OPINION

KOZINSKI, Circuit Judge:

We consider whether, under Barton v. Barbour, 104 U.S. 126, 14 Otto 126, 26 L.Ed. 672 (1881), a plaintiff must obtain a bankruptcy court's permission before suing a member of the Unsecured Creditors' Committee (UCC) in district court, and whether bankruptcy courts have authority to enter a final judgment on Barton claims.

BACKGROUND

This is but the latest chapter in the long-running saga of the Yellowstone Mountain Club bankruptcy litigation. See Blixseth v. Yellowstone Mountain Club, LLC, 742 F.3d 1215 (9th Cir. 2014) (per curiam); In re BLX Grp., Inc., 419 B.R. 457 (Bankr. D. Mont. 2009). In the late 1990s, Timothy Blixseth and his wife, Edra, developed the Yellowstone Mountain Club, an exclusive ski and golf resort in Montana that caters to the "ultra-wealthy." Blixseth, 742 F.3d at 1218; see also In re BLX Grp., 419 B.R. at 460.

As part of his business-development efforts, Blixseth borrowed $375 million from Credit Suisse on behalf of the Yellowstone entities1 but used some of the proceeds to pay off personal debts. In re BLX Grp., 419 B.R. at 461. Blixseth alleges that he relied on the advice of his attorney, Stephen Brown, who assured him that his actions were lawful.

When shareholders of the Yellowstone entities caught wind of Blixseth's actions, they sued in Montana state court. On Brown's advice, Blixseth settled. Around the same time, Blixseth and Edra divorced. Represented by Brown, Blixseth divided his property pursuant to a marital settlement agreement (MSA) that gave the Yellowstone entities to Edra. Id.

In November 2008, Edra filed bankruptcy petitions on behalf of the Yellowstone entities. Id. at 462. A month later, the U.S. Trustee appointed nine individuals to serve as the UCC. One of the UCC members — the chairman, no less — was Blixseth's former counsel, Stephen Brown.

Blixseth suspected that Brown used confidential information to Blixseth's detriment in the bankruptcy proceedings. Accordingly, he sued Brown in district court. The district court held that it lacked jurisdiction because Blixseth hadn't first obtained the bankruptcy court's permission to sue, as required by Barton.

Under Barton, plaintiffs must obtain authorization from the bankruptcy court before "initiat[ing] an action in another forum" against certain officers appointed by the bankruptcy court for actions the officers have taken in their official capacities. In re Crown Vantage, Inc., 421 F.3d 963, 970 (9th Cir. 2005). A district court is considered to be "another forum," requiring leave of the bankruptcy court before a lawsuit can be brought. In re Kashani, 190 B.R. 875, 885 (9th Cir. BAP 1995).

The district court recognized that Barton normally applies to suits against receivers and bankruptcy trustees but discerned a broader purpose: to "centralize bankruptcy litigation" and "keep a watchful eye" on court-appointed officers. Accordingly, it applied Barton to lawsuits against UCC members and dismissed the complaint. In the district court's view, all of Blixseth's claims were "based on Brown's alleged misconduct as Chair of the Unsecured Creditors Committee," and the bankruptcy court never authorized the lawsuit. We previously dismissed Blixseth's appeal from this decision in an unpublished order, determining that it wasn't taken from a "final order."

Blixseth then asked the bankruptcy court for permission to bring his claims in district court. In his Barton motion, Blixseth explained that a number of his claims against Brown were based on pre-petition conduct that arose before the bankruptcy litigation began so they didn't relate to Brown's actions on the UCC. The bankruptcy court found it "impossible ... to isolate Blixseth's so-called `pre-petition malpractice and malfeasance' claims from Brown's activities as a member of the Unsecured Creditors Committee." In a final order, the bankruptcy court denied Blixseth permission to bring his claims in district court and dismissed the claims on the merits. Blixseth appealed to the district court, which affirmed the bankruptcy court. He now appeals to us.

DISCUSSION

We review the bankruptcy court's order denying leave to sue for abuse of discretion. See In re Crown Vantage, 421 F.3d at 977. And we review de novo whether the bankruptcy court had authority to resolve Blixseth's claims on the merits. See In re Ray, 624 F.3d 1124, 1130 (9th Cir. 2010).

