Based primarily on a fear of future religious persecution in her native country of Romania, the petitioner, Violeta Circu, applied for asylum and other relief here in the United States. The immigration judge ("IJ") held a hearing on the matter, where the U.S. State Department's 1997 Romania Country Report on Human Rights Practices ("1997 Report") and 1997 Profile of Asylum Claims and Country Conditions for Romania were admitted into evidence. Two years after the hearing, however, the IJ, relying on a 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices ("1999 Report") published by the State Department nineteen months after the matter was argued and submitted, denied Circu's petition. Circu did not receive notice that the IJ intended to take administrative notice of the 1999 Report and was not afforded an opportunity to respond to its contents before the IJ issued her decision. The Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") summarily denied Circu's appeal, in which she requested an opportunity to counter the 1999 Report. She then sought review in this court, citing our decision in Getachew v. INS, which held that due process requires "both notice to the applicant that administrative notice will be taken and an opportunity to rebut extra-record facts or to show cause why administrative notice should not be taken of those facts." 25 F.3d 841, 846 (9th Cir.1994) (emphasis in original). We grant the petition for review because the BIA did not correct the IJ's procedural due process violation.

The underlying facts are not disputed. Circu is a native and citizen of Romania, where Romanian Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion. Circu and her family are Pentecostal Christians. On November 2, 1994, she entered the United States as a nonimmigrant visitor for pleasure and was authorized to remain here until November 1, 1995. On March 27, 1996, the Immigration and Naturalization Service ("INS," now the Department of Homeland Security) charged that Circu was subject to deportation for overstaying her visa under 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(1)(B) (currently, 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B)). Conceding deportability, Circu applied for asylum based primarily on religious persecution.

A staggered two-day deportation hearing was held before an IJ in March and July of 1998. Circu testified that the religious persecution of her family dates back to the 1950s, before she was born, when her grandfather was jailed and his house was seized because he was a founder of a Pentecostal religion in Romania. When she was four years old, her father was imprisoned for six months for trying to leave the country, and her family was forced to move to a different town and to live in barracks. Circu's healthy infant brother was taken from her family to a hospital where he later died of meningitis. Circu's mother suffered two miscarriages on account of persecution.1 Circu was denied admission to Romanian public universities on several occasions, despite having stellar test scores. Circu was summoned to the headquarters of the Romanian secret police where she was told that she would gain admission into a public university in exchange for sex. Circu was expelled from a private university after attempting to publish articles detailing atrocities committed by the Romanian government. The IJ found that Circu testified credibly.

In August 2000, more than two years after the conclusion of the hearing, the IJ filed an opinion denying Circu's petition for relief, but permitting her to voluntarily depart the United States. Although the IJ found that Circu "met her burden of proving that she suffered past persecution in her homeland during the Communist regime," entitling her to a presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution, the IJ found that the INS successfully rebutted this presumption with evidence of changed-country conditions. (emphasis in original). With regard to this finding, the IJ stated:

The January 1997 Profile of Country Conditions issued by the Department of State states that Pentecostals and other unregistered sects had a difficult time in Romania. See Exhibit 12. However, the 1999 Report indicates that open worship is now possible and is only marred occasionally by unsanctioned harassment by local officials. See Romania Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1999, dated February 25, 2000.

The 1997 Profile of Country Conditions was part of the administrative record. The 1999 Report, however, was released on February 23, 2000, nineteen months after the conclusion of the hearing, and was not part of the administrative record.

Circu appealed the IJ's decision to the BIA, arguing, inter alia, that the IJ erred in relying on documents not in the record to find that country conditions had changed in Romania. She requested a remand to the IJ for an opportunity to rebut the 1999 Report. The BIA summarily affirmed the IJ's decision without opinion.

Circu then petitioned this court for review. A divided panel of our court denied the petition. Circu v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 938, 941 (9th Cir.2004). We granted en banc review. Circu v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 622 (9th Cir.2005).

