United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 18-1130
                        ___________________________

  Ritchie Capital Management, L.L.C.; Ritchie Special Credit Investments, Ltd.;
     Rhone Holdings II, Ltd.; Yorkville Investment I, L.L.C.; Ritchie Capital
                           Management, SEZC, Ltd.

                       lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiffs - Appellants

                                           v.

             JP Morgan Chase & Co.; JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees

                             J.P. Morgan Private Bank

                              lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant

Wells Fargo & Co., as successor by merger to Wachovia Capital Finance (Central);
 Wells Fargo Bank N.A.; Wachovia Capital Finance Corporation (Central); UBS
    Loan Finance, L.L.C.; UBS AG; UBS AG Stamford Branch; Merrill Lynch
Business Financial Services, Inc.; Lasalle Business Credit, L.L.C.; Bank of America
  Business Capital; Bank of America Corporation; The CIT Group Inc.; The CIT
Group/Business Credit, Inc.; PNC Bank, N.A.; Fifth Third Bank; Webster Business
  Credit Corporation; Associated Commercial Finance, Inc.; Chase Lincoln First
   Commercial Corporation; Richter Consulting, Inc.; J.P. Morgan Europe Ltd.

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees
Douglas A. Kelley, Trustee of the PCI Liquidating Trust; Randall L. Seaver, Trustee
    of Petters Capital, LLC; John R. Stoebner, Trustee of Polaroid Corp, et al.

                     lllllllllllllllllllllIntervenors Below - Appellees
                                           ____________

                      Appeal from United States District Court
                           for the District of Minnesota
                                   ____________

                            Submitted: November 12, 2019
                                Filed: June 3, 2020
                                   ____________

Before SHEPHERD, GRASZ, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

GRASZ, Circuit Judge.

       The appellants — Ritchie Capital Management, L.L.C., Ritchie Special Credit
Investments, Ltd., Rhone Holdings II, Ltd., Yorkville Investment I L.L.C., and Ritchie
Capital Management, SEZC, Ltd. (collectively, the “Ritchie entities”) — sued a
collection of mostly banking institutions from which the Ritchie entities sought to
recover millions of dollars they loaned Tom Petters, a convicted fraudster, and two of
his companies. According to the Ritchie entities, the defendants helped conceal the
fraud so that they could recover millions they had tied up with Petters’s companies.
The Ritchie lawsuit meandered through various courts before the district court
dismissed the claims as time-barred under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). On appeal, the
Ritchie entities launch numerous attacks on the district court’s opinion. While most fall
short, we agree that dismissing the claims brought by three Ritchie entities was
premature. We therefore reverse in part.




                                            -2-
                                   I. Background

       We are called once again to weigh in on a case involving the multibillion dollar
Ponzi scheme perpetrated by Tom Petters, a Minnesota businessman. See United
States v. Petters, 

, 379 (8th Cir. 2011) (describing Petters’s criminal
scheme).1 Petters owned and/or controlled numerous businesses, including Petters
Company, Inc. (“PCI”); Petters Group Worldwide, LLC (“PGW”); and Polaroid
Corporation (“Polaroid Corp.”).

Petters used PCI as the primary vehicle
through which he swindled investors with empty promises of buying electronics and
selling them to big-box stores at a profit. In 2008, government officials investigated
and arrested Petters. A federal jury ultimately convicted him of twenty crimes,
including wire fraud, mail fraud, and money laundering.

      In January of 2008, before Petters was arrested and his Ponzi scheme fell apart,
he sought out Thane Ritchie and solicited loans from the Ritchie entities. Between
February 1 and May 9, the Ritchie entities loaned Petters, PCI, and PGW
approximately $189 million. Most of these loans — ten loans for roughly $146 million
— were made to Petters and PGW in February 2008. Two loans totaling $31 million
were made to Petters and PCI in March 2008. And two final loans totaling $12 million
were made to Petters, PGW, and PCI in May 2008. The Ritchie entities only recovered
a small fraction of the amount loaned and claim they suffered damages in excess of
$150 million.

       In this lawsuit, the Ritchie entities seek to recover their damages from various
entities, which can be separated into the following four groups: (1) JP Morgan Chase


      1
        We have decided numerous appeals involving the Ritchie entities’ loans to
Petters. See Ritchie Capital Mgmt., LLC v. Stoebner, 

, 858 (8th Cir.
2015); Ritchie Capital Mgmt., LLC v. Jeffries, 

, 757 (8th Cir. 2011);
Ritchie Special Credit Invs., Ltd. v. U.S. Tr., 

, 850 (8th Cir. 2010).

                                          -3-
& Co. and JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (collectively, “JP Morgan”); (2) JP Morgan
Europe Ltd. (“JP Morgan Europe”); (3) a collection of banks and lending institutions2
(collectively, the “Syndicate Lenders”); and (4) Richter Consulting, Inc. (“Richter
Consulting”). Greatly summarized, the Ritchie entities allege the defendants, led by
JP Morgan, were aware of Petters’s Ponzi scheme, but for their own financial benefit
wrongfully allowed and encouraged the Ritchie entities to loan money to PCI.

       Although the details of the Ritchie entities’ theory of the case are not necessary
to resolve this appeal, a basic understanding of the theory is helpful. In July 2004, JP
Morgan became the indirect, majority owner of Polaroid Corp. PCI had a license
agreement that allowed it to use Polaroid’s brand name on electronic equipment. After
PCI fell behind in its royalty payments and went into default, JP Morgan purportedly
used this leverage to force PCI to purchase Polaroid Corp. In April 2005, through a
series of complex deals, PGW became the owner of Polaroid Holding Company, which
in turn owned Polaroid Corp. JP Morgan loaned $125 million to the Polaroid
companies as a term loan, and the Syndicate Lenders loaned $250 million to the
Polaroid companies as a revolving-credit agreement. JP Morgan served as the
administrative agent for the U.S.-based Syndicate Lenders and JP Morgan Europe
served in the same role for the Europe-based Syndicate Lenders.

