Cir. 1991)); see also 

.

                                          II.

      Rodriguez “bears the burden of proving that he is entitled to th[e] reduction.”

(citing United States v. Chatman, 

,
1341 (8th Cir. 1997)). Rodriguez argues he should have been given the reduction

                                         -3-
because he was only involved in the offense to satisfy a drug debt, he was acting on
behalf of others, he had no decision-making authority, and he was not paid to commit
the offense.

        In response to Rodriguez’s initial request for a three-level reduction to the base
offense level, the probation officer explained that a reduction would be inappropriate
given that Rodriguez “was the primary actor in arranging the sale, mailing, and
transport[ation] of [the] methamphetamine . . . .” Add. to Pre-Sent. Investig. Report.
At sentencing, Rodriguez’s counsel argued that Rodriguez should receive a role
reduction because he did not “exercise any decision-making authority, nor did he
financially profit from the crime itself.” Sent. Tr. 7, ECF No. 51. Rodriguez also
testified. The district court denied Rodriguez’s request for a reduction and adopted
the probation officer’s reasoning. The district court stated it would “take the role
issue into account as mitigation [towards the sentence].” Sent. Tr. 6. The district
court understood Rodriguez had been acting at the direction of others but concluded
that this fact was “properly and better taken into account as a matter of mitigation
given that [he] was not just a courier . . . .” Sent. Tr. 10. The district court concluded
that Rodriguez was “just doing too much under the factors that [it was] supposed to
consider in 3B1.[2].” Sent. Tr. 10-11.

       Based on the record before us, Rodriguez failed to meet his burden, and the
district court’s denial of a mitigating-role reduction was not clear error. See 

(affirming the district court’s denial of a mitigating-role reduction
because “[t]he court’s adoption of and clear references to the Probation Office’s
reasoning in the PSI Addendum provided adequate explanation for its denial of [the
defendant]’s objection”). It is clear from the sentencing transcript that the district
court considered the § 3B1.2 factors, even if it did not expressly address each one on
the record. See United States v. Torres-Hernandez, 

, 209 (5th Cir. 2016)
(noting that a district court is “not required to expressly weigh each factor in § 3B1.2
on the record”).

                                           -4-
       Further, an application of the factors weighs against granting Rodriguez the
reduction. First, a confidential source reported knowing Rodriguez for several years
and that Rodriguez had been involved in drug trafficking for the duration of that time.
Pre-Sent. Investig. Report 3. Indeed, Rodriguez admitted that on one occasion he
dealt 100 pounds of marijuana. Pre-Sent. Investig. Report 4. Second, during
recorded phone conversations where he organized the transactions, Rodriguez told
the confidential source that he could get a kilogram of methamphetamine from two
locations in Texas. Pre-Sent. Investig. Report 3. The confidential source reported
that Rodriguez was connected to major suppliers of methamphetamine. Pre-Sent.
Investig. Report 3. Third, Rodriguez brokered the transactions, mailed a package
containing methamphetamine, and transported the drugs by bus to Arkansas. Pre-
Sent. Investig. Report 3-4. Finally, although he was not paid to commit the offense,
successful delivery of the drugs would have satisfied a drug debt. Pre-Sent. Investig.
Report 4. Rodriguez did not object to any of these facts. Sent. Tr. 7.

       Rodriguez further argues that it is unclear whether the district court compared
his role in the offense to that of other participants, which warrants remand. He cites
United States v. Diaz-Rios, 

(7th Cir. 2013), in support thereof. Diaz-
Rios is readily distinguishable for at least three reasons. First, there the government
conceded that the district court did not adequately explain its ruling, and the court’s
independent review confirmed as much. 

Second, there it was “unclear
from the record whether the probation officer addressed [the defendant’s objection
to the absence of a reduction] before sentencing.” 

Finally, there, pursuant
to circuit-specific case law, the court recognized that “[w]here the reasons for a ruling
under § 3B1.2 are ambiguous, [it has] no choice but to remand for a more complete
explanation.” 

None of these characteristics in Diaz-Rios are present here.

      Rodriguez also argues that, to the extent the district court compared his level
of culpability to that of his co-defendant, it did so erroneously because the
government dismissed his co-defendant from the case after sentencing and, therefore,

                                          -5-
the co-defendant was not a “participant” as defined in the Sentencing Guidelines. See
USSG § 3B1.2, comment. (n.1). But a participant “is a person who is criminally
responsible for the commission of the offense, [and] need not have been convicted.”

comment. (n.1). The government asserts that Rodriguez’s former co-
defendant was present during the transportation of drugs from one location to another,
and a cooler containing the methamphetamine was tagged in his name; thus, the mere
fact that the government dismissed the indictment against the co-defendant is of no
consequence.

                                         III.

      We find no error in the district court’s application of the Sentencing
Guidelines, and we conclude that the district court did not clearly err in denying a
mitigating-role reduction in this case. Accordingly, we affirm.
                       ______________________________




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