I. Applicability of Barton

1. The Barton doctrine traditionally applies to actions against receivers and bankruptcy trustees. See In re Crown Vantage, 421 F.3d at 970-71 (quoting Barton, 104 U.S. at 128); Leonard v. Vrooman, 383 F.2d 556, 560 (9th Cir. 1967). The touchstone of the Barton inquiry is whether a suit challenges "acts done in [a trustee's] official capacity and within his authority as an officer of the Court." In re Crown Vantage, 421 F.3d at 974 (quoting Leonard, 383 F.2d at 560); In re Castillo, 297 F.3d 940, 945 (9th Cir. 2002) ("[W]ithout leave of the bankruptcy court, no suit may be maintained against a trustee for actions taken in the administration of the estate." (quoting 3 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 323.03[3] (15th ed. rev. 2001))).

No court of appeals has held that Barton applies to suits against UCC members, but some have extended Barton to actors who aren't bankruptcy trustees or receivers. The Sixth Circuit held that counsel for the trustee is entitled to Barton protection because he is the "functional equivalent of a trustee" for purposes of administering the estate. In re DeLorean Motor Co., 991 F.2d 1236, 1241 (6th Cir. 1993). And the Eleventh Circuit bestowed Barton protection on individuals approved to conduct sales of estate property, adopting the "functional equivalent" test announced in In re DeLorean. Carter v. Rodgers, 220 F.3d 1249, 1251, 1252 n.4 (11th Cir. 2000).

Blixseth argues that the In re DeLorean line of cases is inapposite because the defendants in those cases aided the trustee in maximizing the value of the estate. Brown, Blixseth claims, owes no duty to the estate; rather, he represents creditors seeking payment from the estate. But Blixseth's view of the UCC's interests is too narrow. The UCC can only maximize recovery for the creditors by increasing the size of the estate. This alignment of interests may explain why the bankruptcy code permits UCCs to initiate the appointment of trustees. See 11 U.S.C. § 1103(c)(4); see also 7 Collier on Bankruptcy § 1103.05[1][e] (16th ed. 2016) (implying that the duties of the committee and trustee overlap because "the role of the committee may be reduced if a chapter 11 trustee is appointed"). Because creditors have interests that are closely aligned with those of a bankruptcy trustee, there's good reason to treat the two the same for purposes of the Barton doctrine.

UCC members are statutorily obliged to perform tasks related to the administration of the estate: They "investigate the acts, conduct, assets, liabilities, and financial condition of the debtor, the operation of the debtor's business and the desirability of the continuance of such business." 11 U.S.C. § 1103(c)(2). They "participate in the formulation of a plan." Id. § 1103(c)(3). And they examine the debtor. Id. § 343; see also 3 Collier on Bankruptcy § 341.02[5][d]. A lawsuit challenging any of these actions could seriously interfere with already complicated bankruptcy proceedings. Even the fear that such a lawsuit could be filed — and UCC members would have to answer for their actions in a court unfamiliar with bankruptcy proceedings — may cause UCC members to be timid in discharging their duties. This is doubtless why the Commission to Study the Reform of Chapter 11 recommended extending the Barton doctrine to "estate neutrals, and statutory committees and their members." Am. Bankr. Inst., Comm'n to Study the Reform of Chapter 11, 2012-2014 Final Report and Recommendations 43 (2014), available at https://abiworld.app.box.com/s/vvircv5xv83aavl4dp4h. We conclude that Barton applies to UCC members like Brown who are sued for acts performed in their official capacities. See In re Crown Vantage, 421 F.3d at 970. Any such suit must be brought in the bankruptcy court, or in another court only with the express permission of the bankruptcy court. Id. at 970-71.

2. Some of Blixseth's claims allege misconduct by Brown prior to the bankruptcy proceedings. For example, Blixseth alleges that Brown gave dubious legal advice in 2005 about how he could use funds from the Credit Suisse loan, and, as a result, Blixseth became the target of a shareholder lawsuit. Blixseth also alleges that Brown provided subpar representation during the shareholder litigation and divorce by overlooking key defenses and drafting provisions in the MSA that were later deemed unenforceable.

The bankruptcy court held that these claims are "so intertwined with and dependent upon Brown's actions as a member of the Unsecured Creditors Committee" that it is "impossible" to separate the pre-petition claims from Brown's activities on the UCC. But Blixseth's pre-petition claims have nothing to do with Brown's position on the UCC. These claims sound in tort, contract and fraud, and are untethered to Brown's position as Chair of the UCC. And in his Barton motion, Blixseth clearly separated his pre-petition claims from the post-petition claims that implicated Brown's activities on the UCC. Accordingly, Blixseth didn't need permission from the bankruptcy court before bringing his pre-petition claims in district court. See id. at 974. The courts below erred in concluding otherwise.

