FOR PUBLICATION
  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
       FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

NANCY J. PANNEBECKER,                         
               Plaintiff-Appellant,                 No. 06-16654
                v.
                                                     D.C. No.
                                                   CV-01-00825-JAT
LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE
COMPANY OF BOSTON,                                    OPINION
              Defendant-Appellee.
                                              
         Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the District of Arizona
         James A. Teilborg, District Judge, Presiding

                    Argued and Submitted
           June 11, 2008—San Francisco, California

                     Filed September 18, 2008

   Before: M. Margaret McKeown and Ronald M. Gould,
  Circuit Judges, and George P. Schiavelli,* District Judge.

                   Opinion by Judge McKeown




   *The Honorable George P. Schiavelli, Central District of California, sit-
ting by designation.

                                  13177
         PANNEBECKER v. LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO.      13181


                         COUNSEL

Lisa Counters, Kevin Koelbel, Counters & Koelbel, P.C.,
Chandler, Arizona, for the plaintiff-appellant.

Michael E. Hensley, Eileen Dennis GilBride, Jones, Skelton
& Hochuli, P.L.C., Phoenix, Arizona, for the defendant-
appellee.


                         OPINION

McKEOWN, Circuit Judge:

   In 1996, coronary artery disease forced Nancy Pannebecker
to quit her lucrative job as a laboratory and department man-
ager for Hughes Electronics Corporation. Pannebecker began
receiving benefits under Hughes’s long-term disability plan
(“Plan”), which was governed by the Employee Retirement
Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”). After paying bene-
fits for over three years, Liberty Life Assurance Company of
Boston (“Liberty”), the Plan’s administrator, denied continued
benefits on the basis that Pannebecker could perform some
sedentary work and was therefore not “disabled” under the
terms of the Plan.

  Pannebecker challenged Liberty’s decision in federal court.
The district court held that Liberty failed to construe the
13182     PANNEBECKER v. LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO.
Plan’s terms correctly, and remanded for compliance with the
Plan and identification of specific sedentary occupations for
which Pannebecker was suited. On remand, Liberty again
concluded that Pannebecker was not disabled. The district
court upheld the decision and declined to award reinstatement
of benefits following the initial denial and during the remand
period.

   We agree with the district court’s determination that Panne-
becker is not “disabled” under the Plan because its terms do
not require Liberty to consider either salary remuneration or
station in life in making a benefits determination. We reverse,
however, the court’s decision to deny the reinstatement of
benefits, and remand with instructions for the court to rein-
state Pannebecker’s benefits for the period from Liberty’s ini-
tial denial in 2000 to its benefits determination in 2005. We
also remand for the district court to determine whether Panne-
becker is entitled to attorney’s fees with respect to the benefits
reinstatement.

                         BACKGROUND

   Pannebecker worked in a variety of technical, managerial,
and marketing roles related to the design and development of
large-scale computer processing systems. Most recently, she
worked as a laboratory and department manager at Hughes,
where her annual income was just over $100,000. In 1996,
after two cardiac bypass surgeries, she stopped working alto-
gether and sought disability benefits under Hughes’s long-
term plan.

   The Hughes Plan contains two different definitions of “dis-
ability,” depending on the relevant time frame for which a
claim is asserted. Under the “own occupation” benefit, an
employee who is “unable to perform all of the material and
substantial duties of his occupation on an Active Employment
basis because of an Injury or Sickness” is eligible for an ini-
tial 18-month benefit. Liberty advised Pannebecker that she
         PANNEBECKER v. LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO.      13183
qualified for continued disability benefits under this defini-
tion, but that the company would periodically request updated
information from her. Near the end of the 18-month period,
Liberty pulled Pannebecker’s file for audit and determined
that she still qualified for “own occupation” benefits.