      Pursuant to its loan agreements, the Polaroid companies were required to provide
audited financial statements to JP Morgan. Although the Polaroid companies failed to
provide such statements, JP Morgan initially did not strictly enforce the requirement.
This changed, however, in 2007, when JP Morgan declared a default and forced

      2
       Wells Fargo & Co.; Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.; UBS Loans Finance, L.L.C.; UBS
AG and its Stamford Branch; Merrill Lynch Business Financial Services, Inc.; LaSalle
Business Credit, L.L.C.; Bank of America Business Capital; Bank of America
Corporation; The CIT Group Inc.; The CIT Group/Business Credit, Inc.; PNC Bank
N.A.; Fifth Third Bank; Webster Business Credit Corporation; Associated Commercial
Finance, Inc.; and Chase Lincoln First Commercial.

                                          -4-
Polaroid Corp. and related companies to hire Richter Consulting as a consultant, which
would make reports to JP Morgan about Polaroid Corp.’s financial situation. The
Ritchie entities allege that JP Morgan definitively learned in January 2008 that Petters
was perpetrating a fraudulent-transfer scheme. Worried Petters would get caught and
become unable to repay the money owed to the Syndicate Lenders and itself, JP
Morgan demanded immediate payment.

       This allegedly caused Petters to seek out Thane Ritchie and criminally defraud
the Ritchie entities into loaning money in order to pay back JP Morgan and the
Syndicate Lenders. The Ritchie entities allege JP Morgan and Richter Consulting
enabled Petters to facilitate this fraud. For example, the Ritchie entities claim Richter
Consulting and JP Morgan knew that due diligence materials sent to the Ritchie entities
were inaccurate. The Ritchie entities also claim Petters, again with the knowledge of
JP Morgan, then laundered the proceeds of these loans through circuitous international
accounts, including JP Morgan Europe’s London branch, in order to obscure the source
of the funds. Petters thereby satisfied the debts owed to JP Morgan and the Syndicate
Lenders with the money lent by the Ritchie entities.

     After the Ponzi scheme collapsed and Petters was indicted, a number of his
companies declared bankruptcy, including Polaroid Corp., PCI, and Petters Capital,
LLC. Trustees were appointed to administer these estates (the “Trustees.”).

      In January 2014, the Ritchie entities brought suit against all of the defendants
except JP Morgan Europe in the New York Supreme Court for the County of New
York, New York.

       A subset of the defendants removed the matter to the United States District Court
for the Southern District of New York. The Ritchie entities moved to remand the case
to state court, arguing the federal court lacked jurisdiction. In November 2014, the


                                          -5-
district court denied the Ritchie entities’ motion to remand, reasoning it had jurisdiction
under the Edge Act, 12 U.S.C. § 632, and as a civil case related to Chapter 11
bankruptcy proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b). Recognizing that the bankruptcy
proceedings related to this action were in the District of Minnesota, the district court
transferred the case there.

       The United States District Court for the District of Minnesota referred the case
to the bankruptcy court and permitted the Trustees to intervene. The Ritchie entities
eventually filed a second amended complaint, asserting twenty-two causes of action
against the various defendants, including aiding and abetting fraud, aiding and abetting
wrongful diversion of funds, aiding and abetting conversion, commercial bad faith,
aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duties, negligence, breach of fiduciary duty,
unjust enrichment, and knowing and constructive fraudulent conveyance.

        The defendants filed motions to dismiss the second amended complaint. The
bankruptcy court issued a report and recommendations (“R&R”), recommending
abstention regarding some claims, finding the Ritchie entities lacked standing to assert
their fraudulent transfer claims, and finding subject matter jurisdiction was lacking over
other claims. The parties objected to different aspects of the R&R. After a hearing,
the district court held all of the claims were untimely and that it lacked personal
jurisdiction over JP Morgan Europe. The Ritchie entities filed a timely notice of
appeal.

                                      II. Analysis

       On appeal, the Ritchie entities argue the district court lacked subject matter
jurisdiction and therefore its judgment must be reversed and the case dismissed and
remanded to the state court. The Ritchie entities also contend the district court was
wrong to find their claims untimely. And even if the district court was correct to decide


                                           -6-
the claims were untimely as pled, the Ritchie entities argue the district court should
have permitted them to again amend their complaint instead of dismissing the claims.
They also urge us to reverse the district court’s conclusion that it lacked personal
jurisdiction over JP Morgan Europe. We address each argument in turn.

                           A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

       We first consider whether federal subject matter jurisdiction exists, which we
review de novo. See Cascades Dev. of Minn., LLC v. Nat’l Speciality Ins., 

, 1098 (8th Cir. 2012). If original jurisdiction was lacking at the time of removal,
then remand to state court is necessary. See

court — at that time the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York — found subject matter jurisdiction for two reasons. First, it
concluded jurisdiction was present under the Edge Act, 12 U.S.C. § 632, reasoning the
claims arose out of transactions involving international or foreign banking. The district
court also determined subject matter jurisdiction existed under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b)
because the claims were related to bankruptcy jurisdiction. If the district court was
correct regarding either theory, then the Ritchie entities’ challenge to subject matter
jurisdiction fails.