Where, as here, the BIA affirms the IJ's decision without opinion, we review the IJ's decision as the final agency action. Kebede v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 808, 809 (9th Cir.2004) (citing Falcon Carriche v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 845, 849 (9th Cir. 2003)). Although we generally review claims of due process violations in deportation proceedings de novo, e.g., Barraza Rivera v. INS, 913 F.2d 1443, 1448 (9th Cir.1990), "we review the procedures the Board uses to take administrative notice of facts not in the record for abuse of discretion." Getachew, 25 F.3d at 845.

The IJ's finding that Circu suffered past persecution entitled Circu to the legal presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution. Borja v. INS, 175 F.3d 732, 737 (9th Cir.1999) (en banc). The government may rebut this presumption by showing by a preponderance of the evidence that the conditions in Romania "have changed to such an extent that [Circu] no longer has a well-founded fear that she would be persecuted, should she return there." Id. at 738. The IJ determined that Circu's presumption of a well-founded fear had been rebutted by the 1999 Report.

Over a decade ago, we held that notice of intent to take administrative notice of events occurring after the hearing is all that is required if extra-record facts and questions are "`legislative, indisputable, and general.'" Getachew, 25 F.3d at 846 (quoting Castillo-Villagra v. INS, 972 F.2d 1017, 1029 (9th Cir.1992)). On the other hand, more "controversial or individualized facts require both notice to the [alien] that administrative notice will be taken and an opportunity to rebut the extra-record facts or to show cause why administrative notice should not be taken of those facts." Id. (emphasis in original); accord Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314, 70 S. Ct. 652, 94 L. Ed. 865 (1950) ("`The fundamental requisite of due process of law is the opportunity to be heard'" and "[t]his right to be heard has little reality or worth unless one is informed that the matter is pending and can choose for himself whether to . . . acquiesce or contest." (quoting Grannis v. Ordean, 234 U.S. 385, 394, 34 S. Ct. 779, 58 L. Ed. 1363 (1914))). Getachew relied on Castillo-Villagra, a case which explained that "[i]t is not necessary to warn that administrative notice will be taken of the fact that water runs downhill. Some propositions, however, may require that notice not be taken, or that warning be given, or that rebuttal evidence be allowed. The agency's discretion must be exercised in such a way as to be fair in the circumstances." Castillo-Villagra, 972 F.2d at 1028. As we held in Castillo-Villagra, an IJ may take administrative notice of a change of government, but where it is plausible that the change does not eliminate the danger to the individual petitioner, the IJ must give the petitioner an opportunity to be heard on the question of the individual impact. Id.

The 1999 Report contains extra-record facts that are "controversial." Getachew, 25 F.3d at 846. Accordingly, Circu was entitled both to notice of the IJ's intent to take administrative notice of the 1999 Report and an opportunity to respond to that report. This point is made clear in Getachew. There, the government asked the BIA to take notice of the fact that the Marxist government in the petitioner's native country fell two months after the deportation hearing before the IJ. Id. at 843-44. In concluding that the petitioner was entitled to notice of the BIA's intent to take administrative notice of this fact and an opportunity to rebut it, this court distinguished between "indisputable" facts and "controversial" facts. Id. at 846. The sole example given of an "indisputable" fact is a political party's victory in an election. Id. An example of a "controversial" fact is "whether the election has vitiated any previously well-founded fear of persecution." Id. The 1999 Report plainly falls into the latter category because the IJ's assertion that "open worship is now possible[in Romania] and is only marred occasionally by unsanctioned harassment by local officials" is based on her determination that the 1999 Report vitiates Circu's previously well-founded fear of persecution.

Neither of Getachew's requirements for taking administrative notice of disputable facts were met in this case. The government's argument that Circu was afforded notice of the IJ's intent to rely on the 1999 Report ignores the fact that Circu was not given notice prior to the IJ's taking administrative notice of the report. The only notice Circu received that the IJ would consider the 1999 Report was the IJ's opinion. This after-the-fact reference clearly fails to afford Circu warning that the IJ planned on taking administrative notice of the 1999 Report. See id. at 846. The 1999 Report did not even exist at the time of Circu's hearing before the IJ, and the IJ explicitly relied on that report, noting the possibility for open worship, which differed from the information provided in the 1997 Report.

