United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 17-3409
                        ___________________________

                                  Michael Ingram

                      lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner - Appellant

                                          v.

                            United States of America

                      lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent - Appellee
                                      ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Northern District of Iowa - Sioux City
                                 ____________

                          Submitted: January 14, 2019
                             Filed: August 2, 2019
                                 ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, COLLOTON and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

SMITH, Chief Judge.

     Michael Ingram appeals the district court’s1 denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255
motion, which seeks relief from the mandatory minimum sentence imposed for his
2008 conviction for conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute

      1
      The Honorable Mark W. Bennett, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Iowa, now retired.
crack cocaine. Ingram’s mandatory minimum sentence was doubled from 10 years to
20 years, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851, based on a prior felony drug conviction. The
district court granted a certificate of appealability on whether imposition of the § 851
enhancement in Ingram’s case violated his Fifth Amendment rights to equal
protection and due process (“equal protection/selective prosecution claim”). Ingram
bases that claim on the geographical disparity in the application of § 851
enhancements between the Northern District of Iowa and other districts. Because we
hold that Ingram’s § 2255 motion was untimely, we affirm the district court’s denial
of habeas relief.

                                    I. Background2
       In October 2007, the government charged Ingram with conspiracy to distribute
and possess with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of a mixture or substance
containing a detectable amount of cocaine that contained a cocaine base, in violation
of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), and 846. In February 2008, the government
filed a notice that it would seek an enhanced sentence under 21 U.S.C. § 851 based
on Ingram’s prior felony drug conviction in Illinois. The notice identified Ingram’s
prior conviction as one for “[m]anufacture/delivery of controlled substance, in Circuit
Court of Cook County, Illinois, on or about October 24, 2001, in case number
01CR2195101.”

       The jury found Ingram guilty of the charged offense. The district court
scheduled Ingram’s sentencing for June 16, 2008. Before sentencing, the probation
officer provided the parties with a presentence investigation report (PSR). The PSR
scored Ingram’s sentence on the basis of a prior felony conviction, computed
Ingram’s guideline range to be 168 to 210 months (14 to 17.5 years), but noted



      2
       Portions of this background section are taken from United States v. Ingram,

(8th Cir. 2010), without further attribution.

                                          -2-
Ingram’s mandatory minimum sentence with the prior conviction enhancement was
240 months (20 years).

       At the sentencing hearing, the court denied the government’s request for a
sentencing enhancement. The court concluded that the government’s evidence
inconsistently identified the purported statute of conviction. The government put
some documents into the record that identified the offense as a violation of 720 Ill.
Comp. Stat. 570/401(D). But, the government asserted Ingram violated a different
statute—720 Ill. Comp. Stat. 570/401(d). The court postponed sentencing to allow a
government appeal.

      On appeal, the government argued the district court erred in determining the
government had not proven Ingram’s prior penalty-enhancing felony drug conviction.
This court remanded on the sentencing enhancement. United States v. Ingram, 309
F. App’x 66, 68 (8th Cir. 2009).

      On remand, the district court held an evidentiary hearing. Following the
hearing, the court found the government had proven beyond a reasonable doubt that
Ingram had previously been convicted of a felony drug offense and imposed a
sentence of 240 months (20 years). Ingram appealed. On February 10, 2010, this court
affirmed Ingram’s conviction and sentence. 

.

      Thereafter, on June 15, 2010, Ingram filed a petition for writ of certiorari. On
October 4, 2010, the Supreme Court denied that petition. Ingram v. United States, 

(2010).

       On August 27, 2014, Ingram filed his § 2255 motion asserting, among other
things, his equal protection/selective prosecution claim. The government moved to
dismiss the § 2255 motion as untimely. Ingram did not dispute that his § 2255 motion
was filed more than one year after the denial of his petition for writ of certiorari. See

                                          -3-
28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1). However, he argued that his § 2255 motion was timely
pursuant to a different “triggering” provision, 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(4). That section
provides that the one-year period runs from “the date on which the facts supporting
the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due
diligence.” 

that it was not until the publication of United States
v. Young, 

(N.D. Iowa 2013), that he learned of the substantial
disparity in the imposition of § 851 enhancements between the Northern District of
Iowa and other federal districts. According to Ingram, because he was an incarcerated
person, he could not have discovered the information on which Young was based. He
argued that a reasonable period of time had to elapse between the filing of Young, its
appearance in the prison library system, and his discovery of Young. In summary, he
maintained that his § 2255 motion incorporated claims based on new facts concerning
the disparity disclosed in Young and that those claims were timely filed just over a
year after the filing of Young.