  After the “own occupation” period ends, the Plan defines
a “disabled” person as one who is:

    unable to perform, with reasonable continuity, all of
    the material and substantial duties of his own or any
    other occupation for which he is or becomes reason-
    ably fitted by training, education, experience, age,
    and physical and mental capacity.

   Invoking this clause, in 2000, Liberty denied Pannebecker
continued benefits because she was no longer disabled. Lib-
erty provided a variety of reasons for its decision, including
Pannebecker’s responses to the Activities Questionnaire,
statements by her doctors, the results of video surveillance,
and the report of Dr. Conrad, a cardiologist, who determined
that there was “no objective evidence that the patient would
be unable to perform work involving sedentary activity.” Pan-
nebecker sought review of the denial of benefits, and Liberty
commissioned a follow-up review by Dr. Conrad, who con-
cluded that although Pannebecker’s ability to work might be
affected by angina and other symptoms of heart disease, there
was “no objective evidence . . . of a functional impairment
due to heart disease that would render her unable to perform
sedentary work.” Liberty denied Pannebecker’s request for
review.

  Pannebecker then filed a complaint in the district court
under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1). The court reviewed Liberty’s
decision de novo because an inherent conflict of interest
existed, as Liberty was the Plan’s administrator and insurer.
The court found that despite “ample evidence in support of
Defendant’s conclusion that Plaintiff was able to perform
13184      PANNEBECKER v. LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO.
some unnamed ‘sedentary’ job, more is needed to evaluate
Defendant’s decision.” Because Liberty had not offered any
specific sedentary position for which Pannebecker was rea-
sonably fitted by the Plan’s stated criteria, i.e., training, edu-
cation, experience, age, and physical and mental capacity,
Liberty “failed to make a reasonable inquiry into the type of
skills Plaintiff possesses and whether those skills may be used
at another job,” and “failed to properly apply the Plan provi-
sions.” The court remanded for Liberty to determine the types
of sedentary positions, if any, for which Pannebecker was rea-
sonably fitted based on the Plan’s criteria. In a separate order,
the court denied attorney’s fees.

   On remand, Liberty retained a vocational consultant, Jac-
queline Kurth, who concluded that, given Pannebecker’s
background, work history, and current physical capabilities,
she could perform a variety of sedentary occupations, such as
customer service representative, information clerk, reception-
ist, data entry keyer, and general office clerk. After Liberty
filed Kurth’s report with the district court, Pannebecker
retained Lisa Clapp, a vocational consultant, to perform an
employability assessment. In Clapp’s view, Pannebecker was
totally disabled. She criticized Kurth’s report because Kurth
failed to conduct labor market research and did not call local
employers to gauge their interest in someone like Panne-
becker. Kurth followed up with a second report in which she
reaffirmed that Pannebecker was reasonably fitted for several
sedentary occupations. Liberty then notified Pannebecker that
it declined to alter its benefits determination.

  Pannebecker moved for judgment under Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 52(c), and Liberty filed a motion for sum-
mary judgment.1 The district court, reviewing Liberty’s deci-
  1
   Liberty acknowledged to the district court that it should have moved
for judgment under Rule 52, and not summary judgment, because of the
existence of a genuine issue of material fact. On this basis, the court
denied Liberty’s motion.
            PANNEBECKER v. LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO.                 13185
sion de novo, upheld the denial of benefits. According to the
court, Pannebecker was not disabled under the terms of the
Plan because she was able to perform the duties of other occu-
pations that Kurth had identified as reasonably fitted to her by
virtue of her training, education, experience, age, and physical
and mental capacity. The court rejected Pannebecker’s claim
for retroactive benefits.

