Gregory B. La Rue, a state prisoner at the Correctional Training Facility, Soledad, California, appeals the district court's denial of his habeas corpus petition filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254. La Rue contests the validity of his conviction for second degree felony murder, which rested upon the offense of felony child abuse. He argues that recent decisions of the California Supreme Court and Court of Appeal, which preclude a conviction for felony murder when the underlying offense is child abuse, require his release. La Rue asserts that the failure to apply these decisions retroactively to his conviction violates the equal protection and due process clauses of the fourteenth amendment.

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2253, and we affirm.I

In 1980, a jury convicted La Rue of second degree felony murder in violation of California Penal Code Sec. 187. The underlying offense charged was felony child abuse. The victim, two-year-old Cherise, either was placed or voluntarily climbed into a bathtub of scalding water, where she received severe burns and suffered respiratory arrest. Allegedly in an effort to revive her, La Rue tied a sock around her neck so that he might massage her throat. Cherise died several days later. The cause of death was brain damage due to oxygen starvation and a severe infection arising from her burns.

La Rue appealed his conviction, which the California Court of Appeal affirmed in 1981. In 1984, after his conviction had become final, the California Supreme Court held in another case that a person could not be convicted of murder by application of the felony murder rule when the underlying offense charged is assaultive child abuse. See People v. Smith, 35 Cal. 3d 798, 678 P.2d 886, 201 Cal. Rptr. 311 (1984). In 1985, a California Court of Appeal extended this prohibition to all forms of child abuse. See People v. Benway, 164 Cal. App. 3d 505, 210 Cal. Rptr. 530 (1985).

After Smith and Benway were decided, La Rue filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the California Court of Appeal. He contended that under the Smith and Benway cases, he should not have been convicted of murder because the underlying offense could not serve as the predicate felony for his felony murder conviction. The California Court of Appeal denied the petition and the California Supreme Court denied a petition for review. La Rue then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the California Supreme Court. Again he alleged that under Smith and Benway he was not guilty of felony murder and the failure of the state to grant his petition denied him due process. The California Supreme Court denied this petition by a "postcard denial" without opinion. La Rue then filed this petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court. The district court concluded that La Rue's retroactivity argument failed for two reasons. First, the California Supreme Court already had rejected this argument on the merits. Second, because it was possible that La Rue committed a non-assaultive child abuse, the decisions La Rue cited in support of his position could not be relied upon. The district court denied the petition and this appeal followed.

We review de novo a district court's denial of a petition for writ of habeas corpus. Kim v. Villalobos, 799 F.2d 1317, 1319 (9th Cir.1986).

La Rue's appeal turns on whether the Smith and Benway cases, decided after his conviction became final, apply retroactively to his case. Our review is limited to the federal constitutional issues. 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254(a). A discussion of the state law background, however, is essential to an understanding of the federal claims.

In holding a person cannot be convicted of murder under the felony murder rule when the underlying felony is assaultive child abuse, the California Supreme Court in People v. Smith applied the so-called merger doctrine, which prohibits giving a felony murder instruction when the underlying felony is "an integral part of the homicide." Smith, 35 Cal. 3d at 803-04, 678 P.2d at 888-89, 201 Cal. Rptr. at 313-14 (discussing People v. Ireland, 70 Cal. 2d 522, 450 P.2d 580, 75 Cal. Rptr. 188 (1969)). A felony murder instruction, however, still may be given if the underlying offense, even though an integral part of the homicide, was committed with an independent felonious purpose. Id. 35 Cal.3d at 805, 678 P.2d at 890, 201 Cal.Rptr. at 315 (discussing People v. Burton, 6 Cal. 3d 375, 491 P.2d 793, 99 Cal. Rptr. 1 (1971)). According to Smith, because the purpose of the child abuse is the "very assault which resulted in death," id. 35 Cal.3d at 806, 678 P.2d at 890, 201 Cal. Rptr. at 315, there is no independent purpose for the underlying conduct. Id. at 806-07, 678 P.2d at 891, 201 Cal. Rptr. at 316. The Smith court concluded, therefore, that the merger doctrine bars a felony murder conviction when the underlying felony is assaultive child abuse. Id. at 807, 678 P.2d at 891, 201 Cal. Rptr. at 316.

By limiting the Smith holding to assaultive child abuse, the California Supreme Court left open the possibility that a non-assaultive (that is, negligent or passive) child abuse might support a felony murder instruction. See id. at 808 & n. 7, 678 P.2d at 892 & n. 7, 201 Cal. Rptr. at 317 & n. 7. Indeed, the Smith court distinguished the Shockley case, an earlier California Court of Appeal decision upholding a felony murder instruction given when the child victim's death arose from malnutrition and dehydration. Id. (distinguishing People v. Shockley, 79 Cal. App. 3d 669, 145 Cal. Rptr. 200 (1978)). The later Benway California Court of Appeal decision repudiated Shockley and extended the Smith rationale to all forms of child abuse. See Benway, 164 Cal. App. 3d at 512, 210 Cal.Rptr. at 534 (1985).

