M. SMITH, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiffs-Appellants, certain individuals from China seeking permanent residency in the United States, appeal from the district court's dismissal of their claims under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) against federal Defendants-Appellees.
We hold that the district court properly dismissed the complaint because there is no live case or controversy about the establishment of visa cut-off dates, and the allocation of visa numbers, in the 2008 and 2009 fiscal years. We also hold that the district court did not err in dismissing Plaintiffs' claims for prospective relief because they did not allege that Defendants failed to take discrete actions they were legally required to take. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the district court.
This case concerns applications for visas by professionals and skilled workers in the EB-3 category. To become eligible for such visas, an alien's employer must first file an application for labor certification with the Department of Labor (DOL), requesting certification that there are no qualified workers in the United States available to fill a relevant job opening. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(5)(A)(i). Once DOL provides such a certification, the employer may file a petition requesting that USCIS approve the alien for a visa in the EB-3 category. See 8 C.F.R. § 204.5(a). The date a request for certification is accepted for processing by DOL is called the "priority date." See 8 C.F.R. § 204.5(d). Once the alien's priority date becomes "current," the alien becomes eligible to be allotted an immigrant visa number, and he or she may file an application for adjustment of status with USCIS, if the alien is then physically located within the United States. See 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a).
USCIS has jurisdiction to adjudicate an application for adjustment of status. See 8 C.F.R. § 245.2(a)(1). Pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 245.2(a)(5)(ii), however, USCIS may not approve an application for adjustment of status until the Department of State (DOS) has allocated an immigrant visa number. See 8 C.F.R. § 245.2(a)(5)(ii). In allocating visa numbers, DOS must comply with the worldwide and per-country limits on the number of employment-based preference immigrant visas established by Congress. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1151(a)(2) (worldwide limit), 1152(a)(2) (per-country limit). To process these congressionally imposed limits in an orderly manner, the Secretary of State is authorized to "make reasonable estimates of the anticipated numbers of visas to be issued during any quarter of any fiscal year ... and to rely upon such estimates in authorizing the issuance of visas." 8 U.S.C. § 1153(g).
DOS's Visa Office subdivides the annual number of employment-based visas, taking into consideration per-country limits established by Congress, into monthly allotments. The Visa Office considers several variables in determining how many visa numbers to make available, such as past number use, expected future number use, and estimates of additional USCIS demand. Once the number of available visa numbers has been calculated, DOS allocates numbers to applicants.
The total number of qualified applicants are compared each month with the visa numbers available for the next regular allotment. When the number of qualified applicants in a category exceeds the supply of numbers available for allotment in a particular month, the category is deemed oversubscribed, and DOS creates a visa availability cut-off date for that category. The cut-off date is the priority date of the first qualified alien for whom a visa number was not available. When visas are
Plaintiffs brought suit in 2010 on behalf of a class of individuals from China, who are seeking to acquire permanent resident status in the EB-3 visa category. They claim that during the 2008 and 2009 fiscal years, Defendants did not allocate immigrant visas to eligible applicants in the correct order, thereby delaying their applications, and their eligibility for adjustment of status. According to Plaintiffs, DOS's Visa Office also failed to maintain an adequate registration list or to properly monitor USCIS's use of immigrant visa numbers, "in part or in whole because the Visa Office does not have accurate information from USCIS concerning the number of applications pending and concerning USCIS demand for immigrant visa numbers." As a result, the Visa Office allegedly established cut-off dates that allowed EB-3 visas to be made available to individuals from countries other than China before the class members from China, even though the class members had earlier priority dates, and China's EB-3 limit had not yet been reached. Accordingly, "the rest of the world was able to use immigrant visas up to its limit in the [EB-3] category, but the China [EB-3] category was not able to use immigrant visas up to its limit even though there was sufficient demand." Plaintiffs allege that they and their derivative beneficiaries would have been approved for permanent resident status in fiscal year 2008 or fiscal year 2009 but for governmental errors in allocating visa numbers. As a remedy, Plaintiffs seek an order requiring Defendants to make immigrant visa numbers available for class members so they can obtain immigrant visas or have their status adjusted before the end of the current fiscal year. They also sought an injunction requiring that Defendants take steps to improve the visa number allocation system. For example, Plaintiffs asked the district court to order USCIS to provide complete and accurate information to the Visa Office, and to direct DOS to make public all relevant information contained on its waiting lists.
