On December 27, 1988 Robert Usher was injured while working as a longshoreman aboard the M/V Yuhoh (now the M/V "OCEAN WAVE"). On November 12, 1991, two years and eleven months later, Robert Usher and his wife Kristi filed this action in rem against the OCEAN WAVE seeking damages for Robert's physical injuries and Kristi's loss of consortium. The district court dismissed both claims as barred by laches and Kristi's claim on the additional ground there was no maritime lien and therefore no in rem jurisdiction for a claim of loss of consortium, 835 F. Supp. 1220. The Ushers argue the court erred in (1) applying the doctrine of laches rather than the three-year limitations provided in 46 App.U.S.C. Sec. 763a and in (2) concluding it had no in rem jurisdiction over Kristi Usher's maritime claim for loss of consortium. We reverse and remand.

Before 1980, there was no uniform statute of limitations for maritime claims. Claims for personal injuries at sea were governed by the three-year period provided in the Jones Act, 46 App.U.S.C. Sec. 688. Claims for death on the high seas, whether in personam or in rem, were governed by the two-year period provided in former 46 U.S.C. Sec. 763.1 Other claims, including claims for injuries occurring within state territorial waters, were governed by the equitable doctrine of laches. King v. Alaska Steamship Company, 431 F.2d 994, 996 (9th Cir.1970). In 1980, Congress adopted Sec. 763a, providing a uniform three-year statute of limitations for maritime personal injury and wrongful death claims. The district court concluded, and OCEAN WAVE argues, Section 763a was intended to apply only to in personam actions and the timeliness of in rem actions is still to be determined by application of the doctrine of laches.

"A court's objective when interpreting a federal statute is to ascertain the intent of Congress and to give effect to legislative will." Turner v. McMahon, 830 F.2d 1003, 1007 (9th Cir.1987) (citations and internal quotations omitted). The language and legislative history of Section 763a indicate Congress intended the three-year limitations period established by that section to apply to all maritime personal injury claims, including in rem actions previously governed by the doctrine of laches.

The words of Section 763a are general. They draw no distinction between suits in personam and in rem:

Unless otherwise specified by law, a suit for recovery of damages for personal injury or death, or both, arising out of a maritime tort, shall not be maintained unless commenced within three years from the date the cause of action accrued.

46 App.U.S.C. Sec. 763a.

The legislative history affirms Congress's intention to establish a uniform period of limitations for all suits on maritime torts,2 and to end reliance on the doctrine of laches.3 "The stated intent of the legislation is to provide a uniform statute of limitations period for all maritime torts. In particular, Congress was concerned with eliminating the uncertainty caused by reliance upon the doctrine of laches to set the time limit for bringing the suit ..." Friel v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 751 F.2d 1037, 1038 (9th Cir.1985) (citation omitted) (emphasis in original). Sponsors of the legislation in both the House and the Senate identified applications of the "indefinite common law" doctrine of laches to some personal injury claims as the source of the uncertainty, inconsistency and unpredictability leading to forum shopping and presentation of stale claims which the uniform statute of limitations was designed to eliminate. 123 Cong.Rec. 2591-92 (Feb. 11, 1980), (statements by Rep. Murphy and Rep. Dorman); Cong.Rec. 526,884 (1980) (statement by Senator Cannon). Excepting in rem proceedings from the uniform statute of limitations would have perpetuated the problem the statute was expressly changed to eliminate.

It follows that the Ushers' personal injury claims are not subject to the doctrine of laches, but rather to the three-year limitations period established by Section 763a. The authorities on which OCEAN WAVE relies are not to the contrary. Induron Corp. v. M/V. Aigianis, 1990 A.M.C. 1398, 1989 WL 225023 (D. N.J.), was not a personal injury action. Trivizas v. Tanjong Shipping Co., 1982 A.M.C. 2520 (S.D.N.Y.1982), was brought before Sec. 763a was passed.

In Sea-Land Svcs. v. Gaudet, 414 U.S. 573, 94 S. Ct. 806, 39 L. Ed. 2d 9 (1974), the Supreme Court held the right to bring a maritime action for wrongful death under Moragne v. States Marine Lines, 398 U.S. 375, 90 S. Ct. 1772, 26 L. Ed. 2d 339 (1970), see G. Gilmore & C. Black, The Law of Admiralty, Sec. 9-20 n. 95 ("No doubt the action for wrongful death under the general maritime law created by [Moragne] carries lien status."), encompasses the right of a decedent's widow to recover for loss of consortium, and the Fifth Circuit has treated as within its in rem jurisdiction actions brought under Gaudet. See Sincere Navigation Corp. v. United States, 547 F.2d 255 (5th Cir.1977) (No suggestion of problem with in rem jurisdiction over claim for loss of consortium in wrongful death action); Matter of S/S Helena, 529 F.2d 744 (5th Cir.1976) (same).

