Fred Flam and Patrick F. Bright, Flam & Flam, Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiff-appellant.

Stephen W. Berger, Newport Beach, Cal., argued, for defendants-appellees; Alan A. Plaia, Newport Beach, Cal., on brief.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

Before WALLACE and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges, and PALMIERI,* District Judge.

Appellant Mollura brought suit for infringement of his patented plastic bag1 that he has marketed as a waterbed. At the conclusion of Mollura's case, the district court considered the evidence, including expert testimony, and dismissed the action, concluding that the patent was invalid for obviousness. We agree with this conclusion and affirm the district court.

Appellant's product is formed from three pieces of sheet material, one large and two small rectangular pieces. The large piece is rolled into a tube and at the point where the two ends of the large sheet come together, they are overlapped and heat welded to form a lap seam.2 The tube is then capped by the two end pieces and the corners are shaped to make the tube more rectangular. The ends of the tube are bent inwardly and are heat welded to the end pieces.

Appellees' product is formed from two large rectangular sheets of plastic of identical size and one long narrow strip of plastic. The strip is formed into a rectangle slightly smaller than the two large sheets and the ends are lap welded together. This forms a side panel that extends around the periphery of the mattress. The two large sheets are then attached to this rectangular strip one on top and one on bottom. The edges are bent into the plane of the strip where they are lap welded to the strip around the perimeter of the bed.

The district court concluded that the patent was invalid for obviousness after finding:

14. That design and structure of plaintiff's product is, and would have been, at all times, obvious to one skilled in the art and has no novelty now or at the time of its alleged invention.

The court also found that none of appellees' products forms a tube, nor do their products perform the same or equivalent functions as the components of appellant's product, concluding that no infringement, either of the product or the method of manufacture, had been proven.

The issues before us on appeal are whether the district court's findings support the conclusion of invalidity and whether the proper legal standards were applied.3 The legal question of obviousness must be determined by inquiry into three relevant facts: "the scope and content of the prior art," the "differences between the prior art and the claims at issue" and "the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art." Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 17, 86 S. Ct. 684, 694, 15 L. Ed. 2d 545 (1966).

The simplicity of the case enables us to affirm the judgment that the patent was invalid for obviousness despite the somewhat meager findings of fact. We repeat the suggestion recently stated in Satco, Inc. v. Transequip, Inc., 594 F.2d 1318, 1322 (9th Cir. 1979):

The Graham analysis represents a practical approach for courts in developing a factual background for determining patentability. . . . (T)he Supreme Court has insisted upon strict observance of that approach in order to achieve "that uniformity and definiteness (in patentability decisions) which Congress called for (in enacting section 103)." Graham v. John Deere & Co. (sic) . . . . We further suggest that trial courts may make our task on review easier and more precise by fully articulating findings under the Graham analysis in all cases presenting the obviousness issue.

Despite the absence of more detailed findings, we think that appropriate consideration was given to the relevant facts as defined by Graham. We believe, as did the Tenth Circuit in Sidewinder Marine, Inc. v. Starbuck Kustom Boats and Products, Inc., 597 F.2d 201, 209 (10th Cir. 1979), "that the trial judge's findings in . . . this case do afford an adequate basis for us to see that the Graham inquiries were considered and substantially answered." The Sidewinder court explained:

We do not feel that explicit findings in the exact terms of the Graham criteria are required, "(s)o long as it is clear that the court has grappled with the problems presented," and its findings are "sufficient to provide (us) with a clear understanding of the . . . court's reasons so as to present an adequate review." Price v. Lake Sales Supply R. M., Inc., 510 F.2d 388, 391 (10th Cir.).

Although the district court judge refused to admit much of the plaintiff's evidence on the prior state of the art of Manufacture, he admitted what little evidence was offered on the prior state of the art of the Product, plastic bags. From this evidence, he concluded:

But that you take a tube and you put two pieces on the end to contain water is no invention. And the fact that you do it by lap welds is no invention.

We agree with this conclusion. There is no inventive genius in putting water into a container that does not leak.

The findings of fact cannot be deemed clearly erroneous under Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a) (see Penn International Industries v. Pennington Corporation, 583 F.2d 1078, 1082 (9th Cir. 1978)), and there is no occasion to invoke the broader rule of patent cases that the appellate courts are not bound by any previous findings of fact in making the ultimate determination of obviousness.

Affirmed.