The district court granted Defendants' motion to dismiss. Because Plaintiffs cited no statutory authority requiring USCIS to participate in the creation of cut-off dates or the maintenance of waiting lists, the district court concluded that Plaintiffs failed to state a claim against USCIS. The district court also found that Plaintiffs' claims regarding the allocation of visa numbers from prior fiscal years were moot because no authority allows visa numbers from previous years to be recaptured, and allocated during the current year. The district court further found that Plaintiffs' claims for prospective relief were moot because they conceded that they did not challenge DOS's process for allocating visa numbers. Plaintiffs timely appealed the district court's decision.
We have jurisdiction to review the district court's order pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo the district court's dismissal for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 896, 911 (9th Cir.2012) (en banc). We also review de novo the district court's dismissal for mootness and for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Get Outdoors II, LLC v. City of San Diego, 506 F.3d 886, 890 (9th Cir.2007); Leeson v. Transamerica Disability Income Plan, 671 F.3d 969, 974 (9th Cir.2012).
Rule 12(b)(6) is read in conjunction with Rule 8(a), which requires not only "fair notice of the nature of the claim, but also grounds on which the claim rests." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 n.
Although a district court should grant the plaintiff leave to amend if the complaint can possibly be cured by additional factual allegations, Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir.1995), "[d]ismissal without leave to amend is proper if it is clear that the complaint could not be saved by amendment," Kendall v. Visa U.S.A., Inc., 518 F.3d 1042, 1051 (9th Cir.2008). A district court's decision to dismiss with prejudice is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Okwu v. McKim, 682 F.3d 841, 844 (9th Cir.2012). "We may affirm on any basis supported by the record, whether or not relied upon by the district court." Hall v. N. Am. Van Lines, Inc., 476 F.3d 683, 686 (9th Cir.2007).
Plaintiffs argue that the district court erred in three ways: (1) by dismissing their claims against USCIS; (2) by holding that it lacked jurisdiction to recapture visa numbers from past years; and (3) by dismissing their claims for prospective relief.
In their complaint, Plaintiffs alleged a number of causes of action against USCIS. We agree with the district court that Plaintiffs failed to state a plausible claim against USCIS.
In their Second Cause of Action, Plaintiffs allege that USCIS violated INA § 203, 8 U.S.C. § 1153(e),
Alternatively, Plaintiffs contend in their opening brief that USCIS violated the third subsection, INA § 203(e)(3), 8 U.S.C. § 1153(e)(3), which requires that adequate waiting lists be maintained. However, this theory appears to have been raised for the first time on appeal. Nowhere in their complaint or in their response to the government's motion to dismiss do Plaintiffs assert that USCIS had an affirmative duty to participate in the maintenance or creation of waiting lists. Indeed, in their motion for preliminary injunction below, Plaintiffs effectively conceded that their claim under this subsection applies only to DOS. We do not address in the first instance claims not raised below.
Although the district court did not explicitly consider the additional causes of action alleged against USCIS, we affirm the dismissal of these claims as well, based on the insufficiency of Plaintiffs' allegations in the complaint. See Hall, 476 F.3d at 686; Steckman v. Hart Brewing, Inc., 143 F.3d 1293, 1295 (9th Cir.1998) ("If support exists in the record, [a] dismissal [for failure to state a claim] may be affirmed on any proper ground, even if the district court did not reach the issue or relied on different grounds or reasoning.").