     We conclude the district court was correct in finding jurisdiction under the Edge
Act. The statute relevantly states:

      [A]ll suits of a civil nature . . . to which any corporation organized under
      the laws of the United States shall be a party, arising out of transactions
      involving international or foreign banking, . . . or out of other international
      or foreign financial operations, . . . shall be deemed to arise under the
      laws of the United States, and the district courts of the United States shall
      have original jurisdiction of all such suits; and any defendant in any such


                                           -7-
      suit may, at any time before the trial thereof, remove such suits from a
      State court into the district court of the United
       States for the proper district by following the procedure for the removal
      of causes otherwise provided by law.

12 U.S.C. § 632.

       Under the language of the statute, three elements must be met to establish
jurisdiction: (1) this must be a civil suit; (2) one of the parties to the suit must be a
corporation organized under the laws of the United States; and (3) the suit must arise
out of a transaction involving international or foreign banking (or international financial
operations). 12 U.S.C. § 632; see also Sollitt v. KeyCorp, 463 F. App’x 471, 473 (6th
Cir. 2012) (recognizing that the few courts which have interpreted the Edge Act
consistently have understood § 632 to include these three general elements).

        Only the third element is in dispute — whether the civil suit arose out of a
transaction involving international or foreign banking. The Ritchie entities’ argument
that this element is not satisfied depends on two propositions. The first is that original
jurisdiction only exists where the suit arose from offshore banking or other foreign
financial transactions of the nationally-chartered bank that is party to the action. See
Am. Int’l Grp., Inc. v. Bank of Am. Corp., 

, 784 (2d Cir. 2013)
(explaining that “in order for [the Edge Act’s] grant of federal jurisdiction and
removability to apply, the suit must have a federally chartered corporation as a party,
and the suit must arise out of an offshore banking or financial transaction of that
federally charted corporation”). The second proposition is that the Edge Act does not
confer subject matter jurisdiction over suits with only attenuated connections to
international banking. See Telecredit Serv. Ctr. v. First Nat’l Bank of the Fla. Keys,

, 1103–04 (S.D. Fla. 1988) (explaining that courts have interpreted
the Edge Act “narrowly to encompass only those transactions characterized as
traditional banking activities, such as transactions involving mortgage foreclosures,


                                           -8-
letters of credit, letters of guaranty when the bank relied on the letter in granting a loan,
and transactions involving Federal Reserve Banks”).

       Even if we accept these propositions, the Ritchie entities’ argument fails. Their
Second Amended Complaint alleges foreign banking transactions occurred involving
JP Morgan, a federally chartered bank, that are substantial and central to the Ritchie
entities’ case against JP Morgan. Straight away, in the first paragraph of their Second
Amended Complaint, the Ritchie entities alleged, “Petters sought out Thane Ritchie,
criminally defrauded him and his companies, then laundered the proceeds of the Ritchie
loans through a circuitous international chain of bank accounts, including at JP
Morgan’s London affiliate, to obscure the source of funds, and used the money to
further his frauds.” Later, in paragraphs 122 and 123, the Ritchie entities detail JP
Morgan’s dealings with Petters to structure transactions — foreign and domestic — in
violation of banking and tax-reporting obligations and ultimately to use foreign
accounts to “launder about $43 million from the proceeds of Ritchie’s loans to Petters.”

       Courts continue to debate how broadly the Edge Act’s grant of federal
jurisdiction sweeps. Sollitt, 463 F. App’x at 473–74 (discussing competing views on
how broadly to interpret Edge Act jurisdiction). But whether we view Edge Act
jurisdiction restrictively or expansively, the allegations here suffice. The Ritchie
entities alleged foreign banking transactions involving JP Morgan as a core part of their
claims of wrongdoing. We therefore conclude the district court had subject matter
jurisdiction under the Edge Act, and we need not decide whether the district court also
had subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b).




                                            -9-
                   B. Dismissal Based on the Statute of Limitations

        We now turn to the district court’s dismissal of the Ritchie entities’ claims under
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). The district court found the claims were brought after
Illinois’s five-year statute of limitations expired. See 735 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/13-205.

       The district court began its analysis by determining New York’s choice-of-law
principles applied because the case was transferred from New York. See Ferens v.
John Deere Co., 

, 523 (1990) (holding a transferee forum must “apply the
law of the transferor court, regardless of who initiates the transfer”). Consequently, the
district court applied New York’s borrowing statute, N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 202.3 The
borrowing statute applies when a nonresident sues on a cause of action that accrues
outside of New York. 2138747 Ontario, Inc. v. Samsung C & T Corp., 

, 777 (N.Y. 2008). When implicated, the statute requires filing within the
limitations period of both the jurisdiction where the claim accrued and New York.

Ritchie entities were all non-residents and the claims accrued in Illinois,
the district court determined the relevant statute of limitations period on each claim
was, at most, five years. The district court then interpreted Illinois law to conclude all
of the claims were time barred because their injuries accrued between February and




       3
           The statute provides:

                An action based upon a cause of action accruing without the state
                cannot be commenced after the expiration of the time limited by the
                laws of either the state or the place without the state where the
                cause of action accrued, except that where the cause of action
                accrued in favor of a resident of the state the time limited by the
                laws of the state shall apply.

       N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 202.

                                           -10-
May 2008, but they did not file their complaint until April 2014, outside of the five-year
time limit.