                         STANDARD OF REVIEW

   We review de novo the district court’s choice and applica-
tion of the standard of review to decisions by ERISA fidu-
ciaries, and we review for clear error its underlying findings
of fact. Abatie v. Alta Health & Life Ins. Co., 

,
962 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc). At the time of its ruling, the
district court did not have the benefit of Abatie, which clari-
fied the standard of review.2 Operating under the framework
of our previous precedent in Atwood v. Newmont Gold Co.,
Inc., 

(9th Cir. 1995), the court found that
because Liberty was both the Plan’s administrator and insurer,
an inherent conflict of interest existed. The court also con-
cluded that, because Pannebecker presented “material, proba-
tive evidence,” an inherent conflict of interest tainted
Liberty’s decision.3 Consequently, a presumption arose in
Pannebecker’s favor that Liberty failed to rebut.

  Atwood was overruled by an en banc panel of this court in
Abatie, which applied an abuse of discretion standard to
review decisions of a discretion-granting plan, even if the
administrator has a conflict of 

. The
  2
     In 2004, the district court conducted a conflict-of-interest analysis and
concluded that de novo review was appropriate under Atwood. When it
issued its Rule 52(c) judgment on August 16, 2006, it incorporated this
earlier conclusion. Abatie had been filed the previous day, and was not yet
widely circulated.
   3
     The “material, probative evidence” that Pannebecker presented was
that Liberty required “objective” evidence of her disability, even though
the Plan’s definition of “disability” did not mention such a requirement.
13186     PANNEBECKER v. LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO.
Plan here was a discretion-granting one, as it stated that Lib-
erty “shall possess the authority, in its sole discretion, to con-
strue the terms of this policy and to determine benefit
eligibility thereunder.” (emphasis added). See 

a plan that bestows on the administrator the sole “responsibil-
ity to interpret the terms of the plan and to determine eligibil-
ity for benefits” is a discretion-granting one).

   Abatie thus bound the district court to review Liberty’s
decision for abuse of discretion. In evaluating whether an
abuse of discretion occurred, the court should make “some-
thing akin to a credibility determination about the insurance
company’s or plan administrator’s reason for denying cover-
age[,]” and adjust its level of skepticism in proportion to its
evaluation of the conflict of interest. 

   Despite the “ships passing in the night” timing of the Aba-
tie decision, the district court’s evaluation of disability
resulted in no error. The court reviewed Liberty’s decision de
novo, which is a more rigorous standard than the “informed”
abuse of discretion review that Abatie requires. 

That the court affirmed Liberty’s denial without giving any
deference to Liberty’s decision makes it unlikely that on
remand, the court would find, under a standard friendlier to
Liberty, that Liberty abused its discretion. We do not read
Abatie or our cases interpreting it to require a different result.
See Saffon v. Wells Fargo & Co. Long Term Disability Plan,

, 868-69 (9th Cir. 2008) (explaining that courts
should discount deference based on conflicts of interest “to
overcome the ‘serious . . . danger of conflicted plan decision-
making’ ” (citation omitted)).

                            Analysis

   Pannebecker challenges Liberty’s benefits decision primar-
ily on the ground that Liberty failed to consider salary remu-
neration in finding that she was qualified for certain entry-
          PANNEBECKER v. LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO.        13187
level positions. She also disputes the court’s denial of retroac-
tive reinstatement of benefits and attorney’s fees.

I.   DISABILITY UNDER THE PLAN

   [1] We begin our evaluation of Liberty’s benefits denial
with the governing plan documents. See Metro. Life Ins. Co.
v. Parker, 

, 1113 (9th Cir. 2006). Liberty was
required to benchmark Pannebecker’s eligibility for benefits
against the Plan definition of “disabled,” i.e., “unable to per-
form, with reasonable continuity, all of the material and sub-
stantial duties of his own or any other occupation for which
he is or becomes reasonably fitted by training, education,
experience, age, and physical and mental capacity.” (emphasis
added). See Saffle v. Sierra Pac. Power Co. Bargaining Unit
Long Term Disability Income Plan, 

, 458 (9th Cir.
1996) (stating that a plan administrator “abuses its discretion
if it construes provisions of the plan in a way that ‘conflicts
with the plain language of the plan’ ” (citations omitted)).