       The district court held that Ingram’s claims concerning the constitutionality of
§ 851 were timely under § 2255(f)(4). First, the district court concluded that Ingram
proved the existence of new facts based on Young. In that decision, the district court
“point[ed] out that the Sentencing Commission’s ‘first and only, additional targeted
coding and analysis project on nationwide application of 21 U.S.C. § 851 recidivist
enhancements [was] as part of the Report To The Congress: Mandatory Minimum
Penalties In The Federal Criminal Justice System (Commission’s 2011 Report).’”
Ingram v. United States, No. C 14-4071-MWB, 

, at *7 (N.D. Iowa
Feb. 9, 2016) (second alteration in original) (quoting 

).
The court noted that the Sentencing “Commission’s 2011 Report was not published
until about or after the one-year statute of limitations for Ingram’s § 2255 Motion had
run.” 

result, the court concluded that Young set forth

      an analysis of the “new” data about the application of § 851 revealed by
      the Commission’s 2011 

–902, which, to

                                         -4-
      the best of my knowledge and belief, was a publication of “new” facts,
      or at least “new” factual comparisons that might be specifically relevant
      to Ingram’s case, almost two more years after the Commission’s 2011
      Report.

district court determined that Ingram acted diligently to discover
the new facts set forth in Young. According to the court, “some reasonable period of
time had to elapse between the filing of the Young decision, its appearance in the
prison library system, and [Ingram’s] discovery of it.” 

found that Ingram
satisfied the diligence “requirement by filing his § 2255 Motion, asserting claims
based on ‘new facts’ about the disparate application of § 851, only a few days past
one year from the publication of Young, and less than one year after he was
reasonably likely to have actually discovered that decision.” 

also rejected the government’s argument that Ingram’s equal
protection/selective prosecution claim was procedurally defaulted for failure to raise
the claim on direct appeal. The court held that Ingram had overcome procedural
default by establishing cause for the procedural default and actual prejudice. Though
the court acknowledged the “anecdotal observation” it made “at Ingram’s sentencing
that there appeared to be unfair geographic disparities in the application of § 851
enhancements,” it concluded that this observation did not provide “an adequate basis
for Ingram’s claim.” Ingram v. United States, 

, 1081 (N.D. Iowa
2017). The court noted that the Sentencing Commission was “the only body that had
the pertinent information,” and it “did not publish the relevant statistics that could
establish an adequate factual basis for such a claim until 2011.” 

concluded that its publication of the “analysis of the disparity, specifically comparing
the Northern District of Iowa to other districts” in Young, was when “an adequate
basis for Ingram’s claim became apparent.” 

result, the court found that


                                          -5-
Ingram demonstrated “cause for his failure to raise on his direct appeal the geographic
disparity in application of § 851 enhancements, because the factual basis for such a
claim was not reasonably available to him or his counsel before Ingram’s appeal.” 

next determined that Ingram satisfied the prejudice prong because
“[r]emoving improper selective application of the § 851 enhancement in Ingram’s
case would have resulted in a halving of his mandatory minimum sentence and a
significant reduction of his sentence to one within his advisory Sentencing Guidelines
range.” 

the merits of Ingram’s equal protection/selective prosecution claim, the
district court held that Ingram failed to establish the lack of a rational basis for any
differential treatment of similarly situated persons in the application of § 851
enhancements.

      The district court granted a certificate of appealability as to Ingram’s equal
protection/selective prosecution claim.

                                      II. Discussion
       Ingram argues that the district court erred in denying his § 2255 motion.
According to Ingram, he proved that application of § 851 enhancements “is applied
arbitrarily across the federal districts, resulting in [his] selective prosecution . . . and
a violation of his [Fifth] Amendment right to equal protection.” Appellant’s Br. at 17.
In response, in addition to defending the merits of the district court’s decision, the
government also argues that Ingram’s § 2255 motion was time-barred and was
procedurally defaulted. We now address the government’s timeliness argument.

      We review de novo the denial of a § 2255 motion. Deroo v. United States, 

, 1245 (8th Cir. 2013).