Recognition of a lien for claims under Gaudet is consistent with this court's statement that " '[t]he only liens recognized today are those created by statute and those historically recognized in maritime law.' " Melwire Trading Co. v. M/V Cape Antibes, 811 F.2d 1271, 1273 (9th Cir.) (citations omitted), amended on other grounds, 830 F.2d 1083 (9th Cir.1987). Courts have long recognized liens in connection with maritime personal injury claims generally, The Anaces, 93 F. 240 (4th Cir.1899); The Christobal Colon, 44 F. 803, 804 (E.D.La.1890); The General De Sonis, 179 F. 123, 126 (W.D.Wash.1910); Gilmore & Black at Sec. 9-20 n. 95, and Gaudet makes clear a claim for loss of consortium due to wrongful death fits squarely within the category of maritime personal injury claims.

In American Export Lines v. Alvez, 446 U.S. 274, 276, 100 S. Ct. 1673, 1674, 64 L. Ed. 2d 284 (1980), the Supreme Court extended the right of recovery for loss of consortium to the wife of a longshoreman who was injured but not killed, and the Fifth Circuit has recognized the existence of a maritime lien for such claims. See Mallard v. Aluminum Co. of Canada, 634 F.2d 236, 239 n. 2 (5th Cir.1981) (Reversing dismissal of in rem action for loss of consortium under Alvez ). Allowing a lien for claims under Alvez is appropriate for the same reasons allowing a lien for claims under Gaudet is appropriate. Both claims are for compensation for physical injuries, and the right to such compensation has long been protected by a lien under general maritime law.

Denying such a lien would be contrary to the premise of Alvez that claims for loss of consortium arising out of fatal and non-fatal injuries are to be treated equally under maritime law. In recognizing a cause of action for loss of consortium based on non-fatal injuries, the Court pointed out that general maritime law provides the basis for recovery for both personal injury and wrongful death, and concluded "there is no apparent reason to differentiate between fatal and nonfatal injuries in authorizing the recovery of damages." 446 U.S. at 281, 100 S.Ct. at 1677.4 Similarly, since maritime law provides a lien to protect a widow's right under maritime law to recover for loss of consortium due to the wrongful death of her husband, there is no apparent justification for denying the same protection for loss of consortium due to injuries not resulting in death.

Melwire Trading Co. and Hunley v. Ace Maritime Corp., 927 F.2d 493 (1991), are not to the contrary. Melwire Trading Co. merely refused to recognize a lien for breach of a shipping contract where the breach caused no physical damages to the cargo. 811 F.2d at 1274. Robert Usher, in contrast, suffered physical injuries historically recognized as a basis for recovery under maritime law. Similarly, Hunley refused to extend the lien to a claim for punitive damages on the ground that the lien "is only as security for actual damages for the wrong done, for which the ship herself is bound to make compensation." 927 F.2d at 496 (quoting The William H. Bailey, 103 F. 799 (D.Conn.1900), aff'd, 111 F. 1006 (2d Cir.1901)). Kristi Usher, in contrast, claims compensation for actual damage she suffered--loss of consortium--due to the injuries suffered by Robert Usher.

OCEAN WAVE suggests the Fifth Circuit's statement in Overstreet v. Water Vessel Norkong, 706 F.2d 641 (5th Cir.1983), that "[w]e are urged to expand an ancient remedy to accommodate a new right." Id. at 642, implies the lien should not be recognized for claims under Alvez. However, Overstreet addressed only whether the wife of an injured seaman could intervene in an action against the vessel. In affirming the denial of the wife's motion to intervene, the court specifically left open whether a maritime lien was available in connection with her claim for loss of consortium. Id. at 645.

We recognize that a maritime lien is an extraordinary remedy which should be allowed sparingly because it "is not a matter of public record." Melwire Trading Co., 811 F.2d at 1274, and attaches to the vessel without notice. However, this is a characteristic of all maritime liens. Secrecy alone does not justify allowing the remedy for some types of maritime personal injury claims but not for others that are indistinguishable by reason or authority.