La Rue argues that the Benway decision invalidates the earlier Shockley case and, consequently, the district court erred in finding Shockley was the controlling precedent.1 We need not decide whether the district court erred in applying Shockley. As we explain infra, the California Supreme Court has foreclosed the issue by deciding not to apply Smith and Benway retroactively.

La Rue argues that Smith and Benway must be applied retroactively to his case under the holding of the California Supreme Court in People v. Mutch, 4 Cal. 3d 389, 482 P.2d 633, 93 Cal. Rptr. 721 (1971). Mutch established that a defendant is entitled to habeas corpus relief under state law if it appears that his conviction rested on a statute later construed not to prohibit the conduct that was the basis for his conviction. La Rue contends that by the Mutch decision, California has established a rule of retroactivity which applies to his case; that the rule must be applied even-handedly, and that to deny him the retroactive benefit of the Smith and Benway decisions is to deny him equal protection of the law.

While we agree that once a state has established a rule it must be applied even-handedly, Johnson v. Arizona, 462 F.2d 1352, 1354 (9th Cir.1972), La Rue has not cited any instance in which California has applied Smith or Benway retroactively. On the contrary, in Northrop v. Alexander, 642 F. Supp. 324 (N.D.Cal.1986), a case substantially similar to La Rue's, the California Supreme Court refused to give retroactive effect to Smith and the district court denied the prisoner's petition for a writ of habeas corpus. In Northrop, the petitioner had been convicted of violating California Penal Code Sec. 273a(1), felony child endangering. That conviction also served as the underlying felony for the petitioner's conviction of felony murder. Northrop claimed in her petition for habeas corpus that it was unfair, and a violation of the equal protection clause, for the California Supreme Court to give the defendant Smith the benefit of the new felony murder rule in his case while denying the benefit to her in her case. As the court in Northrop stated, however, the refusal by the California Supreme Court to apply the Smith rule retroactively might be unfair, but it is not unconstitutional. Northrop, 642 F. Supp. at 329. "The retroactivity of a state change of law is a state question and 'the federal Constitution has no voice upon the subject.' " Id. at 327 (quoting Great Northern Railway Co. v. Sunburst Oil & Refining Co., 287 U.S. 358, 364, 53 S. Ct. 145, 148, 77 L. Ed. 360 (1932)); see also Wainwright v. Stone, 414 U.S. 21, 94 S. Ct. 190, 38 L. Ed. 2d 179 (1973) (per curiam) (United States Supreme Court declined to order that a state constitutional ruling be applied retroactively after the state refused to do so).

While it is clear that the California Supreme Court can refuse to apply Smith and Benway retroactively to La Rue's case without violating his rights under the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment, the question remains whether the Supreme Court of California has made this decision. That court's postcard denial of La Rue's petition for a writ of habeas corpus was a summary denial without opinion.

In Harris v. Superior Court, 500 F.2d 1124 (9th Cir.1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 973, 95 S. Ct. 1394, 43 L. Ed. 2d 652 (1975), this court conducted a careful review of the California Supreme Court's practice of denying habeas corpus petitions without opinion. We found that whatever confusion might earlier have existed, since 1969 the state supreme court has invariably noted on its denials of habeas corpus petitions the procedural grounds on which it refuses relief. Id. at 1127-28. We concluded that there is "now no reason to suppose that a postcard denial without opinion is indicative of anything but a decision on the merits of the petition, except where a citation in the order tells us so." Id. at 1128.2 This rule has been applied consistently in this circuit. See, e.g., Kim v. Villalobos, 799 F.2d 1317, 1319 (9th Cir.1986); McQuown v. McCartney, 795 F.2d 807, 809 (9th Cir.1986). We find nothing to suggest that the practice of the California Supreme Court has changed since our decision in Harris. Accordingly, we hold that the California Supreme Court's postcard denial of La Rue's petition for writ of habeas corpus was a decision on the merits. The gravamen of La Rue's petition for a writ of habeas corpus was that the Smith and Benway cases should be applied retroactively to his case. The rejection of La Rue's petition on its merits by the California Supreme Court was a decision not to apply Smith and Benway retroactively, a decision which as we have previously stated did not violate the equal protection clause of the Constitution.

La Rue's final argument is that the state court's decision not to apply Smith and Benway retroactively violates his due process rights. As we have stated in response to La Rue's equal protection claim, however, the decision of a state court to make a ruling retroactive, prospective only, or permit limited retroactivity raises no federal constitutional issue in the context of this case. Wainwright v. Stone, 414 U.S. 21, 24, 94 S. Ct. 190, 193, 38 L. Ed. 2d 179 (1973) (per curiam).

AFFIRMED.