United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 17-2647
                        ___________________________

                  Wal-Mart Stores East, LP, doing business as
                     Walmart Distribution Center # 7035

                            lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner

                                          v.

                      Alexander Acosta, Secretary of Labor

                           lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent
                                        ______

                    Petition for Review of an Order of the
              Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission
                                ____________

                         Submitted: September 26, 2018
                            Filed: March 28, 2019
                                ____________

Before COLLOTON, BEAM, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

GRASZ, Circuit Judge.

       The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) cited Wal-Mart
Stores East, L.P., doing business as WalMart Distribution Center #7035 (“Wal-
Mart”), for two purported violations of OSHA’s regulation relating to bloodborne
pathogens, 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1030. More specifically, OSHA alleged Wal-Mart failed
to comply with regulations pertaining to providing hepatitis B vaccinations to
employees who voluntarily served on a Serious Injury Response Team (“SIRT”) at
Wal-Mart’s Alachua, Florida, distribution center (the “Alachua DC”). We deny Wal-
Mart’s petition and affirm the agency order.

                                   I. Background

       OSHA’s bloodborne pathogen regulation includes health standards related to
the prevention of the transmission of hepatitis B in the workplace. See 29 C.F.R.
§ 1910.1030(f). The regulation directs employers such as Wal-Mart to, among other
things, “make available the hepatitis B vaccine and vaccination series to all
employees who have occupational exposure, and post-exposure evaluation and
follow-up to all employees who have had an exposure incident.”                  

“Occupational Exposure means reasonably anticipated skin,
eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially
infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee’s duties.”

        The parties agree members of the SIRT team — employees who would
volunteer as a secondary duty to respond to medical incidents and provide routine
first-aid care unless and until emergency personnel (if necessary) arrived at the scene
— were employees who had occupational exposure. As a result, Wal-Mart was
required under the regulation to make the hepatitis B vaccine and vaccination series
available to them. 

       The regulation generally required Wal-Mart to make the hepatitis B vaccine
available to willing SIRT members after they were provided certain information
related to hepatitis B, including the benefits of vaccination, but “within 10 working
days of initial assignment.” 

see also 

If an employee elected vaccination, the regulation further required Wal-Mart to
ensure the hepatitis B vaccine and vaccination series was “[p]rovided according to

                                          -2-
recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service current at the time these
evaluations and procedures take place, except as specified” by the terms of the
regulation. 

       As explained in OSHA’s summary and explanation of the standard, the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”) is the U.S. Public Health Service agency
“responsible for issuing guidelines and making recommendations regarding . . .
bloodborne pathogens.” Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens, 56 Fed.
Reg. at 64004, at 64153 (Dec. 6, 1991). In 2006, the CDC’s Advisory Committee on
Immunization Practices issued a report providing guidance and recommendations to
increase hepatitis B vaccinations for adults. See A Comprehensive Immunization
Strategy to Eliminate Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United
States, Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
(ACIP) Part II: Immunization of Adults, 55 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
No. RR-16 (Dec. 8, 2006), https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/indrr_2006.html. The CDC
recommends certain adults age twenty and older receive a three-shot vaccination
series, with the second shot to be given within one to two months after the first shot
and the third shot to be given four to six months after the first shot. 

       After receiving complaints about the Alachua DC’s safety program, OSHA
conducted an inspection of the facility between late September 2015 and early
January 2016. The inspector determined, through a review of documentation and
interviews, that Wal-Mart violated § 1910.1030(f), and issued Wal-Mart two
citations.

       The first citation alleged a serious violation of § 1910.1030(f)(1)(ii)(D)
(“Citation One”) and proposed a fine of $5,000, asserting five SIRT members were
“potentially exposed with an occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens because
the employer did not provide the [h]epatitis B vaccination series in accordance with
the recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service, exposing these employees

                                         -3-
to contracting the [h]epatitis B virus.” The second citation alleged a repeat violation
of § 1910.1030(f)(2)(i) (“Citation Two”) and proposed a fine of $25,000, asserting
Wal-Mart did not offer eight employees the hepatitis B vaccine within ten working
days of assignment to the SIRT team.