In their Third Cause of Action, Plaintiffs contend that USCIS violated 8 U.S.C. § 1255(b) and 8 C.F.R. § 245.2(a)(5)(ii) by approving applications for adjustment of status out of priority date order. Under these provisions, USCIS may not approve an application for adjustment of status until DOS allocates an immigrant visa number. See 8 U.S.C. § 1255(b); 8 C.F.R. § 245.2(a)(1), (a)(5)(ii). These provisions are silent about the order in which USCIS must approve applications for adjustment of status after DOS has allocated immigrant visa numbers. Accordingly, Plaintiffs failed to state a plausible claim against USCIS for violating 8 U.S.C. § 1255(b) and 8 C.F.R. § 245.2(a)(5)(ii).
Lastly, Plaintiffs allege that USCIS violated the law, and acted arbitrarily and capriciously, "[b]y failing to establish a complete and accurate system for monitoring the priority dates of individuals who are applying for immigrant visas" (Fourth Cause of Action), and "[b]y failing to provide and maintain a system adequate to account for the number of immigrant petitions (Form I-140) and adjustment of status applications (Form I-485) that are pending" (Fifth Cause of Action). These claims appear to be based on 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), which requires a reviewing
Plaintiffs provide no authority, and we can locate none, suggesting that USCIS has a specific duty to maintain such an elaborate system for monitoring priority dates or the number of pending applications. Instead, USCIS's responsibilities are carefully circumscribed and tied to the actions of other agencies. See, e.g., 8 C.F.R. § 245.2(a)(1), (a)(5)(ii) (giving USCIS jurisdiction to adjudicate applications for adjustment of status, but forbidding USCIS to approve adjustment of status until an immigrant visa number has been allocated by DOS).
Plaintiffs essentially ask us to hold that USCIS could be acting arbitrarily and capriciously by failing to create a system, or complying with vague standards, not required by law. We decline their invitation, and we hold that Plaintiffs failed to state a claim against USCIS.
The district court also held that it lacked jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' claims seeking to recapture visa numbers from previous fiscal years, because these claims were moot. The district court's decision was correct.
"A claim is moot if it has lost its character as a present, live controversy." Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1127 (9th Cir.2009) (citation omitted). "If there is no longer a possibility that an appellant can obtain relief for his claim, that claim is moot and must be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction." Ruvalcaba v. City of L.A., 167 F.3d 514, 521 (9th Cir. 1999).
Congress has established annual numerical limits on the number of immigrant visas. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1151 (setting a worldwide limit), 1152 (setting a per-country limit). There are a very limited number
Another problem with Plaintiffs' alleged causes of action is that some of the visa numbers they seek to recapture have already been allocated to other individuals. Since courts are not time machines, we are unable to order DOS to go back in time and not do something it already did, let alone determine which individuals awarded visa numbers in the past should have their numbers taken away because they should have been awarded to Plaintiffs.
Plaintiffs primarily rely on Silva v. Bell, 605 F.2d 978 (7th Cir.1979) in support of their view that the district court has authority to recapture previously unused visa numbers. Silva presented the issue of how to allocate erroneously charged visa numbers among Western Hemisphere applicants on a waiting list. See Silva, 605 F.2d at 980. The question was not whether recapture was possible. See id.
To the extent the Seventh Circuit assumed, arguendo, in Silva that visa numbers from past years could be reallocated in a current year, notwithstanding statutory
INS v. Pangilinan, 486 U.S. 875, 884, 108 S.Ct. 2210, 100 L.Ed.2d 882 (1988) (citation omitted). Thus, because employment-based visa numbers expire at the end of a fiscal year, a court cannot order an agency to recapture those numbers contrary to Congress's clear statutory command. See id. Plaintiffs' arguments to the contrary are unavailing.
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the district court correctly concluded that Plaintiffs' claims seeking to recapture visa numbers from past years were moot, and we affirm the district court's dismissal of these claims for lack of jurisdiction.
The district court concluded that Plaintiffs' claims for prospective relief were also moot because Plaintiffs conceded that they did not challenge the process by which DOS allocates visa numbers. For a different reason, we agree that the district court properly dismissed Plaintiffs' claims seeking prospective relief from DOS under section 706(1) of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), regardless of Plaintiffs' concession.