   [2] The record supports Liberty’s conclusion that Panne-
becker was able to perform the duties of other occupations for
which she was reasonably fitted by the Plan’s stated criteria.
One of Pannebecker’s doctors noted in 2000 that she was
“doing well,” had been maintaining an active lifestyle, and
was subjectively asymptomatic. Pannebecker stated in her
Activities Questionnaire that she exercised a few times a
week, could sit indefinitely and stand for 15 minutes at a time,
went grocery shopping and did limited mall shopping. The
video surveillance depicted Pannebecker shopping, driving,
carrying purchased items, walking limited distances, and eat-
ing out with friends. Dr. Conrad concluded that Pannebecker
had “reasonably good functional capacity, with stable angina,
and is able to perform normal activities, including exercise.”
Kurth studied and discussed Pannebecker’s extensive medical
history, noting that despite suffering from severe angina in
2001, she recently reported feeling “absolutely great,” and
“like ‘a miracle.’ ” Kurth found that Pannebecker had trans-
13188       PANNEBECKER v. LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO.
ferable work skills that included the ability to coordinate oth-
ers, analyze and compute data, and present information in a
clear and articulate manner. Pannebecker felt that managing
people, working under deadlines, and meeting customer
expectations were “stressful” activities, so Kurth, balancing
these considerations, suggested a range of sedentary jobs,
from customer service representative, to information clerk,
receptionist, data entry keyer, and general office clerk, as
being within Pannebecker’s transferable work skills. This evi-
dence supports Liberty’s determination that Pannebecker was
reasonably fitted for some sedentary positions.4

   Although the Plan does not require Liberty to consider a
claimant’s current salary or station in life in making a disabil-
ity determination, Pannebecker asks us to import those quali-
fications into the Plan’s terms. We decline to do so.

   [3] As we observed in McKenzie v. General Telephone Co.
of California, the “language of the ‘any occupation’ standard
is not demanding.” 

, 1317 (9th Cir. 1994), over-
ruled on other grounds by 

n.2. The
plan in McKenzie provided that a person was “disabled” if he
was “completely unable to engage in any and every duty per-
taining to any occupation or employment for wage or profit
for which you are or become reasonably qualified by training,
education or experience.” 

n.2. We interpreted that
language to mean what it said: a claimant was not disabled if
he could perform any job for which he was qualified by train-
ing, education, or experience. See 

Here, the Plan’s
  4
   Pannebecker’s challenges to Kurth’s report do not alter this conclusion.
Although not extensive, Kurth’s mention of Pannebecker’s age and brief
discussion of her mental state and need to avoid stress indicate that these
considerations were not ignored. Similarly, Clapp’s criticisms and meth-
odology do not undermine Kurth’s report. The Plan’s definition of “dis-
ability” does not require Liberty to identify a specific employer for
Pannebecker. Nor is there any compelling evidence that the labor market
research performed by Clapp was preferable to Kurth’s transferable skills
analysis.
          PANNEBECKER v. LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO.        13189
“any other occupation” language similarly sets out the criteria
by which Liberty is to judge whether a claimant is disabled.
As in McKenzie, sufficient evidence showed that Pannebecker
could perform other occupations for which she was reason-
ably fitted by virtue of these criteria.

   Despite the broad reach of the Plan’s “any other occupa-
tion” language, Pannebecker seizes on a reference in Madden
v. ITT Long Term Disability Plan for Salaried Employees,

(9th Cir. 1990), to support her claim that we
should impose a salary remuneration requirement. We were
asked in Madden to consider Helms v. Monsanto Co. Inc., 

(11th Cir. 1984), in which the plan defined total or
permanent disability to mean disabled “by reason of bodily
injury or disease so as to be prevented thereby from engaging
in any occupation or employment for remuneration or prof-
it[.]” 