       Wal-Mart timely contested the citation and notification of penalty, and a United
States Department of Labor Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) presided over a one-
day hearing. Six witnesses testified, including an OSHA inspector, two members of
the SIRT team, Wal-Mart’s former and current Asset Protection Area Managers, and
Wal-Mart’s senior director of compliance and safety.

       The ALJ issued a decision and order concluding the Secretary of Labor
(“Secretary”) had met his burden to establish Wal-Mart had committed both alleged
violations of the regulation. The ALJ reclassified Citation One’s violation as “other
than serious” and reduced the penalty to $1,000. The ALJ imposed a penalty of
$25,000 for Citation Two.

      Wal-Mart petitioned for discretionary review with the Occupational Safety and
Health Review Commission (“Commission”), and the Secretary filed a cross-petition.
The Commission took no action on either petition making the ALJ decision the
agency’s final order. Wal-Mart filed a petition for review with this court and asks us
to vacate both citations.

                                    II. Analysis

       Wal-Mart advances a number of arguments in support of vacating the citations.
In considering these arguments, we must uphold the ALJ’s factual findings so long
as they are “supported by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole.”
29 U.S.C. § 660(a); accord Perez v. Loren Cook Co., 

, 938 (8th Cir.
2015) (en banc); Dakota Underground, Inc. v. Sec’y of Labor, 

, 566 (8th

                                         -4-
Cir. 2000) (applying the substantial evidence standard to an ALJ’s finding made after
the Commission denied discretionary review). And we will uphold the ALJ’s “legal
conclusions ‘unless they are arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise
not in accordance with law.’” Loren 

(quoting Solis v. Summit
Contractors, Inc., 

, 823 (8th Cir. 2009)).

                                          A.

       Wal-Mart attacks the validity of both citations based on its assertion that
OSHA’s own enforcement procedures dictate OSHA should not have issued either
citation because Wal-Mart fit within what it terms the collateral duty exemption. This
“exemption” is set forth in OSHA Directive CPL 2-2.69, which provides Enforcement
Procedures for the Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens (“BBP
Enforcement Procedures”).

       The BBP Enforcement Procedures were issued with the purpose of establishing
policies and clarifications to ensure uniform inspection procedures. The policy
provides that citations should be issued for employers who have not offered the
hepatitis B vaccine to first aid providers (who have occupational exposure) before
those workers are exposed to hepatitis B. An exemption is carved out for instances
when the following three conditions are met:

      a. The primary job assignment of such a designated first aid provider is
      not the rendering of first aid or other medical assistance, and

      b. Any first aid rendered by such person is rendered only as a collateral
      duty, responding solely to injuries resulting from workplace incidents,
      generally at the location where the incident occurred. NOTE: This
      exception does not apply to designated first aid providers who render
      assistance on a regular basis, for example, at a first aid station, clinic,
      dispensary or other location where injured employees routinely go for
      assistance; nor does it apply to any healthcare, emergency, or public

                                          -5-
      safety personnel who are expected to render first aid in the course of
      their work. These employees must be offered the vaccine prior to
      exposure.

      c. The employer’s exposure control plan must specifically address the
      provision of the hepatitis B vaccine to all unvaccinated first aid
      providers who render assistance in any situation involving the presence
      of blood or OPIM (regardless of whether an actual “exposure incident”
      as defined by the standard occurred) and the provision of appropriate
      post-exposure evaluation, prophylaxis, and follow-up for those
      employees who experience an “exposure incident.”

BBP Enforcement Procedures, at XIII.F.8.

        Wal-Mart contends this exemption required OSHA to forgo issuing a citation
(or at least classify the citations as de minimis) because Wal-Mart proved each of the
listed conditions were true as to the relevant SIRT members. We disagree because
substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s finding that Wal-Mart failed to show the
conditions in subparagraph b. of the BBP Enforcement Procedures were satisfied.