                                            -6-
       Ingram concedes that his § 2255 motion “was not timely filed within the
limitations period of 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1).” Appellant’s Br. at 1; see also 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255(f)(1) (“A 1-year period of limitation shall . . . . run from . . . the date on which
the judgment of conviction becomes final . . . .”). Nevertheless, he argues that his
§ 2255 “motion is not untimely based on 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(4).” Reply Br. at 1.
Under § 2255(f)(4), the one-year statute of limitations begins to run from “the date
on which the facts supporting the claim or claims presented could have been
discovered through the exercise of due diligence.”

       “To be entitled to invoke the statute of limitations contained in section
2255(f)(4), we have said that a petitioner must show the existence of a new fact, while
also demonstrating that he acted with diligence to discover the new fact.” 

(quoting Anjulo-Lopez v. United States, 

, 817 (8th Cir.
2008)).

       The first question, therefore, is whether Ingram has shown the existence of a
new fact. See 

the Supreme Court has held that an order vacating a
prior state-court conviction, which had been used to enhance the petitioner’s federal
sentence, constituted a new fact because it was “subject to proof or disproof like any
other factual issue.” Johnson v. United States, 

, 307 (2005). By contrast,
a judicial decision interpreting the law does not constitute a “new fact” for purposes
of § 2255(f)(4). See E.J.R.E. v. United States, 

, 1098 (8th Cir. 2006)
(holding intervening change in law is insufficient to reset the statute of limitations
period under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act and declining to
equitably toll the statute of limitations). A judicial decision, “unlike a predicate
conviction, is a ruling exclusively within the domain of the courts and is incapable
of being proved or disproved.” 

v. Newland, 

, 1089
(9th Cir. 2005) (“We would never, for example, ask a jury to decide whether a
judicial decision had indeed changed a state’s law in the relevant way, nor would the
parties introduce evidence on the question.”)); see also Whiteside v. United States,

                                           -7-


, 183–84 (4th Cir. 2014) (holding an intervening change of law is not
a fact supporting a claim); Phillips v. United States, 

, 580 (6th Cir. 2013)
(holding an intervening federal court of appeals decision was newly-discovered law,
not a newly-discovered fact); Lo v. Endicott, 

, 575–76 (7th Cir. 2007)
(holding that while a state court’s decision modifying substantive law could arguably
help the petitioner’s claim, the decision did not constitute a factual predicate for the
petitioner’s habeas claims).

      Here, the “new facts” on which Ingram relies are those set forth in Young
concerning the disparate application of § 851 among the various federal districts. In
Young, the district court provided an “[o]verview [o]f [t]he [u]nderlying [d]ata [o]n
§ 851 

(bold and italics omitted). The court
based its overview on the Sentencing Commission’s 2011 Report, stating:

      The grim state of affairs for § 851 enhancements . . . is starkly revealed
      by an examination of the Commission’s § 851 data on the one occasion
      that it collected such information. Every year, pursuant to its statutory
      mandate, the Commission publishes national data collected from federal
      sentencings spanning all ninety-four districts. In 2011, the Commission
      conducted the first and only, additional targeted coding and analysis
      project on nationwide application of 21 U.S.C. § 851 recidivist
      enhancements as part of the REPORT TO THE CONGRESS:
      MANDATORY MINIMUM PENALTIES IN THE FEDERAL
      CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM (Commission’s 2011 REPORT).
      Ninety-three of the ninety-four districts reported data, and the
      Commission described in detail its methodology for its targeted § 851
      study. The Commission’s 2011 REPORT itself notes, “[This] study of
      drug offenses and mandatory minimum penalties demonstrates a lack of
      uniformity in application of the enhanced mandatory minimum
      penalties.” Commission’s 2011 REPORT at 253.

original) (footnotes omitted).



                                          -8-
        The 2011 Report, however, did “not contain the raw data used for the § 851
analysis”; therefore, the district court “requested it directly from the Commission, and
the Commission quickly responded by sending [the district court] the ‘851 datafile.’”

The district court “then re-analyzed and reformatted the raw data in several
significant ways that go far beyond the Commission’s analysis.” 

the
district court “compare[d] the application of § 851 enhancements in the N.D. of Iowa
to national statistics and the Eighth Circuit respectively.” 

