On November 9, 1999, the United States filed a complaint for civil forfeiture of currency seized from the residence of appellants Alexandra Sandoval and Ramon Rios Milanez. See 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6). On January 25, 2001, the district court granted the government's motion for summary judgment, rejecting appellants' claims to the property. Sandoval and Rios contend that this case should be remanded for reconsideration of the government's summary judgment motion under the heightened burden of proof established by the Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act of 2000 (CAFRA). We hold that CAFRA's heightened burden of proof applies to those judicial forfeiture proceedings in which the government files its complaint for civil forfeiture on or after CAFRA's effective date, which is August 23, 2000. Because the government filed its complaint in this case prior to August 23, 2000, the heightened burden of proof does not apply. Accordingly, we reject appellants' contention.1

Prior to the enactment of CAFRA, the allocation of the burden of proof in civil judicial forfeiture proceedings tilted heavily in the government's favor. The government bore the minimal burden of demonstrating probable cause for instituting the forfeiture proceeding. See 19 U.S.C. § 1615; United States v. $191,910.00 in U.S. Currency, 16 F.3d 1051, 1066 (9th Cir.1994). Once probable cause was established, the burden of proof shifted to the property owner (the claimant), who could avoid forfeiture only by establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the property was not subject to forfeiture. See $191,910.00 in U.S. Currency, 16 F.3d at 1069.

In response to widespread criticism of this regime, see United States v. Real Property in Section 9, 241 F.3d 796, 799 (6th Cir.2001), Congress enacted CAFRA. Pub.L. No. 106-185, 114 Stat. 202 (2000) (codified principally at 18 U.S.C. § 983). CAFRA transferred the burden of proof from the claimant to the government and required the government to establish forfeiture by a preponderance of the evidence rather than by the lower probable cause standard:

In a suit or action brought under any civil forfeiture statute for the civil forfeiture of any property (1) the burden of proof is on the Government to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the property is subject to forfeiture....

In section 21 of the Act, Congress provided that CAFRA would apply, with one exception not applicable here, only to forfeiture proceedings commenced on or after the Act's effective date:

Except as provided in section 14(c), this Act and the amendments made by this Act shall apply to any forfeiture proceeding commenced on or after the date that is 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act.

Pub.L. No. 106-185, § 21, 114 Stat. at 225 (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1324 (note)). Because CAFRA was enacted on April 25, 2000, this effective date is August 23, 2000.

Relying on the Sixth Circuit's decision in Real Property in Section 9, Sandoval and Rios contend that CAFRA's burden of proof provision applies retroactively to this case, which was pending in the district court on CAFRA's effective date. Invoking the general rule that "a court is to apply the law in effect at the time it renders its decision," Bradley v. School Bd. of Richmond, 416 U.S. 696, 711, 94 S. Ct. 2006, 40 L. Ed. 2d 476 (1974), they assert that the district court erred by applying the pre-CAFRA burden of proof and request that we remand this matter to the district court for a determination of whether the government's motion for summary judgment should be granted under CAFRA's heightened burden of proof.

The question presented is whether CAFRA's heightened burden of proof has retroactive effect such that it applies to cases that were pending at the time of CAFRA's effective date. We hold that it does not.

When deciding whether a statutory provision applies retroactively to pending cases, we look to the text and legislative history of the provision to determine if Congress has manifested a clear intent regarding the scope of a law's applicability. Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 261-63, 114 S. Ct. 1483, 128 L. Ed. 2d 229 (1994). If Congress' intent regarding the scope of the new provision's application is clear, it governs. Id. at 264, 280, 114 S. Ct. 1483; Kaiser Aluminum & Chem. Corp. v. Bonjorno, 494 U.S. 827, 837, 110 S. Ct. 1570, 108 L. Ed. 2d 842 (1990).

Here, Congress has dictated in section 21 that CAFRA's heightened burden of proof applies only to a "forfeiture proceeding commenced" on or after the statute's effective date, which is August 23, 2000. A judicial forfeiture proceeding is commenced when the government files a civil complaint. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 3 ("A civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court."). A case is pending on a statute's effective date if the case was filed before the effective date. Thus, by stating that CAFRA applies only to judicial forfeiture proceedings filed on or after the statute's effective date, Congress manifested its clear intent not to apply CAFRA to pending cases.3

This conclusion is buttressed by the legislative history. As it passed the House originally, the bill would have applied the heightened burden of proof retroactively to cases pending on the statute's effective date. That version of the legislation stated that the heightened burden of proof applied to all "cases pending on the date of" enactment. H.R. 1658, 106th Cong., 1st Sess., § 6(b)(1) (1999), reprinted in 145 Cong. Rec. H4858, H4878 (June 24, 1999) (emphasis added). The absence of comparable language in the final Act "cannot realistically be attributed to oversight or to unawareness of the retroactivity issue." Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 256, 114 S. Ct. 1483. "Rather, it seems likely that one of the compromises that made it possible to enact the [final] version was an agreement not to include the kind of explicit retroactivity command found in" the earlier version. Id.4

We therefore hold that Congress manifested a clear intent to apply CAFRA's heightened burden of proof only to judicial forfeiture proceedings in which the government's complaint was filed on or after August 23, 2000. Congress did not intend to apply the new law to cases filed before but pending on the effective date. Because congressional intent is clear, we need not resort to "judicial default rules" to determine the retroactive scope of the legislation. See id. at 280, 114 S. Ct. 1483. Because we disagree with the Sixth Circuit's conclusion that Congress did not offer clear instruction on the scope of CAFRA's reach, we decline to follow its contrary holding that the heightened governmental burden applies to pending cases. See Real Property in Section 9, 241 F.3d at 798-800.5

Our holding is limited to the applicability of CAFRA to judicial forfeiture proceedings. We offer no opinion on when other forfeiture proceedings referred to and governed by CAFRA—see, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 983(e)(2)(B), (e)(2)(B)(i) (referring to the commencement of nonjudicial forfeiture proceedings); id. § 983(a)(3)(C) (referring to the commencement of criminal forfeiture proceedings) — "commence[ ]" for the purposes of CAFRA's applicability under section 21.6

The government commenced this judicial forfeiture proceeding when it filed its civil complaint on November 9, 1999, some nine months before the effective date of CAFRA. Accordingly, CAFRA's heightened burden of proof does not apply to this proceeding, including further proceedings on remand with respect to Sandoval's claim to a portion of the currency. We therefore affirm the district court's application of the pre-CAFRA burden of proof.

AFFIRMED.