United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 18-1382
                         ___________________________

                                      Mark Moore

                         lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                        Michael Harrod; William C. Johnson

                               lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiffs

                                             v.

John Thurston, in his official capacity as Secretary of State for the State of Arkansas

                       lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent - Appellant
                                        ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock
                                  ____________

                             Submitted: April 16, 2019
                                Filed: July 1, 2019
                                  ____________

Before LOKEN, WOLLMAN, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.
      Mark Moore, a registered voter and potential candidate for state office,
challenged Arkansas’s ballot access requirements for independent candidates.1 After
the district court2 granted his request for declaratory and injunctive relief, the
Arkansas Secretary of State (the Secretary)3 filed this appeal. As the state legislature
recently amended the challenged statute to accord with the petition filing deadline
that Moore had sought, no controversy remains, and thus we dismiss the appeal as
moot.

                                           I.

       Under Arkansas law, independent candidates for both federal and state office
must meet certain requirements to be included on the ballot. Candidates must file a
petition signed by at least three percent of the qualified electors in the state, county,
township, or district in which the person is seeking office. Ark. Code Ann. § 7-7-
103(b)(1)(A). The petition filing deadline had been May 1 of general election years,
but in 2013, the legislature changed the date to the end of the party filing period,
typically March 1 of general election years. See 2013 Ark. Acts 1356, codified as
amended at Ark. Code Ann. § 7-7-103. Petitions may not be circulated for signatures
earlier than ninety days prior to this deadline. Ark. Code Ann. § 7-7-103(b)(3)(B).
The statute also requires independent candidates to file a political practices pledge,
an affidavit of eligibility, and a notice of candidacy by the same date. 

7-7-
103(a)(1)(A).



      1
        William C. Johnson and Michael Harrod, potential independent candidates for
a county judgeship and the state house of representatives, respectively, were plaintiffs
in the original action. They are not parties to this appeal.
      2
       The Honorable James M. Moody, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas.
      3
       Secretary John Thurston is substituted for his predecessor, Mark Martin. See
Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2).

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       Moore filed suit in federal district court in February 2014, challenging the
constitutionality of the statute as applied to him. He alleged that the March 1 petition
filing deadline was unnecessarily early and burdened his rights under the First and
Fourteenth Amendments. He claimed that the law required independent candidates
to gather petition signatures in December, January, and February, when political
interest among the voting public was low and the weather was less conducive to
gathering signatures. Moore failed to file the necessary paperwork and was thus
ineligible to run for state office in 2014. He also sought declaratory and injunctive
relief as to future election cycles, however, stating that he intended to run again in
2018.

       In granting the Secretary’s motion for summary judgment and denying
Moore’s, the district court determined that Moore had standing and that the
conclusion of the 2014 election cycle did not moot the case. D. Ct. Order of Aug. 25,
2015, at 3-4. In analyzing Moore’s constitutional claims, the court employed a form
of strict scrutiny known as the compelling state interest test. 

The test
requires the court to first determine whether the challenged statute imposes “a burden
of some substance on a plaintiff’s rights,” Moore v. Martin, 

, 1026 (8th
Cir. 2017) (quoting Libertarian Party of N.D. v. Jaeger, 

, 693 (8th Cir.
2011)), and then to evaluate the State’s justification for the statute, determining
whether the “challenged statute is narrowly drawn to serve the State’s compelling
interest.” 

concluded that the March 1 petition filing deadline imposed
a burden of some substance on Moore’s rights as a potential independent candidate
and voter. It found the deadline necessary, however, to meet “Arkansas’s compelling
interests in timely certifying candidates and interests for the ballot.” D. Ct. Order of
Aug. 25, 2015, at 6.

       Moore appealed, and we reversed the summary judgment grant to the Secretary.

. We agreed with the district court that the March 1 petition
filing deadline imposed a burden of some substance, 

but noted that a

                                          -3-
factual dispute existed with respect to whether the statute was narrowly drawn to
serve Arkansas’s compelling interest. We thus remanded for the district court to
examine “whether the verification of independent candidate petitions would conflict
with the processing of other signature petitions under the former May 1 deadline.”

      On remand and after a bench trial, the district court granted Moore the relief
he requested. It determined that the March 1 petition filing deadline was not
narrowly drawn to serve the state’s compelling interest in timely certifying signatures,
and entered injunctive relief permitting Moore to file his petition on or before May
1, 2018. See D. Ct. Am. Order of Jan. 25, 2018, at 6-7.

      The court’s order did not address the filing deadline for the notice of
candidacy, affidavit, and political practices pledge. Moore failed to file those
documents by the March 1 deadline, and the Secretary thereafter moved to vacate the
injunction as moot, claiming that Moore was ineligible for the 2018 ballot because
he had missed the statutory filing deadline. The court then extended the filing
deadline for the notice, affidavit, and pledge at Moore’s request. Moore filed those
documents and his petition on April 30, 2018. Because his petition lacked the
requisite number of verified signatures, however, Moore was again ineligible for
candidacy.

       After the Secretary filed this appeal and the parties submitted their briefs, the
state legislature amended the petition filing deadline for independent candidates to
12:00 p.m. on May 1 of the general election year. See 2019 Ark. Acts 68, to be
codified as amended at Ark. Code §§ 7-7-103. The law is scheduled to take effect
later this year.4


      4
        Arkansas laws without emergency clauses go into effect on the ninety-first day
after the legislative session adjourns. Fulkerson v. Refunding Bd., 

,

                                          -4-
                                          II.