       The Ritchie entities attack nearly every step of the district court’s analysis. We
address their arguments sequentially, reviewing the dismissal de novo and recognizing
the general rule that a statute of limitations defense is only grounds for dismissal when
the defense is established by the complaint itself. See Joyce v. Armstrong Teasdale,
LLP, 

, 367 (8th Cir. 2011) (providing the standard of review in reviewing
a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6)); In re Dittmaier, 

, 989 (8th Cir. 2015)
(standard of review for interpretations of state law); St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co.
v. Bldg. Constr. Enters., Inc., 

, 1168 (8th Cir. 2008) (standard of review
for choice-of-law determinations); In re ADC Telecomms., Inc. Sec. Litig., 

, 976 (8th Cir. 2005) (standard of review for statute-of-limitations determinations).

                      1. New York Choice of Law Principles

       The Ritchie entities challenge the district court’s decision to use New York
choice-of-law principles. According to the Ritchie entities, because the Edge Act is the
basis for federal court subject matter jurisdiction, federal choice-of-law principles must
be used instead, and these principles dictate the choice-of-law principles from the state
which has the greatest connection to the dispute should apply. They suggest, but do
not directly argue on appeal, that Minnesota’s law should apply.

       We reject the Ritchie entities’ argument for two reasons. First, the Ritchie
entities did not directly advance this argument in their briefs before the district court.
In fact, the only time another jurisdiction’s choice-of-law rules were mentioned to the
district court was during a hearing where counsel suggested the district court should use
the limitations statute from Minnesota, as the state with the most contacts. But counsel
never argued the district court should apply federal common law or provided any


                                          -11-
authority suggesting such an approach be used. Considering this record, the Ritchie
entities arguably waived their argument. See Joseph v. Allen, 

, 1226 (8th
Cir. 2013) (concluding an argument was waived when first raised on appeal).

       Second, we are aware of only one circuit court decision where jurisdiction
existed under the Edge Act and a party suggested federal common law choice-of-law
principles should apply. See A.I. Trade Fin., Inc. v. Petra Int’l Banking Corp., 

, 1463–64 (D.C. Cir. 1995). There, our sister circuit rejected the argument and
required the district court to apply the local forum’s choice-of-law principles, as
opposed to federal common law choice-of-law principles, because the action was based
on substantive state law not addressed within the Edge Act. Id.; see also Loreley Fin.
(Jersey) No. 3 Ltd. v. Wells Fargo Secs., LLC, 

, 170 & n.5 (2d Cir. 2015)
(applying New York choice-of-law principles in an Edge Act claim where no party
objected). We see no reason to disagree with this approach, particularly in light of the
Ritchie entities’ failure to develop this argument. We conclude that in light of this
record, the district court was correct to apply New York choice-of-law principles.

              2. Residency of Ritchie Capital Management, L.L.C.

       We next address whether the district court erred in concluding Ritchie Capital
Management, L.L.C., was exclusively an Illinois resident for purposes of New York’s
borrowing statute. Recall the borrowing statute is only applicable to non-resident
plaintiffs. The Ritchie entities contend Ritchie Capital Management, L.L.C., was both
a resident of Illinois and New York, and therefore the New York borrowing statute is
irrelevant.

       “[T]he determination of whether a plaintiff is a New York resident, for purposes
of CPLR 202, turns on whether he has a significant connection with some locality in
the State as the result of living there for some length of time during the course of a


                                         -12-
year.” Antone v. Gen. Motors Corp., 

, 746 (N.Y. 1984). But doing
business in New York at a New York office is not enough to make a company a New
York resident, at least for purposes of the borrowing statute. See Am. Lumbersmens
Mut. Cas. Co. of Ill. v. Cochrane, 

, 490–91 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1954)
(holding the plaintiff, which was incorporated in Illinois, was not a resident of New
York even though it legitimately did business in New York and had a New York
office). Rather a business qualifies as a resident of New York if its principal place of
business is in New York. See Woori Bank v. Merrill Lynch, 

, 495
(S.D.N.Y. 2013) (“Under the New York borrowing statute, a business’s principal place
of business constitutes the sole residency of that business entity.”); Allegaert v.
Warren, 

, 820 (S.D.N.Y. 1979) (holding a business incorporated in
another state was a resident of New York for purposes of the borrowing statute when
its principal place of business was in New York).

        Thus, in order for Ritchie Capital Management, L.L.C, which was not organized
in New York, to be a New York resident for purposes of the borrowing statute, it must
ultimately show that its principal place of business is in New York. The Second
Amended Complaint alleges the company “is a limited liability company with dual
registration in Delaware and the Cayman Islands. At all relevant times, until 2015,
Ritchie Capital Management had offices in Illinois and New York.” These allegations
fail to show the company’s principal place of business was in New York.

         We recognize that because the statute of limitations argument is an affirmative
defense, a plaintiff typically does not need to plead all facts necessary to prove which
state’s statute of limitations applies. See Braden v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 

, 601 & n.10 (8th Cir. 2009) (explaining “a plaintiff need not plead facts responsive
to an affirmative defense before it is raised”). But here, the district court was able to
fill in the gap and eliminate the possibility that Ritchie Capital Management, L.L.C.,
was a New York resident by taking judicial notice of a previous court filing where the


                                          -13-
company had represented that its principal office was in Illinois. See Compl. at ¶ 12,
Ritchie Capital Mgmt. L.L.C. v. Coleman, No. 12-cv-00270 (D. Minn. Feb. 2, 2012),
ECF No. 1. This was permissible. See Humphrey v. Eureka Gardens Pub. Facility
Bd., 

, 1081 (8th Cir. 2018) (explaining that when reviewing a motion to
dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), it is permissible to consider matters of public record).
Further, despite being aware of this statute of limitations argument, the Ritchie entities
never affirmatively asserted that the company’s principal place of business was in New
York. We therefore find no error in the district court’s conclusion that Ritchie Capital
Management, LLC, was not a New York resident for purposes of the borrowing statute,
but instead was a resident of Illinois.