       The ALJ reasoned the collateral duty exception did not apply here, in part
because SIRT employees did not respond to workplace injuries “generally at the
location where the incident occurred” as subparagraph b. requires.1 In contrast, the


      1
        The ALJ also reasoned the collateral duty exemption did not have the force
and effect of law because the BBP Enforcement Procedures reflect a policy
implemented by the Secretary as an exercise of his discretionary power. Compare
Brock v. Cathedral Bluffs Shale Oil Co., 

, 538 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (Scalia,
J.) (holding a Mine Safety Health Administration enforcement policy was not binding
against the Secretary in part because it would interfere with the Secretary’s
enforcement discretion, which is “an area in which the courts have traditionally been
most reluctant to interfere”), with GoJet Airlines, LLC v. FAA, 

, 1173
(8th Cir. 2014) (explaining the court would not apply a presumption of
unreviewability in certain circumstances, including “if the agency has made clear its

                                         -6-
ALJ found the “undisputed testimony established the great majority of the first aid
administered by the SIRT team occurs in the SIRT Room” — a first-aid room
separated from the main work area by a set of double doors.

       From our review of the record, we conclude substantial evidence supports the
ALJ’s finding. “Substantial evidence is relevant evidence that a reasonable person
might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Omaha Paper Stock Co. v. Sec’y
of Labor, 

, 782 (8th Cir. 2002). This standard is met here. Two SIRT
team members testified that when they received notification of a medical incident,
they almost always responded by going to the SIRT room. Testimony and exhibits
also established the SIRT room was labeled “FIRST AID ROOM,” was separated
from the warehouse by double doors, and was described as “the image of a modern-
day clinic,” in that it was well-stocked with medical supplies, a patient cot, and other
things typically found in a clinical setting. Considering this evidence, we find no
basis to disturb the ALJ’s factual finding that SIRT employees did not respond to
injuries “generally at the location where the incident occurred.” The ALJ did not
abuse its discretion in rejecting Wal-Mart’s broad interpretation of the exemption.

                                          B.

      We next address Wal-Mart’s contention that we should vacate Citation One,
which charged Wal-Mart with violating the standard by failing to provide the
hepatitis B vaccination series to SIRT members in accordance with the CDC’s
recommendations.



intent that a policy statement or set of enforcement guidelines impose binding
limitations on the exercise of its enforcement discretion”). We need not decide today
whether OSHA’s inclusion of the collateral duty exemption in its BBP Enforcement
Procedures could bind OSHA in the appropriate case because of our holding on
alternative grounds.

                                          -7-
      The standard requires all employers to make sure the hepatitis B vaccine and
vaccination series are “[p]rovided according to recommendations of the U.S. Public
Health Service current at the time these evaluations and procedures take place, except
as specified” in the regulation. 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1030(f)(1)(ii)(D). The CDC’s
recommendations set forth a timetable for completing the three-shot hepatitis B
vaccination series with the third shot to be given four to six months after the first
shot.

      Because Wal-Mart did not provide four SIRT members with the third dose of
the vaccine (at least until after the inspection), the ALJ held Wal-Mart violated the
standard. We generally agree with the ALJ’s assessment. The undisputed evidence
shows Wal-Mart’s supervisor of the SIRT team knowingly failed to provide four
SIRT members the third dose of the vaccine until after the inspection. As a result, the
lapse between the second and third doses for these employees ranged from
twenty-one to twenty-four months, which far exceeded the range recommended by
the CDC. Substantial evidence therefore supports the ALJ’s determination that the
hepatitis B vaccine and vaccination series was not “[p]rovided according to
recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service.”

       Wal-Mart makes several arguments as to why the ALJ’s conclusion was wrong.
Our authority to review this petition is generally limited, however, to those objections
raised to the Commission. See 29 U.S.C. § 660(a) (“No objection that has not been
urged before the Commission shall be considered by the court, unless the failure or
neglect to urge such questions shall be excused because of extraordinary
circumstances.”); Dakota 

(holding the petitioner
“waived its argument . . . because it did not raise the issue in its application to the
Review Commission” and the petitioner failed to identify extraordinary circumstances
justifying such failure or neglect); Frank Lill & Son, Inc. v. Sec’y of Labor, 

, 844 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (concluding challenges to an ALJ determination were
waived and explaining that because of § 660’s prohibition, circuit courts have

                                          -8-
uniformly held there is no jurisdiction to entertain objections not raised in the petition
for discretionary review to the Commission).

      In its Petition for Discretionary Review directed to the Commission, Wal-
Mart’s only objection to the ALJ’s interpretation of § 1910.1030(f)(1) was based on
an assertion the ALJ’s conclusion rests on a flawed interpretation of the regulation
that improperly transformed the CDC’s recommendations into mandatory
requirements.2 Because Wal-Mart has not identified any extraordinary circumstances
giving us reason to excuse its failure to raise to the Commission its other arguments
advanced to this court, we limit our consideration to this issue. See Dakota

.