       We may adjudicate only cases and controversies. Accordingly, we “will
dismiss a case as moot when ‘changed circumstances [have] already provide[d] the
requested relief and eliminate[d] the need for court action.’” Libertarian Party of Ark.
v. Martin, 

, 951 (8th Cir. 2017) (alterations in original) (quoting Teague
v. Cooper, 

, 976 (8th Cir. 2013)). Statutory changes generally render a
case moot, despite the legislature’s power to reenact the challenged provision. Id.;
see also Phelps-Roper v. City of Manchester, 

, 687 (8th Cir. 2012) (en
banc).

       We conclude that the Secretary’s appeal is moot. The recent amendment
addresses the current—and soon obsolete—statute’s infirmity, granting the relief
Moore sought by allowing independent candidates to file their petition by noon on
May 1 of general election years.5 Further, we have considered the exceptions to the
mootness doctrine and determined that neither applies because there is no indication
that the legislature is “virtually certain” to repeal its recent amendment. Libertarian
Party of 

(explaining that, in the context of a claim mooted by
legislative action, mootness exceptions are rare and typically involve situations where
the repealed law is virtually certain to be reenacted). The unconstitutional burden
faced here is thus neither capable of repetition yet evading review, nor one that can
be reasonably expected to recur after the defendant voluntarily ceased imposing it.


983 (Ark. 1941). This allows ninety days for citizens to file referendum petitions.
See Ark. Const. art. 5, § 1. Arkansas’s regular session adjourned on April 24, 2019,
see H.R. Journal, 92d Gen. Assemb., Gen. Sess. 4050-51 (2019), and the law will thus
take effect in late July of 2019.
      5
       We decline to address Moore’s argument challenging the noon deadline, to the
extent that he has raised one. See Libertarian Party of 

(declining to address a challenge to a statute amended after the parties filed their
appellate briefs).

                                          -5-
No controversy remains, and we lack the authority to adjudicate whatever quibbles
linger.

       Contrary to the Secretary’s contention, Moore’s claim did not become moot
earlier in the litigation when he failed to file the required candidate paperwork in
2014 and again in 2018. Moore had credibly alleged an intent to run for state office
in the future. Had the ballot-access statute not been amended, he would have been
subject to the same petition filing deadline, rendering the issue capable of repetition,
yet evading review. See Fed. Election Comm’n v. Wis. Right To Life, Inc., 

, 462-63 (2007) (applying exception where nonprofit corporation challenging
election advertisement laws credibly claimed that it would run similar advertisements
in the future, and thus had a reasonable expectation that the same controversy would
occur). We also note that the Secretary’s argument that Moore has lacked standing
throughout this litigation is better understood as one of mootness, see 

(“Mootness is akin to the doctrine of standing because the ‘requisite
personal interest that must exist at the commencement of the litigation (standing)
must continue throughout its existence (mootness)’” (quoting McCarthy v. Ozark
Sch. Dist., 

, 1035 (8th Cir. 2004))), and we have already determined
that Moore had standing to bring this lawsuit as a candidate and voter. See 

.

       The Secretary asks that we vacate the district court’s judgment. This is our
normal practice when a civil case becomes moot pending appellate adjudication, as
doing so “‘clears the path for future relitigation’ by eliminating a judgment the loser
was stopped from opposing on direct review.” Arizonans for Official English v.
Ariz., 

, 71 (1997) (quoting United States v. Munsingwear, Inc., 

, 40 (1950)). But vacatur is an equitable remedy, not an automatic right. See U.S.
Bancorp Mortg. Co. v. Bonner Mall P’ship, 

, 23 (1994) (declining to
vacate lower court decision after settlement mooted the case). In determining
whether vacatur is appropriate, absent unusual circumstances, our decision is

                                          -6-
“informed almost entirely, if not entirely, by the twin considerations of fault and
public interest.” Valero Terrestrial Corp. v. Paige, 

, 118 (4th Cir. 2000).
In considering fault, we distinguish between a party whose voluntary actions caused
the mootness, and a party prevented from seeking relief from the judgment below by,
as relevant here, happenstance. 

. Generally, only the latter
situations may merit vacatur. In considering the public interest, we recognize that
judicial precedents are “presumptively correct and valuable to the legal community
as a whole” and generally should be permitted to stand. 

(quoting Izumi
Seimitsu Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha v. U.S. Philips Corp., 

, 40 (1993)
(Stevens, J., dissenting)).

       We conclude that the equities weigh against vacatur. Although we have not
explicitly addressed the issue, our sister circuits have generally considered legislation
to be an “intervening, independent event and not voluntary action, particularly when
the governmental entity taking the appeal . . . is not part of the legislative branch.”
Diffenderfer v. Gomez-Colon, 

, 452 (1st Cir. 2009) (gathering cases).
But even if the Secretary is not at fault for the mootness here, the public interest
weighs in favor of allowing the district court’s judgment to stand. As we previously
observed in 

, independent candidates and voters have
repeatedly—and successfully—challenged Arkansas’s ballot-access requirements.
We thus conclude that the public interest is best served by a substantial body of
judicial precedents limiting the burden that those requirements may place on
candidates’ and voters’ First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.

      The appeal is dismissed as moot.

STRAS, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

       I agree with the court that the case is moot, but I would follow “our normal
practice” and vacate. Teague v. Cooper, 

, 978 (8th Cir. 2013)
(addressing a case mooted by a legislative change). This case became moot only

                                          -7-
through the “happenstance” of a statutory amendment, so there is little reason to treat
it any differently than usual and every reason to “clear[] the path for future
[]litigation,” should it become necessary. United States v. Munsingwear, Inc., 

, 40 (1950); see also U.S. Bancorp Mortg. Co. v. Bonner Mall P’ship, 

, 25 (1994) (“A party who seeks review of the merits of an adverse ruling, but
is frustrated by the vagaries of circumstance, ought not in fairness be forced to
acquiesce in the judgment.”).
                         ______________________________




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