                                3. The Cayman entities

        The Ritchie entities next argue the district court erred in its conclusion that
Illinois’s statute of limitations applied to three of the plaintiffs — Ritchie Special Credit
Investments, Ltd., Rhone Holdings II, Ltd., and Ritchie Capital Management SEZC,
Ltd. (collectively, “the Cayman entities”). We agree with the Ritchie entities that this
conclusion was premature because the pleadings do not definitively establish their
claims accrued in Illinois.

       “For purposes of the New York borrowing statute, a cause of action accrues
where the injury is sustained rather than where the defendant committed the wrongful
acts.” Gordon & Co. v. Ross, 

, 408 (S.D.N.Y. 1999). “When an
injury is purely economic, the place of injury for purposes of the borrowing statute is
where the economic impact of defendant’s conduct is felt, which is usually the
plaintiff’s place of residence.”

rubric, New York courts have selected
a foreign company’s principal place of business over its place of incorporation for
determining the place of accrual for purposes of the borrowing statute. See
Interventure 77 Hudson LLC v. Falcon Real Estate Inv. Co., 

(N.Y.


                                            -14-
App. Div. 2019) (explaining that “given [the] plaintiffs’ injury was purely economic,
the place of their injury for purposes of the borrowing statute is normally deemed their
residence, where the economic impact of defendants’ conduct is sustained”);
Brinckerhoff v. JAC Holding Corp., 

(N.Y. App. Div. 1999)
(choosing as the place of accrual the state where the out-of-state company had its
principal place of business and where the monetary damages would be felt). New York
courts have found dismissal inappropriate when courts cannot determine a business’s
principal place of residency for purposes of the borrowing statute because factual
questions remain unresolved. See Oxbow Calcining USA Inc. v. Am. Indus. Partners,

(N.Y. App. Div. 2012) (reversing a dismissal based on the statute of
limitations because there was a factual dispute about the plaintiff’s principal place of
business at the time of the alleged breach). Contra Verizon Directories Corp. v.
Continuum Health Partners, Inc., No. 117782/05, 

(N.Y. Sup. Ct.
April 21, 2009) (affirming dismissal based on statute of limitations where, despite
plaintiff’s assertion of New York residency, plaintiff never alleged that its principal
place of business was in New York and its allegations that it had extensive presence
and was authorized to do business in New York were insufficient to establish
residency), aff’d, 

(N.Y. App. Div. 2010).

       The district court decided the Cayman entities’ claims accrued in Illinois because
it concluded they resided in Illinois and suffered the economic injury there. In reaching
that conclusion, the district court cited Cayman Islands Companies Law § 163, which
requires so-called “exempt companies” to predominately conduct their business outside
the Cayman Islands. So, the district court reasoned, the Cayman entities resided and
suffered their injury in Illinois, where their manager, Ritchie Capital Management,
L.L.C, was principally based. This conclusion was flawed.

     The district court may have been generally correct that the Cayman entities, as
exempted companies, could not predominately carry out their business within the


                                          -15-
Cayman Islands. See Cayman Islands Companies Law § 163 (2018) (“Any proposed
company applying for registration under this Law, the objects of which are to be carried
out mainly outside the Islands, may apply to be registered as an exempt company.”).
But we are aware of nothing in Cayman law that prevents a Cayman exempt company
from primarily suffering an injury’s economic impact in the Cayman Islands. A
Cayman exempt company could, for example, presumably keep its assets in the
Cayman Islands. See Cayman Islands Companies Law § 174 (2018) (“[N]othing in this
section shall be construed so as to prevent the exempted company effecting and
concluding contracts in the Islands and exercising in the Islands all of its powers
necessary for the carrying on of its business outside the Islands.”) And if that were
true, the company would plausibly have suffered its economic injury in the Cayman
Islands, making that the location where the claim accrued for purposes of New York’s
borrowing statute. And such an injury could potentially lengthen the limitations period.

       The district court’s suspicion that the Cayman entities’ claims accrued in Illinois
may ultimately be correct. But for purposes of Rule 12(b)(6), we cannot conclude that
this was established by the pleadings or other information properly before the district
court.4 Therefore, we must reverse the dismissal of the claims brought by the Cayman
entities.

       4
        The dissent contends we should take judicial notice that, in a federal court filing,
the Ritchie entities stated their injury occurred in Illinois. See Verified Compl. at ¶ 11,
Ritchie Captial Mgmt., L.L.C v. Jeffries, No. 09 CV 07228, 

(N.D.
Ill. Nov. 18, 2009), ECF No. 1. This assertion was made to demonstrate venue was
proper in the Northern District of Illinois. We are unconvinced judicial notice of this
filing resolves the issue. After all, venue may be proper in multiple districts,
particularly when there are multiple plaintiffs. See Setco Ents. Corp. v. Robbins, 

, 1281 (8th Cir. 1994) (recognizing the venue analysis does not focus on the
“best” venue but whether or not the chosen district had a substantial connection to the
claim). Therefore, the fact the Ritchie entities collectively alleged they suffered injury
in Illinois does not necessarily mean the primary economic impact suffered by the
Cayman entities occurred in Illinois.

                                           -16-
                         4. Illinois’s Statute of Limitations

       Having concluded the dismissal of the Cayman entities’ claims was erroneous,
we must now consider the next step of the district court’s analysis for the remaining
plaintiffs; Ritchie Capital Management, L.L.C., and Yorkville Investment I, L.L.C.
This requires us to review whether the district court correctly concluded that Illinois’s
five-year limitations period expired before the Ritchie entities filed their lawsuit.