Furthermore, Circu was never given the opportunity to counter the 1999 Report before the IJ relied on the statements made therein to find that conditions in Romania had changed to allow Circu's return without an objective fear of persecution.2 While establishing a due process violation always requires a showing of prejudice,3 Ramirez-Alejandre v. Ashcroft, 320 F.3d 858, 875 (9th Cir.2003) (en banc), Circu satisfied her burden here by showing that the IJ perceived significant differences between the evidence in the record and the improperly noticed 1999 Report, and that the IJ relied on those differences in rendering a decision.

The BIA compounded the error by failing to remand the matter to the IJ to afford Circu an opportunity to rebut the 1999 Report. The government misses the point by arguing that Circu had an adequate opportunity to respond to the 1999 Report in her appeal to the BIA. As noted, due process requires notice and an opportunity to respond before the IJ renders her decision. The appeal to the BIA did not afford the procedural means by which Circu could submit evidence to refute the points asserted in the 1999 Report. Id. at 865-66.

Accordingly, Circu asked the BIA to remand her case to the IJ so that she could present rebuttal evidence. Because the BIA summarily affirmed the IJ's decision—and consequently we review the IJ's decision as the agency's final decision—the denial of procedural due process requires that we remand the case to the BIA with directions that it remand the case for further proceedings before the IJ.4

For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is GRANTED and the matter is REMANDED with instructions that the BIA remand the matter to the IJ to provide Circu with an opportunity to respond to the 1999 Report.

      1997 Report                           1999 Report

The Constitution provides             The Constitution provides
  for religious freedom,                for religious freedom,
  and the Government generally          and the Government generally
  does not impede                       does not impede
  the observance of religious           the observance of religious
  belief. However,                      belief. However,
  several Protestant denominations,     several denominations
  Jehovah's                             continued to make credible
  Witnesses the most                    allegations that low-level
  prominent among them,                 government officials
  continued to make credible            and Romanian
  allegations that low-level            Orthodox clergy impeded
  government officials                  their efforts at proselytizing.
  and Romanian Orthodox                 The press reported
  clergy harassed them                  several instances
  and impeded their efforts             when adherents of minority
  at proselytizing and by               religions were
  worship. Under the provisions         prevented others from
  of 1948 and 1989                      practicing their faith, and
  decrees, the Government               local law enforcement authorities
  recognizes 15 religions;              did not protect
  only the clergy of these              them. . . . Under the provisions
  recognized religions are              of a 1948 decree,
  eligible to receive state             the Government recognizes
  financial support. The                14 religions; only
  State Secretariat for                 the clergy of these recognized
  Religious Affairs has licensed        religions are eligible
  385 other faiths,                     to receive state financial
  organizations, and foundations        support. . . . The
  as religious associations             Government requires religious
  register under                        groups to and establishes
  two 1924 laws on juridical            the criteria for
  entities, thereby order to            registration. In be recognized
  entitling them to juridical           as a religion,
  status as well as to exemptions       groups must register
  from income                           with the State Secretariat
  and customs taxes.                    for Religious Affairs
  However, religious associations       and present a list with
  may not build                         the names, age, identity
  churches or other buildings           card numbers, addresses,
  designated as houses                  and signatures of their
  of worship and are not                followers. . . . The Romanian
  permitted to perform                  Orthodox Church
  rites of baptism, marriage            has attacked the "aggressive
  or burial. . . . The                  proselytism" of
  Romanian Orthodox                     Protestant and neo-Protestant
  Church has attacked the               groups.
  "aggressive proselytism"
  of Protestant and neo-Protestant
  groups and

  harassed members of
  such religious minorities.