"Section 706(1) of the [APA] grants federal courts the power to `compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed.'" Hells Canyon, 593 F.3d at 932. "This provision serves important interests, but does not give us license to `compel agency action' whenever the agency is withholding or delaying an action we think it should take." Id. "Instead, our ability to `compel agency action' is carefully circumscribed to situations where an agency has ignored a specific legislative command." Id.
We explained in Hells Canyon:
Id. (citations omitted).
Here, Plaintiffs seek to compel Defendants to make copies of the waiting lists for visas publicly available, and to waive the fees for Plaintiffs to renew their employment authorizations while waiting for immigrant visa numbers. But Plaintiffs cite no authority suggesting that these are discrete agency actions Defendants are legally required to take. "[T]he only agency action that can be compelled under the APA is action legally required." SUWA,
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court.
REINHARDT, Circuit Judge, concurring:
I join fully in Judge M. Smith's opinion affirming the district judge's dismissal of Plaintiffs' complaint. As the opinion states, Plaintiffs are not entitled to recapture visas from past years, and, as to the rest of their claims, Plaintiffs have failed to adequately plead any action that any Defendant was required, but failed, to take. I write separately only to note the importance of the problem that Plaintiffs identify, and to suggest that, despite our affirmance of the district court's dismissal of Plaintiffs' complaint, our opinion should not be viewed as approving of the misallocation of immigrant visas that Plaintiffs describe.
Plaintiffs have identified a significant problem with this country's system of issuing immigrant visas. In 2008 and 2009, according to Plaintiffs, our nation's immigration authorities wrongfully distributed to citizens of other nations over 40% of the available employment-based, third preference ("EB-3") immigrant visas that, under the applicable statute, should have been made available to individuals from mainland China. These visas — numbering over 2,300 — would have permitted applicants from China to live and work in this country as legal permanent residents and to start on a path to United States citizenship at the time intended by Congress. Instead, the government erroneously gave these visas to individuals from other countries, many of whom had been waiting far less time for the same type of visa than their Chinese counterparts.
The system that produced this error — and the root cause of the problem — is admittedly complex. The employment-based
This is not the way that the immigrant visas system was intended to function. The 1965 law that established the system intended beyond doubt that the visas would be issued on a "first-come, first-served" basis. See S.Rep. No. 89-748 (1965), reprinted in 1965 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3328, 3332. Congress believed that such a system was the only fair way to allocate immigrant visas given the substantial numbers of individuals seeking to immigrate to the United States, see id., and it created a comprehensive statutory scheme to carry out that goal, see 8 U.S.C. § 1151 et seq. Defendants' actions — whether or not they violate the letter of that statutory scheme, and whether or not they are redressable — are difficult to reconcile with the basic principle upon which that system was created.
The misallocation of visas that Plaintiffs complain of is not, however, the result of the violation of any specific duty, imposed on any specific defendant by Congress and identified as such in the Complaint. It appears, nevertheless, that the failure to effectuate the purpose of the statutory scheme could have been entirely avoided had the Defendants taken more seriously their joint responsibility to ensure the proper functioning of the immigrant visa system. Congress, for example, specifically required the Visa Office to keep a waiting list of "applicants for [immigrant] visas" — a necessary component for the immigrant visa system to function as Congress intended. 8 U.S.C. § 1153(e)(3).
Our decision largely rests on the conclusion that Plaintiffs failed to identify in their complaint any legal obligation that any particular Defendant was not fulfilling, and thus failed to state a cause of action. It is not entirely surprising, that Plaintiffs failed to do so, given the byzantine nature of the immigrant visa system. Plaintiffs likely found it extremely difficult at the outset of this lawsuit — and despite some efforts on their part before the motion to dismiss was granted — to identify with specificity what errors which agency was making, how or why these errors were causing visas to be misallocated, or, specifically, what legal obligations, if any, USCIS, the State Department, or either or both were failing to fulfill.
Nevertheless, what is clear is that during 2008 and 2009 (and likely beyond), as a result of either errors or oversights on the part of the responsible agencies, the immigrant visa system did not function in a manner consistent with Congress's intent in creating it. Although we dismiss Plaintiffs' complaint, our decision should not be read as condoning that unfortunate result.