. The Eleventh Circuit inter-
preted that plan’s definition of “disabled” to require a
“physical inability to follow any occupation from which [one]
could earn a reasonably substantial income rising to the dig-
nity of an income or livelihood, even though the income is not
as much as he earned before the disability.” 

   [4] In contrast, the plan we examined in Madden defined
“disabled” as “unable to engage in any occupation for which
[he is] qualified, based on [his] training, education, or experi-

. Pannebecker hangs her hat on our
statement in Madden that that plan’s definition of “disability,”
“which recognize[d] a claimant’s personal training, education,
and experience, favor[ed] a claimant far more than Madden’s
proposed Helms definition, which merely focused on the like-
lihood of a ‘reasonably substantial income’ that ‘approach[es]
the dignity of a livelihood.’ ” 

(last alteration
appears in original). Pannebecker takes this language to mean
that, as a categorical rule, an administrator must consider sal-
ary remuneration as a threshold consideration, with “training,
education, or experience” as the next step up in requirements
that a claimant must meet to be not “disabled.” But Panne-
13190       PANNEBECKER v. LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO.
becker’s reading of Madden is incomplete. In stating that the
Madden plan’s “disability” definition was more favorable to
claimants than the plan in Helms, we were simply making the
observation that the number of jobs for which a person is
qualified when considering one’s personal training, education,
or experience, is less than the number of jobs that have a “rea-
sonably substantial income” that “approach[es] the dignity of
a livelihood.” 

words, a plan that incorporates
“training, education, or experience” requires some individua-
tion in the analysis. But we were not, in Madden, importing
into every ERISA plan a definition of “disability” that consid-
ers a claimant’s most recent salary or station in life.

   [5] The Plan here required only that Pannebecker be able
to perform the duties of any occupation for which she was
reasonably fitted by training, education, experience, age, and
physical and mental capacity. Given the Plan’s plain terms,
Liberty did not abuse its discretion in failing to consider Pan-
nebecker’s most recent salary or station in life in its benefits
determination.5 See Richardson v. Pension Plan of Bethlehem
Steel Corp., 

, 985 (9th Cir. 1997) (stating that
when the parties dispute the interpretation of an ERISA plan,
“ ‘courts should first look to explicit language of the agree-
ment to determine, if possible, the clear intent of the parties’ ”
(quoting Armistead v. Vernitron Corp., 

, 1293)
(6th Cir. 1991))).
  5
    Pannebecker gestures to Liberty’s Policies Procedures and Exceptions
for “any occ” evaluations (“PP&E”), which indicate that Liberty should
consider “reasonable replacement of income based on TEE [training, edu-
cation, and experience].” Liberty presented evidence that the PP&E are
not hard and fast rules applied in every case. Pannebecker also cites Liber-
ty’s “rehabilitation employment benefit,” which allows claimants in
approved positions to continue receiving benefits until they earn 20% of
their pre-disability earnings. We agree with the district court’s conclusions
that these references “cannot reasonably be read to modify the [Plan’s]
definitions of disabled, and furthermore, Plaintiff has made no showing
that she has attempted to avail herself of such a benefit.”
            PANNEBECKER v. LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO.                 13191
   Pannebecker’s remaining challenges, including a variety of
alleged procedural deficiencies, have no legal traction or were
not raised before the district court.

II.   REINSTATEMENT OF BENEFITS

   The district court concluded in 2004 that Liberty “failed to
properly apply the Plan provisions” and “failed to make a rea-
sonable inquiry into the type of skills Plaintiff possesses and
whether those skills may be used at another job,” but denied
the retroactive reinstatement of benefits. We review for abuse
of discretion the district court’s denial of reinstatement of
benefits. See Grosz-Salomon v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., 

, 1163 (9th Cir. 2001).