§ 851 data
file, the court determined that “[t]he N.D. of Iowa ranks fourth in the nation in its use
of § 851 enhancements (79% of eligible defendants received a § 851 enhancement).”

According to the court:

      Prosecutors in the N.D. of Iowa applied this enhancement at a rate more
      than six times the national median application rate (13%) and more than
      three times the national average application rate (26%). Compared to the
      national median application, eligible offenders in the N.D. of Iowa are
      626% more likely to be subject to a § 851 enhancement and, compared
      to the national application average, eligible offenders are 311% more
      likely to receive a § 851 enhancement.

       The government argues that Young is newly-discovered law, not newly-
discovered facts. We agree with the district court, however, that “Ingram [is] rel[ying
on] the facts presented in Young about the disparate application of § 851 among the
various federal districts, not the Young decision itself.” Ingram, 

,
at *7 (emphasis added). The facts set forth in Young relied on the Commission’s 2011
Report, which “was not published until about or after the one-year statute of
limitations for Ingram’s § 2255 Motion had run.” 

Commission’s
2011 Report on which the court relied in Young can constitute “new facts” for
purposes of § 2255(f)(4).



                                          -9-
       But Ingram must also prove “that he acted with diligence to discover the new
fact.” 

(quoting 

). “Due
diligence does not require repeated exercises in futility or exhaustion of every
imaginable option, but it does require ‘reasonable efforts.’” 

).

       Here, the one-year statute of limitations for Ingram to file his § 2255 motion
under § 2255(f)(1) expired in October 2011, the same month that the Commission
released the 2011 Report.3 The district court issued its opinion in Young setting forth
an overview of the Commission’s 2011 Report and the raw data underlying that report
on August 16, 2013. Ingram filed his § 2255 motion on August 27, 2014, almost three
years after the issuance of the Commission’s 2011 Report and slightly over one year
after the release of Young.

       We conclude that the issuance of the Commission’s 2011 Report—not
Young—is what triggered Ingram’s duty to act with due diligence. As the district
court explained, the Commission’s 2011 Report revealed facts about “the disparate
application of § 851 among the various federal districts.” Ingram, 

,
at *7. The 2011 Report prompted the district court to request the raw data underlying
that report. While the Commission’s 2011 Report may not have set forth the raw data
underlying its conclusions, it certainly provided notice to Ingram that a disparity
existed in the application of § 851. Ingram, however, did not file his § 2255 motion
until almost three years after the issuance of the Commission’s 2011 Report. Ingram
has not explained why he could not have acted sooner to bring his equal
protection/selective enforcement claim based on facts revealed in the 2011 Report.
Legal challenges to § 851 enhancements based on disparity or disproportionality “are

      3
        See United States Sentencing Comm’n, Report to the Congress: Mandatory
Minimum Penalties in the Federal Criminal Justice System (Oct. 2011), available at
https://www.ussc.gov/research/congressional-reports/2011-report-congress-manda
tory-minimum-penalties-federal-criminal-justice-system.

                                         -10-
not novel.” United States v. Collins, No. 10-CR-322 JNE, 

, at *3
(D. Minn. Apr. 13, 2015) (citing United States v. LaBonte, 

, 761–62
(1997) (rejecting argument “that if the Government provides notice under § 851(a)(1)
to one defendant, but not to another, the resulting difference in the maximum possible
term is an ‘unwarranted disparity’”); United States v. Gordon, 

, 1107
(8th Cir. 1992) (rejecting Eighth Amendment disproportionality argument as meritless
in light of Supreme Court’s approval of a “life sentence for a first offense of cocaine
possession” in Harmelin v. Michigan, 

(1991), where defendant’s career
offender “guideline sentence range beg[an] at 262 months”)). Therefore, we conclude
that Ingram did not exercise due diligence in discovering the facts set forth in the
Commission’s 2011 Report.

      Because Ingram has failed to prove his § 2255 motion is timely under
§ 2255(f)(4) and concedes that it is untimely under § 2255(f)(1), we hold that
Ingram’s § 2255 motion is time-barred.4

                                 III. Conclusion
      Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                     ______________________________




      4
       Because we hold that Ingram’s § 2255 motion is time-barred, we need not
reach whether Ingram’s equal protection/selective enforcement claim is procedurally
defaulted or analyze the claim on its merits.

                                         -11-