These three cases involve the common issue of whether the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), Pub.L. No. 104-134, Title I, § 101(a) [Title VIII, § 802(a) ], 110 Stat. 1321-66, codified at 18 U.S.C. § 3626, applies retroactively to limit the compensation of special masters appointed before the PLRA's effective date.1 In each of these cases, petitioners seek a writ of mandamus commanding the district court to vacate its order holding, in substance, that § 802 does not apply retroactively to a special master appointed before the PLRA's effective date.

The compensation to be allowed to a special master under this section shall be based on an hourly rate not greater than the hourly rate established under section 3006A for payment of court-appointed counsel, plus costs reasonably incurred by the special master. Such compensation and costs shall be paid with funds appropriated to the Judiciary.

18 U.S.C. § 3626(f)(4).2 In these cases, the special masters' compensation is paid by petitioners and range from $90.00 to $250.00 per hour. The parties agree that the hourly rate established under 18 U.S.C. § 3006A is $75.00.3 Thus, the remedy petitioners seek is to limit the special masters' compensation to $75.00 per hour and for such compensation to be paid by the courts, rather than petitioners.

Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy limited to "exceptional circumstances." Will v. United States, 389 U.S. 90, 95, 88 S. Ct. 269, 273-74, 19 L. Ed. 2d 305 (1967). We have long applied a stringent five-factor test to determine whether such exceptional circumstances are present. Petitioners must show: (1) They have no other adequate means to attain the relief they seek; (2) They will be damaged or prejudiced in a way not correctible on appeal; (3) The district courts' orders were clearly erroneous as a matter of law; (4) The orders are oft-repeated errors, manifesting persistent disregard for federal rules; and (5) The orders raise new and important problems or issues of law of first impression. Bauman v. United States Dist. Court, 557 F.2d 650, 654-55 (9th Cir.1977).

While no single factor is determinative and all five factors need not be satisfied, "it is clear that the third factor, the existence of clear error as a matter of law, is dispositive." Executive Software N. Am., Inc. v. United States Dist. Court, 24 F.3d 1545, 1551 (9th Cir.1994) (citations omitted). However, we will not grant mandamus relief "simply because a district court commits an error, even one that would ultimately require reversal on appeal." King v. United States Dist. Court, 16 F.3d 992, 993 (9th Cir.1994)(Reinhardt, J., concurring). As we have said many times, the error must be "clear." E.g., Executive Software, 24 F.3d at 1551; King, 16 F.3d at 993; Washington Pub. Util. Group v. United States Dist. Court, 843 F.2d 319, 325 (9th Cir.1987).

Although a number of other courts have confronted the issue of the retroactivity of other provisions of the PLRA, there is no published precedent from any court other than respondent courts on the retroactive application of the special master provision. In reviewing § 3626(f)(4) and its legislative history under the retroactivity analysis of Landgraf v. USI Film Prod., 511 U.S. 244, ----, 114 S. Ct. 1483, 1505, 128 L. Ed. 2d 229 (1994), we cannot say that the district courts' conclusion of non-retroactive application is clearly erroneous. Moreover, we are not convinced that the error petitioners contend the respondent courts have committed cannot be corrected on appeal if, indeed, error has been committed.

For the foregoing reasons, the petitions are DENIED.