      The Ritchie entities commenced the underlying lawsuit against most of the
defendants on January 30, 2014. This means that in order for their claims to be timely,
they must have accrued no earlier than January 30, 2009.5 In Illinois, “[a] cause of
action ‘accrues’ when facts exist that authorize the bringing of a cause of action.”
Khan v. Deutsche Bank AG, 

, 1028 (Ill. 2012). “Thus, a tort action
accrues when all its elements are present, i.e., duty, breach, and resulting injury or
damage.”

court determined the claims accrued when the loans took place,
between February and May 2008. And the Ritchie entities do not meaningfully attack
this determination. Instead, they argue they are entitled to application of the discovery
rule, equitable estoppel, or equitable tolling under Illinois law, which would make their
claims timely. We address each in turn, but ultimately conclude that, under Illinois law,
these doctrines are not applicable.




      5
        The Ritchie entities do not challenge the district court’s determination that
“Illinois’s statute of limitations for tort injuries to property is five years,” 735 Ill.
Comp. Stat. 5/13-205, nor that the causes of action would not have a longer limitations
period under New York law.

                                          -17-
                                  a. Discovery Rule

       The Illinois discovery rule exists “[t]o ameliorate the potentially harsh results”
that may be caused by “[a] mechanical application of the statute of limitations,”
resulting in the limitations period “expiring before a plaintiff even knows of [its] cause
of action.” 

. The discovery rule works “to postpone the
start of the period of limitations until the injured party knows or reasonably should
know of the injury and knows or reasonably should know that the injury was
wrongfully caused.”

Starting at that moment, “the burden is on the
injured person to inquire further as to the possible existence of a cause of action.”

       “A person knows or reasonably should know an injury is ‘wrongfully caused’
when he or she possesses sufficient information concerning an injury and its cause to
put a reasonable person on inquiry to determine whether actionable conduct had
occurred.” Janousek v. Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP, 

, 505 (Ill. App.
Ct. 2015). The plaintiff need not know or suspect who the wrongdoer actually is or
even that a cause of action exists in order to have sufficient information to be put on
inquiry. Id; accord Ritchie Capital Mgmt., L.L.C. v. Fredrickson & Byron, P.A., No.
1–4–2067, 

, at *10 (Ill. App. Ct. Mar. 27, 2015) (“Historically,
courts in Illinois have recognized that ‘the phrase wrongfully caused does not mean
knowledge of a specific defendant’s negligent conduct or knowledge of the existence
of a cause of action.’”) (quoting Castello v. Kalis, 

, 789 (Ill. App. Ct.
2004) (cleaned up)).

       The district court concluded that by the end of 2008, the Ritchie entities knew
or should have known they were injured by wrongful conduct. By that time, the district
court reasoned, the Ritchie entities knew the government had arrested Petters, and had
indicted him, PCI, and PGW. The indictment detailed the Ponzi scheme and sought


                                          -18-
forfeiture of assets traceable to the fraud. We agree with the district court’s
assessment. Even if the Ritchie entities did not know the various defendants were
involved in causing their injury or their exact cause of action by the end of 2008,
Illinois law says they were on notice and the burden was on them to inquire about a
possible cause of action. See 

Ritchie Capital Mgmt., 

, at *10. In other words, if they did not know, we believe they should
have known. Therefore, the Illinois discovery doctrine does not prevent the expiration
of the Ritchie entities’ claims by the end of 2013.

                   b. Equitable Estoppel and Equitable Tolling

       The Ritchie entities also contend their claims are timely under the doctrines of
equitable estoppel6 and equitable tolling. They argue they were unable to unravel
Petters’s fraudulent scheme because their lawsuit against Petters — in which they
intended to conduct discovery — had been stayed and enjoined. Further, the Ritchie
entities complain, JP Morgan fought discovery in other litigation to which it was not
a party through 2013, which prevented them from understanding JP Morgan’s alleged
role in the fraud. With these allegations, the Ritchie entities seek application of
equitable estoppel and equitable tolling. We hold neither is appropriate under Illinois
law.

        To establish equitable estoppel under Illinois law, the Ritchie entities must
demonstrate six elements: (1) the defendants concealed or misrepresented material
facts; (2) the defendants knew the representations were untrue when they were made;


      6
       In their reply brief, the Ritchie entities argue this court should apply fraudulent
concealment under 735 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/13-215, which they maintain is similar to
equitable estoppel. Because they first mentioned this argument in their reply brief, we
do not consider it here. See United States v. Martinson, 

, 753 (8th Cir.
2005).

                                          -19-
(3) the Ritchie entities did not know the representations were untrue, both when the
defendants made them and when the Ritchie entities acted upon them; (4) the
defendants intended or reasonably expected the Ritchie entities to act upon the
representations; (5) the Ritchie entities reasonably relied upon the misrepresentations
in good faith and to their detriment; and (6) the Ritchie entities were prejudiced by their
reliance. See Parks v. Kownacki, 

, 296 (Ill. 2000). “The gist of the
doctrine is that ‘one cannot justly or equitably lull his adversary into a false sense of
security, causing him to subject his claim to the bar of the statute, and then plead the
very delay caused by his course of his conduct.’” Anderson v. Holy See, 

923, 935 (N.D. Ill. 2012) (quoting Beynon Bldg. Corp. v. Nat’l Guardian Life Ins.
Co., 

, 252 (Ill. App. Ct. 1983)).

