United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                               No. 20-6011
                       ___________________________

 In re: Philip Charles DeVries, doing business as Staple D. Land and Livestock,
                          LLC; Angie Marie DeVries

                                             Debtors

                           ------------------------------

                         Iowa Department of Revenue

                                     Creditor - Appellant

                                        v.

                 Philip Charles DeVries; Angie Marie DeVries

                                    Debtors - Appellees
                                 ____________

                  Appeal from United States Bankruptcy Court
                 for the Northern District of Iowa - Mason City
                                 ____________

                         Submitted: October 23, 2020
                            Filed: November 25, 2020
                                ____________

Before SCHERMER, NAIL and DOW, Bankruptcy Judges.
                           ____________

SCHERMER, Bankruptcy Judge
   The Iowa Department of Revenue (IDR) appeals the bankruptcy court’s order
confirming the Chapter 12 plan of Philip Charles DeVries and Angie Marie DeVries
(Debtors). We have jurisdiction over this appeal from the final order of the
bankruptcy court. See 28 U.S.C. §158(b). For the reasons that follow, we reverse.

                                      ISSUE
       The issue on appeal is whether Bankruptcy Code §1232 allows a Chapter 12
plan to compel a taxing authority to disgorge pre-petition withholdings. We hold
that the plain language of §1232 does not permit such a result.

                                BACKGROUND
       The facts are undisputed. In 2017, Debtors sold farmland and farming
machinery, adding a substantial amount of capital gains to their taxable income and
resulting in the Debtors owing a significant amount of unpaid income taxes. The
Debtors’ calendar year 2017 tax liability to the IDR and the United States Internal
Revenue Service (IRS) was reduced by withholdings from Angie DeVries’s earnings
that paid $2,006 to the IDR and $4,584 to the IRS.

        In February 2019 when they owed significant income taxes, the Debtors filed
a joint petition for relief under Chapter 12. In addition to their 2017 tax returns for
all income, the Debtors filed “pro forma” tax returns showing that no income tax
liability would have been owed for that year without the farmland and equipment
sales. The Debtors’ Chapter 12 plan was confirmed with provisions stating that each
taxing authority should “refund the overpayment of 2017 income taxes . . . to the
Debtors” by payment to the Chapter 12 trustee for allocation to attorney fees. The
alleged overpayments to the IDR and the IRS were in the amount of the
withholdings, $2,006 for the IDR and $4,584 for the IRS.

       The IDR and IRS objected to the plan provision compelling them to refund
the alleged overpayments. The bankruptcy court overruled the objections and
confirmed the Debtors’ plan. The court considered the interaction of Bankruptcy
Code §§1232(a) and 553(a). It stated that the full effects of §1232(a) were left
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unclear under the statute. Finding an ambiguity, the court reviewed and relied on
the legislative history to hold that under §1232(a) family farmers with pre-petition
capital gains tax debt could “require taxing entities to issue a refund of withheld
income taxes to the bankruptcy estate.” In re DeVries, No. 19-00181, 

, at *2-5 (Bankr. N.D. Iowa Aril 28, 2020). The IDR pursued its position
by appealing the confirmation order. At oral argument, the IDR made clear its
opposition to the Debtors’ plan does not rely upon the setoff provisions of §553.
This case challenges the scope of Bankruptcy Code §1232.

                            STANDARD OF REVIEW
      “[T]he appellate court reviews the bankruptcy court's legal decision using a
de novo standard and reviews factual findings for clear error.” The Bank of Missouri
v. Family Pharmacy, Inc. (In re Family Pharmacy, Inc.), 

, 60 (B.A.P.
8th Cir. 2020). “Interpretation of the Bankruptcy Code is a question of law requiring
de novo review.” The Official Comm. of Unsec. Creditors v. The Archdiocese of St.
Paul and Minn. (In re The Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minn.), 

, 950
(8th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted)); In re Family Pharmacy, 

(review of bankruptcy court’s interpretation and application of Bankruptcy Code
provision is de novo).

                                 DISCUSSION
        The language of Bankruptcy Code §1232(a) dictates the result in this action.
It states that:

      (a) Any unsecured claim of a governmental unit against the debtor or
      the estate that arises before the filing of the petition, or that arises after
      the filing of the petition and before the debtor's discharge under section
      1228, as a result of the sale, transfer, exchange, or other disposition of
      any property used in the debtor's farming operation--

             (1) shall be treated as an unsecured claim arising before the date
             on which the petition is filed;

             (2) shall not be entitled to priority under section 507;
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             (3) shall be provided for under a plan; and

             (4) shall be discharged in accordance with section 1228.

11 U.S.C. §1232(a) (emphasis added).1 “It is well established that ‘when the statute's
language is plain, the sole function of the courts—at least where the disposition
required by the text is not absurd—is to enforce it according to its terms.’” Lamie
v. United States Trustee, 

, 534 (2004) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (citation omitted) (quoting Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Union
Planters Bank, N.A., 

, 6 (2000), in turn quoting United States v. Ron Pair
Enterprises, Inc., 

, 241 (1989)). The disposition required by the text in
this case is certainly not absurd.

      The IDR did not object to the Debtors’ Chapter 12 plan’s treatment of its claim
as non-priority. This appeal concerns only the plan’s requirement of disgorgement
of the pre-petition withholdings. At oral argument, the Debtors cautioned our
decision would have far-reaching ramifications for post-petition sales of farm
property that result in capital gains tax. We decline to decide that issue because it is
not before us.