   [6] As the Seventh Circuit has recognized, the ERISA
claimant whose initial application for benefits has been
wrongfully denied is entitled to a different remedy than the
claimant whose benefits have been terminated. Hackett v.
Xerox Corp. Long-Term Disability Income Plan, 

, 775-76 (7th Cir. 2003). Where an administrator’s initial
denial of benefits is premised on a failure to apply plan provi-
sions properly, we remand to the administrator to apply the
terms correctly in the first instance. See 

-
61 (ordering remand where an ERISA administrator “miscon-
strued the Plan and applied a wrong standard to a benefits deter-
mination”).6 But if an administrator terminates continuing
benefits as a result of arbitrary and capricious conduct, the
  6
    Our decision in Patterson v. Hughes Aircraft Co., 

(9th Cir.
1993), is not to the contrary. Patterson was deemed disabled by his plan’s
administrator and received benefits for two years, until they were abruptly
terminated. 

His plan explicitly limited the payment of benefits
to only two years if he suffered from a “mental, nervous, or emotional dis-
order[ ].” So, Patterson’s benefits were scheduled to terminate unless it
was established that he did not suffer from such a disorder. Reinstating
benefits while remanding for the administrator to determine the nature of
his disability could have resulted in a windfall to Patterson if it were later
determined that his disability was caused by a mental disorder.
13192     PANNEBECKER v. LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO.
claimant should continue receiving benefits until the adminis-
trator properly applies the plan’s provisions. See Grosz-

(stating that benefits should be
reinstated where “but for [the insurer’s] arbitrary and capri-
cious conduct, [the insured] would have continued to receive
the benefits” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
This distinction in remedies “makes perfect sense[,]” as the
improper termination in the latter case was “the result of arbi-
trary and capricious procedures, and therefore [ ] benefits
could not have been terminated by those procedures.”

.

    [7] Liberty distinguishes Hackett on the basis that the
administrator in Hackett terminated benefits as a result of
defective procedures, which is not the case before us. But,
whether the administrator abused its discretion because the
decision was substantively arbitrary or capricious, or because
it failed to comply with required procedures, benefits may still
be reinstated if the claimant would have continued receiving
benefits absent the administrator’s arbitrary and capricious
conduct. As we have noted, in the ERISA world, “no great
wall divides procedural from substantive violations.” Blau v.
Del Monte Corp., 

, 1353 (9th Cir. 1984).

   [8] Pannebecker was already receiving benefits, and, but
for Liberty’s arbitrary and capricious conduct—i.e., its failure
to apply the terms of the Plan properly—she would have con-
tinued receiving them. While Liberty was given a second
opportunity to determine whether Pannebecker was “dis-
abled” under the Plan, that second chance should not have left
Pannebecker empty-handed during the time that it took Lib-
erty to comply with the Plan’s requirements. The district court
should have awarded Pannebecker benefits from the time of
Liberty’s improper denial in 2000 until the company’s deci-
sion of May 3, 2005, to decline to alter its benefits determina-
tion.
          PANNEBECKER v. LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO.       13193
III.   ATTORNEY’S FEES

   [9] In an ERISA action, a court in its discretion may allow
reasonable attorney’s fees and costs to either party. 29 U.S.C.
§ 1132(g)(1). The district court denied Pannebecker’s request
for attorney’s fees on the basis that she failed to establish a
right to benefits. As a result of this appeal, however, Panne-
becker is entitled to have her benefits reinstated for the short
period following the court’s initial remand. Because she
achieved some of the benefit that she sought in bringing suit,
we remand for the court to determine, in its discretion,
whether Pannebecker is entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees
and costs.

   We affirm the court’s Rule 52(c) judgment in favor of Lib-
erty, on the basis that Pannebecker was not disabled under the
Plan. We reverse the denial of reinstatement of benefits, and
remand for consideration of attorney’s fees with respect to the
benefits reinstatement.

 AFFIRMED    IN   PART;                 REVERSED          AND
REMANDED IN PART.

  Each party to pay its own costs on appeal.