       The only specific allegation against any defendant that would potentially
implicate equitable estoppel is made against JP Morgan. According to the Ritchie
entities, JP Morgan thwarted their efforts in discovery to obtain information revealing
the defendants’ purported role in Petters’s scheme, by first not responding to a
subpoena duces tecum issued in May 2010 in a New York bankruptcy action, and later
by getting a protective order against such discovery. We fail to see how this apparently
routine discovery fight over documents lulled the Ritchie entities into a false sense of
security, causing them to delay bringing their claims. It would be one thing if JP
Morgan falsely represented to the Ritchie entities that it had turned over all relevant
documents and the Ritchie entities relied on that representation to conclude no cause
of action existed against JP Morgan. In such a scenario, all elements of equitable
estoppel may very well be met. But here, the Ritchie entities have failed to establish
that JP Morgan lulled them into delaying their lawsuit by lawfully resisting their efforts
to obtain documents through third-party discovery. We therefore agree with the district
court that the Ritchie entities have not met their burden of showing the doctrine of
equitable estoppel applies here.




                                           -20-
        As for the doctrine of equitable tolling, Illinois law provides that the doctrine
“may be appropriate if the defendant has actively misled the plaintiff, or if the plaintiff
has been prevented from asserting his or her rights in some extraordinary way, or the
plaintiff has mistakenly asserted his or her rights in the wrong forum.” Clay v. Kuhl,

, 223 (Ill. 2000). However, “[w]hile equitable tolling is recognized in
Illinois, it is rarely applied.” Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Plunkett, 

, 681
(Ill. App. Ct. 2014). The Ritchie entities have failed to point us to any Illinois case
supporting their contention that the doctrine should apply here. In fact, we are only
aware of two cases where Illinois courts have applied the doctrine. See Williams v. Bd.
of Review, 

, 567–72 (Ill. 2011); Ralda-Sanden v. Sanden, 

, 1148–49 (Ill. App. Ct. 2013). Williams is not helpful to the Ritchie entities’
argument because the Illinois Supreme Court was applying federal law to determine
whether a federal statutory bar should be 

. The case thus
tells us nothing about Illinois law. And Ralda-Sanden involved factual circumstances
dramatically different and more extreme than those alleged by the Ritchie 

–49 (holding equitable tolling permitted a woman to bring a complaint
to establish the paternity of her father where her mother withheld information that the
father was alive due to threats to kill her and her family). We are thus unconvinced that
Illinois law permits us to apply this “rarely applied” doctrine here, where similarly
exceptional circumstances are lacking.

        In sum, we conclude neither equitable estoppel nor equitable tolling apply under
Illinois law.

                        C. Denial of Opportunity to Amend

      The Ritchie entities next argue that even if they failed to state a claim under Rule
12(b)(6), the district court erred by refusing to give them opportunity to amend their
complaint. We disagree.


                                           -21-
       The Ritchie entities never moved to amend their complaint, but instead simply
argued in their response to the motion to dismiss for the opportunity to amend if the
district court determined the complaint should be dismissed. We faced a similar
scenario in Glickert v. Loop Trolley Transportation Development District, 

, 880 (8th Cir. 2015).

       In Glickert, certain plaintiffs opposed a motion to dismiss and asked the district
court for permission to amend should it find insufficiencies in their allegations. We
observed prior precedent holding that in order “to preserve the right to amend a
complaint a party must submit a proposed amendment along with its motion.”

v. Simon, 

, 395 (8th Cir. 1983) and citing United States
v. Mask of Ka-Nefer-Nefer, 

, 742 (8th Cir. 2014)). In light of this
precedent, we held in Glickert that the district court did not abuse its discretion by
failing to grant plaintiffs leave to amend their complaint because the plaintiffs “did not
submit a motion to amend or a proposed amendment, nor did they indicate what a
proposed amended pleading might have contained.”

the same conclusion here. The district court did not abuse its
discretion by failing to grant the Ritchie entities leave to amend their complaint yet
again because the Ritchie entities failed to submit a motion to amend or indicate what
a proposed amended pleading would have stated.

                         D. Alternative Grounds to Dismiss

       Because we are reversing the dismissal of the claims brought by the Cayman
entities on statute of limitations grounds, we consider the defendants’ arguments on
appeal that there exists a variety of alternative reasons to dismiss the claims not ruled
upon by the district court. The defendants are correct that this court “may affirm the
district court’s judgment on any basis supported by the record.” Loftness Specialized


                                          -22-
Farm Equip., Inc. v. Twiestmeyer, 

, 851 (8th Cir. 2014). But here we
believe it is prudent to refrain from such a fact-intensive analysis as it would be
beneficial for the district court to decide these issues involving the Cayman entities in
the first instance. See

Jurisdiction Over JP Morgan Europe

       This leaves one final issue for our consideration. Recall the district court
dismissed the Ritchie entities’ claims against JP Morgan Europe because it determined
personal jurisdiction over the entity was lacking. The district court reasoned that
although it had statutory jurisdiction under New York’s long-arm statute, the Ritchie
entities failed to show the exercise of jurisdiction would comport with constitutional
due process. The Ritchie entities claim this decision was erroneous and ask us to
reverse it.

       Although we detect no error in the district court’s personal jurisdiction analysis,
we believe it is necessary to remand the issue based on the district court’s own
reasoning. When reaching its decision, the district court explained that it typically
“would stay dismissing [JP Morgan Europe] to allow the plaintiffs to conduct
jurisdictional discovery.” However, since the district court believed dismissal of the
claims against JP Morgan Europe was necessary because they were time barred, it
concluded discovery would be pointless. With the Ritchie Cayman entities’ claims
revived, the district court’s rationale for not allowing jurisdictional discovery is no
longer present.7 Therefore, we reverse the dismissal of the Ritchie Cayman entities’
claims against JP Morgan Europe in order for the district court to permit jurisdictional



      7
       We express no opinion as to whether or not the district court was required
under the circumstances to offer plaintiffs the opportunity to conduct jurisdictional
discovery.