       The central premise of Wal-Mart’s argument properly before us is that the
ALJ’s interpretation of § 1910.1030(f)(1)(ii)(D) violates canons of statutory
interpretation because it disregards and renders superfluous the word
“recommendation” present in the CDC guidance document. See, e.g., United States
v. Gomez-Hernandez, 

, 979 (8th Cir. 2002) (recognizing “the principle
that courts avoid a statutory construction that would render another part of the same
statute superfluous”). Wal-Mart also claims the Secretary’s interpretation runs afoul
of a “well-settled” rule that “the Secretary cannot make a recommendation
enforceable simply by substituting the word shall for should.”

      2
       Wal-Mart also stated in a footnote to its argument before the Commission,
“The ALJ’s decision, requiring that employers follow recommendations of a different
agency with no rule-making authority, may constitute an impermissible delegation of
authority, in violation of the Administrative Procedures [sic] Act and due process.”
Wal-Mart included the same footnote in its briefing to this court. In neither document
did Wal-Mart develop any argument or offer any authority to support this suggestion
and so we decline to consider it. See United States v. Zavala, 

, 564–65
& n.1 (8th Cir. 2005) (relying on Fed. R. App. P. 28 and holding an appellant
abandoned an issue merely mentioned in briefing because he failed to offer any
reasons or arguments in support of his argument).

                                           -9-
      Neither of these arguments are persuasive. While it is true the guidelines as
issued by the CDC are voluntary and not enforceable by the CDC or the U.S. Public
Health Service, they were incorporated into the BBP standard as mandatory
requirements. The regulation expressly states “the employer shall ensure that all . . .
vaccination series . . . are provided in accordance with [CDC] recommendations.” 29
C.F.R. § 1910.1030(f)(1)(ii)(D). Contrary to Wal-Mart’s contention, we are not
aware of any authority or rule that would categorically forbid the Secretary from
making it mandatory to follow recommendations.3

       Wal-Mart cites authority involving 29 U.S.C. § 655(a) to argue for a limitation
on OSHA’s power in 29 U.S.C. § 655(b). The Commission and several circuits have
recognized that standards adopted under section 6(a) of the Act — which permitted
the Secretary for a limited time to adopt existing national consensus and established
federal standards as OSHA standards without going through the formal rulemaking
process — could not change an American National Standards Institute (“ANSI”)
recommendation into a mandatory requirement. See, e.g., Marshall v. Union Oil Co.
of Cal., 

, 1115–16 (9th Cir. 1980); Marshall v. Pittsburgh-Des Moines
Steel Co., 

, 643–44 (3d Cir. 1978); Usery v. Kennecott Copper Corp.,

, 1117–18 (10th Cir. 1977); William B. Hopke, Co., 12 BNA OSHC
2158 (No. 81-206, 1986). These cases recognized, however, OSHA could enforce
such a mandatory standard so long as the Secretary promulgated the regulation using
the formal rule-making procedures set forth in section 6(b) of the Act. See Kennecott,


      3
        This case does reveal some practical difficulties with incorporating
recommendations and guidelines into a mandatory standard. For instance, Wal-Mart
complains the recommended range in dosing schedules are vague and do not provide
sufficient notice to employers as to what is required. Wal-Mart further plausibly
argues there is reason to interpret CDC’s timetable as providing minimum (as
opposed to maximum) intervals between doses. Because Wal-Mart did not raise these
objections in its petition to the Commission, however, these arguments are not
properly before this court and we express no opinion as to their merits.

                                         

(“In order for the Secretary to have rendered the standard
enforceable with the change in language, he was obliged to observe the rulemaking
procedures contained in the Act.”). Here, since the Secretary promulgated
§ 1910.1030 under section 6(b) of the Act and thus went through the notice-and-
comment rule-making procedure, the regulation’s incorporation of the CDC
recommendations does not implicate the same problems recognized in Kennecott and
its progeny.

      Based on the record and arguments properly before us, we conclude substantial
evidence supports the ALJ’s decision to uphold Citation One.

                                          C.