        Section 1232’s language clearly sets forth the scope and purpose of the statute.
It is simply a priority-stripping provision. See Knudsen v. I.R.S., 

, 718
(8th Cir 2009), (referring to §1232’s predecessor, §1222(a)(2)(A), as “a priority-
stripping provision as opposed to a tax provision.”), abrogated on other grounds by
Hall v. U.S., 

(2012). The statute does not change the way the amount
of a claim of a governmental unit is calculated for the underlying tax liability; it only
addresses the priority of such a claim. Nor does §1232 establish the right to or
amount of a refund. With respect to the bankruptcy court’s use of the term “refund,”
any such refund would travel under §505, not §1232 which does not mention
refunds. Accordingly, nothing in §1232 authorizes a debtor’s Chapter 12 plan to

1
 Every other subsection of § 1232 relates to a claim described in § 1232(a). See 11
U.S.C. §1232(b) – (d).
                                        4
require a taxing authority to disgorge, refund, or turn over pre-petition withholdings
for the benefit of the estate.

       As §1232(a) states, it applies to “[a]ny unsecured claim of a governmental
unit.” 11 U.S.C. § 1232(a) (emphasis added). The Bankruptcy Code defines a
“claim,” in pertinent part, as “right to payment.” 11 U.S.C. §101(5)(A). The term
“claim” cannot be read to include amounts paid to the IDR by pre-petition
withholdings. See 11 U.S.C. §502(b) (if an objection to a proof of claim is filed,
“the court, . . . , shall determine the amount of such claim . . . as of the date of the
filing of the petition.”). On the petition date, the Debtors did not owe the IDR the
amount it had collected pre-petition through withholdings, so it was not a part of the
IDR’s claim subject to §1232. Contrary to the Debtors’ position, §1232 provides no
basis to magically reverse the application of the pre-petition withheld funds when
calculating the IDR’s claim.

       The Debtors argue that the “pro forma” tax return provides a basis for
authorizing debtors under §1232 to compel return of the amount reflected as a
refund. The purpose of the “pro forma” return is to determine the amount of the tax
that is entitled to priority treatment. See 

. (“[T]he
[debtors] should calculate a return for all income, then a second ‘pro forma’ tax
return removing all qualifying sales income, . . . the taxes shown on the ‘pro forma’
return would represent the portion of the tax claim entitled to priority status, while
the difference between the taxes shown on the return for all income and the taxes
shown on the ‘pro forma’ return would represent the unsecured portion of the tax
claim.”). The “pro forma” returns are not prepared to calculate the amount of
underlying liability owed. An amount that might hypothetically have been refunded
to the Debtor on a “pro forma” tax return is not a “right to payment” and therefore
not a “claim.” See 11 U.S.C. §101(5)(A).

      The Debtors point to §1232(a)(4)’s statement that a deprioritized claim may
be discharged to the extent not paid under the terms of a confirmed plan as support
for their asserted entitlement to a refund. See 11 U.S.C. §1232(a)(4) (“[a]ny
                                           5
unsecured claim of a governmental unit . . . . shall be discharged in accordance with
section 1228”). Nothing in §1232 or elsewhere in the Bankruptcy Code suggests
that a discharge under §1228 equates to a return of sums paid pre-petition.

       In an effort to rebut the IDR’s argument concerning the language of the
statute, the Debtors cite to the Eighth Circuit’s analysis in Knudsen v. I.R.S. about
calculating the allocation a debtor’s tax liability between non-priority and priority
claims under §1232’s predecessor 

. They maintain that
the court’s analysis where the statute was silent about the allocation of tax liability
between non-priority and priority claims applies here to the issue of whether a court
may order disgorgement of pre-petition withholdings. Because of the statute’s
silence, the Knudsen court deemed it ambiguous and looked beyond its language.

Unlike the issue in Knudsen, disgorgement is not a matter of the
statute’s silence. The statute does not contemplate disgorgement in the first instance
and cannot be expanded to include it. Simply put, disgorgement is foreign to §1232.

       The Debtors also focus on In re Richards, 

(Bankr. S.D. Ind.
2020), which cited approvingly to the bankruptcy court’s analysis in this case. We
disagree with the bankruptcy court’s analysis in this first instance. Regardless,
Richards is distinguishable. The sale of property used in the Richards debtors’
farming operation took place post-petition. That case was decided in the context of
a claim objection, not plan confirmation or compelled disgorgement of pre-petition
withholdings. In fact, the confirmed plan in Richards addressed the exclusive means
of post-petition payment of the taxing authority’s claims from plan payments and
other sources and prohibited the application of payment advocated by the taxing
authority. To the extent the Debtors cite to a companion case, In re Richards, 

(Bankr. S.D. Ind. 2020), which also involved a post-petition sale, a claim
objection, and a confirmed plan that prohibited the application of payment, that
Richards case is also not helpful to the Debtors because the court refused to order
turnover of a refund to the Debtors.



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       The bankruptcy court based its opinion on the policy behind §1232, including
its legislative history. It then applied that legislative history to expand the nature
and purpose of the statute to permit a return of a refund reflected on a “pro forma”
tax return. We see no reason to have done so. “The task of resolving the dispute
over the meaning of” §1232 “begins where all such inquiries must begin: with the
language of the statute itself. In this case it is also where the inquiry should end, for
where, as here, the statute's language is plain, ‘the sole function of the courts is to
enforce it according to its terms.’ ” Ron Pair Enterprises, 

(internal citation and quotation marks omitted).

                              CONCLUSION
     For the reasons stated, we reverse the decision to confirm the Debtors’
Chapter 12 plan.
                      ___________________________




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