                                          -23-
discovery if it deems necessary to determine whether it has personal jurisdiction over
JP Morgan Europe.8

                                   III. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the dismissal of the claims brought by
Ritchie Capital Management, L.L.C., and Yorkville Investment I, L.L.C. We reverse
the dismissal of the Cayman entities’ claims against all defendants, and remand for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge, concurring.

       I agree with the majority’s conclusions and join in the opinion in full. However,
while I agree that the Ritchie entities waived their argument regarding the district
court’s use of New York choice-of-law principles by not raising it before the district
court, I would not be as equivocal as the majority in reaching this conclusion. One of
the fundamental limits to our review is that we may not consider arguments that the
parties did not raise before the district court, Eagle Tech. v. Expander Ams., Inc., 

, 1138 (8th Cir. 2015), as it deprives the opposing party of the opportunity
to present argument on that issue, deprives the district court of its authority to decide
issues in the first instance, and leaves us with no record upon which to examine the
argument. Although this Court departed from this rule in its recent en banc decision,
Calzone v. Summers, 

, 420-21 (8th Cir. 2019) (en banc), I reiterate my


      8
        Of course the district court may decide there exists an alternative ground to
dismiss JP Morgan Europe without permitting jurisdictional discovery. JP Morgan
Europe argues on appeal that the claims against it are time barred under any of the
possible states’ statutes of limitations since the Ritchie entities did not add JP Morgan
Europe as a party until February 2015, and there is no basis to conclude their claims
relate back to the original filing date. We offer no opinion as to the merit of this
argument.

                                          -24-
view stated therein,

(Shepherd, J., dissenting), that it is of critical importance
that we not allow parties to raise issues or present arguments not developed before the
district court. Any practice other than steadfastly holding parties to only those issues
and arguments they raised before the district court would undermine both the district
court’s authority and this Court’s role as a court of review. See Solomon v. Petray, 

, 791 (8th Cir. 2015) (“We are not a court of first instance, and will not
consider arguments . . . not presented for consideration to the district court.”).

KOBES, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

       I agree with the substance of the majority’s reasoning, but I would affirm the
district court on all issues and would not remand. As a result, I concur in all but Parts
II.B.3, II.D, and II.E of the opinion, and I respectfully dissent for the reasons below.

        The court reverses the district court’s finding that the Cayman entities “resided
in Illinois and suffered the economic injury there” because they could have “primarily
suffer[ed] an injury’s economic impact in the Cayman Islands” and the pleadings and
other information before the court do not establish that the claims accrued in Illinois.
Maj. Op. 15. The majority is correct that Cayman law does not necessarily establish
that the Cayman entities resided in Illinois. The defendants, however, also argue that
the Cayman entities’ Illinois residency is “demonstrated by prior court filings”
including allegations that their “home forum” is Illinois. JP Morgan Br. 31–32 (citing
Ritchie Capital Mgmt., LLC v. Jeffries, No. 09 CV 07228, 

, at *3
(N.D. Ill. Mar. 4, 2010)). I agree.

       In the Jeffries complaint, the Cayman entities (and the other Ritchie entities)
swore that Jeffries and her “co-conspirators purposely contacted Plaintiffs and
transacted business in Illinois, the contract was made in Illinois, Plaintiffs wired the
funds loaned to PGW from Illinois, and Plaintiffs’ injury occurred in Illinois.” No. 09
CV 07228, D. Ct. Dkt. 1 at ¶ 11, 

(emphasis added). Just as we
hold that the district court properly judicially noticed Ritchie Capital Management
L.L.C.’s principal place of business, Maj. Op. 13, I would judicially notice where the
injury occurred. The Cayman entities should be held to their prior, sworn assertion that
their injuries occurred in Illinois.

       I would also not remand for jurisdictional discovery from JP Morgan Europe.
The majority agrees with the district court that it lacked specific personal jurisdiction
over JP Morgan Europe because “none of [JP Morgan Europe’s] alleged contacts is
sufficient to allow the Court to exercise jurisdiction.” D. Ct. Dkt. 186 at 13. The court
notes that there is “no error in the district court’s personal jurisdiction analysis.” Maj.
Op. 22. This means that all four activities the Ritchie entities allege JP Morgan Europe
directed at New York, e.g., entering block agreements that swept money into a London
account, are not the kinds of activities that give rise to legally sufficient contacts—no
matter the number or frequency of those activities. Yet, the court finds that a remand
is necessary because the district court stated that it would have permitted jurisdictional
discovery had the Second Amended Complaint not been time barred.

       Even had the Ritchie entities requested jurisdictional discovery—and they did
not—I would not remand on that basis here. When claims against a defendant fail Rule
12(b)(2)’s standard, the claims do not “survive a motion to dismiss.” Dever v. Hentzen
Coatings, Inc., 

, 1072 (8th Cir. 2004) (emphasis added). To award
jurisdictional discovery, plaintiffs need only plead allegations of jurisdiction that, if
true, would suffice to establish jurisdiction over the defendant. Universal Trading &
Inv. Co. v. Credit Suisse (Guernsey) Ltd., 560 F. App’x 52, 56 (2d Cir. 2014) (per
curiam). Without sufficient allegations, as here, the Ritchie entities can only speculate
as to what jurisdictional discovery would likely reveal, and that is not enough. See
Viasystems, Inc. v. EBM-Papst St. Georgen GmbH & Co., KG, 

, 598 (8th
Cir. 2011). Jurisdictional discovery is not a tool to cure a deficient complaint.

                              ______________________________




                                           -26-