      We next address Wal-Mart’s challenges specific to Citation Two, which
charged Wal-Mart with violating § 1910.1030(f)(2)(i) by failing to offer certain
employees the hepatitis B vaccine within ten working days of assignment to the SIRT
team. Wal-Mart challenges both the evidence supporting the ALJ’s conclusion Wal-
Mart violated the regulation and also the ALJ’s classification of the violation as a
“repeat” violation. Neither argument is meritorious.

      The ALJ found the Secretary established Wal-Mart failed to make the hepatitis
B vaccine available to certain SIRT volunteers within ten working days of
assignment. The ALJ relied on two types of evidence to reach this conclusion. First,
the ALJ relied on testimony from Wal-Mart’s AP manager in charge of the SIRT team
during the relevant time period, who conceded he failed to offer the vaccine to certain
SIRT volunteers after they had completed their training. The ALJ also relied on
documentary evidence suggesting members of the SIRT team were never offered
immunization. This inference was created by comparing a roster of SIRT members
with documentation maintained by Wal-Mart (as required by regulation, 29 C.F.R.
§ 1910.1030(h)(i) and (ii)), which showed who had either completed immunization

                                         -11-
or declined immunization. If there was no such documentation from a known SIRT
member showing either immunization or declination, the ALJ inferred Wal-Mart did
not offer it to them.

       Wal-Mart argues that by considering the lack of documentation, the ALJ in
effect improperly shifted the burden of proof away from the Secretary to Wal-Mart.
Instead of requiring the Secretary to meet its burden of proving Wal-Mart did not
comply with the standard, Wal-Mart complains the ALJ required it to prove it did
comply. We reject this argument because it fails to consider the testimony from Wal-
Mart’s AP manager, who testified that despite knowing SIRT members had to be
offered the vaccination and that he was responsible for ensuring compliance, he “did
not comply with those responsibilities.” Combined with the gaps in documentation
indicating multiple SIRT members were not offered vaccinations, we conclude
substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s finding that Wal-Mart violated
§ 1910.1030(f)(2)(i).

       This leaves one final argument for us to consider — Wal-Mart’s contention the
ALJ erred by designating its violation of § 1910.1030(f)(2)(i) as a repeat violation.
Congress provided that an “employer who . . . repeatedly violates the requirements
of . . . any standard . . . promulgated pursuant to section 655 of this title, or
regulations prescripted pursuant to this chapter may be assessed a civil penalty of not
more than $70,000 for each violation, but not less than $5,000 for each willful
violation.” 29 U.S.C. § 666(a).

       Both parties cite to a Commission case as setting the standard for proving a
citation should be classified as “repeat.” See Potlatch Corp., 7 BNA OSHC 1061,
1063 (No. 16813, 1979). Under Potlatch, “the Secretary makes a prima facie
showing that a violation is ‘repeat’ if the prior and present violations are for failure
to comply with the same standard.” Manganas Painting Co.v. Sec’y of Labor, 

, 1135 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (applying Potlatch). “The burden then shifts to the

                                         -12-
employer to demonstrate that the violations took place under disparate conditions and
hazards associated with the separate violations.” 

determined the violation was a repeat violation because Wal-Mart had
entered into a Commission-approved stipulated settlement with the Secretary
upholding a serious violation of § 1910.1030(f)(2)(i) in January 2012 at a store in
Rochester, New York. The ALJ determined Wal-Mart failed to rebut the presumption
these violations were substantially similar. We agree, even though the 2012 citation
was for a violation at a Wal-Mart store, as opposed to a Wal-Mart distribution center.
There is no allegation the store and the distribution center are owned by separate
entities. See Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Sec’y of Labor, 

, 737 (D.C. Cir.
2005) (holding a repeat citation was warranted for a second violation of the same
standard at a different store because they were owned by the same corporation). And
Wal-Mart has failed to articulate through record evidence how the failure to offer the
hepatitis B vaccine to the SIRT employees resulted in a different hazard than occurred
from the failure to offer the vaccine to the retail store employees in 2012. Indeed,
both classes of employees faced the same hazard — contraction of hepatitis B without
vaccination — as a result of the violation. Accordingly, the repeat designation is
affirmed.

                                 III. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we deny Wal-Mart’s petition.
                      ______________________________




                                        -13-