3. Blixseth's remaining claims challenge conduct related to Brown's actions after he was appointed UCC chair.2 These claims challenge "acts done ... within [Brown's] authority as an officer of the Court." Id. (quoting Leonard, 383 F.2d at 560). Blixseth needed the bankruptcy court's permission before bringing these claims in district court.

Bankruptcy courts have applied a five-factor test to decide whether to grant leave to sue in another forum pursuant to Barton, or to retain jurisdiction over the claims in bankruptcy court. See id. at 976. These factors are: (1) whether the acts complained of "relate to the carrying on of the business connected with the property of the bankruptcy estate," (2) whether the claims concern the actions of the officer while administering the estate, (3) whether the officer is entitled to quasi-judicial or derived judicial immunity, (4) whether the plaintiff seeks a personal judgment against the officer and (5) whether the claims seek relief for breach of fiduciary duty, through either negligent or willful conduct. In re Kashani, 190 B.R. at 886-87. Even satisfying "one ... factor[] may be a basis for the bankruptcy court to retain jurisdiction." Id. at 887.

Blixseth sought a personal judgment against Brown, thereby satisfying the fourth Kashani factor.3 The bankruptcy court didn't abuse its discretion in denying Blixseth's Barton motion to bring his post-petition claims in district court.

II. Final Adjudication of Claims

Blixseth also claims that the bankruptcy court lacked authority to decide his claims against Brown.

1. Brown argues that we need not resolve the question of the bankruptcy court's authority because Blixseth consented to having his claims resolved on the merits and, even if he hadn't consented, the district court's de novo review cured any error. But Blixseth never expressly consented and, at the hearing on the Barton motion, he maintained that he had a "right to litigate his legal malpractice claims against Mr. Brown in district court." And the district court's de novo review didn't cure any error resulting from the bankruptcy court entering a final judgment on Blixseth's claims. Though the district court claimed to conduct a de novo review, it didn't undertake a meaningful "claim-by-claim analysis." Dunmore v. United States, 358 F.3d 1107, 1114 (9th Cir. 2004). The district court's order didn't afford Blixseth anything close to an independent decision by an Article III adjudicator. See Wellness Int'l Network, Ltd. v. Sharif, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 1932, 1946, 191 L.Ed.2d 911 (2015).

2. Blixseth argues that the bankruptcy court exceeded its Article I jurisdiction under Stern v. Marshall by adjudicating his claims on the merits. Stern prohibits bankruptcy courts from adjudicating "common law cause[s] of action, [that] neither derive[] from nor depend[] upon any agency regulatory regime." 564 U.S. 462, 494, 131 S.Ct. 2594, 180 L.Ed.2d 475 (2011). Blixseth points out that his claims sound in tort and contract and thus are "the stuff of the traditional actions at common law" that must be litigated in an Article III forum. N. Pipeline Constr. Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 458 U.S. 50, 90, 102 S.Ct. 2858, 73 L.Ed.2d 598 (1982) (Rehnquist, J., concurring in the judgment).

Blixseth reads Stern too broadly. Stern dealt with claims that didn't "stem[] from the bankruptcy itself" and wouldn't "necessarily be resolved in the claims allowance process." 564 U.S. at 499, 131 S.Ct. 2594. Stern thus precludes bankruptcy courts from deciding common law claims that have no connection to the bankruptcy estate other than that they happen to be assets of the estate. Barton claims are different; they concern actions taken in a trustee's or officer's official capacity. See In re Crown Vantage, 421 F.3d at 970.

Because Barton claims could not "exist independently of [a] bankruptcy case," In re Harris, 590 F.3d 730, 738 (9th Cir. 2009), they are not the "stuff of the traditional actions at common law tried by the courts at Westminster in 1789," Stern, 564 U.S. at 484, 131 S.Ct. 2594 (quoting N. Pipeline, 458 U.S. at 90, 102 S.Ct. 2858 (Rehnquist, J., concurring in the judgment)). A suit against a bankruptcy court officer for actions undertaken in his official capacity necessarily "stems from the bankruptcy itself." Id. at 499, 131 S.Ct. 2594. We conclude that Stern doesn't preclude bankruptcy courts from adjudicating Barton claims.

3. We review de novo the bankruptcy court's dismissal of Blixseth's claims on the merits. See Barrientos v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 633 F.3d 1186, 1188 (9th Cir. 2011). Blixseth raised three post-petition claims that relate to Brown's actions as Chair of the UCC. See supra p. 1096 note 2. The bankruptcy court held that Brown, as an officer of the court, was entitled to derivative judicial immunity for actions taken as Chair of the UCC. But Brown's position on the UCC doesn't entitle him to immunity for all actions as Chair. See In re Castillo, 297 F.3d at 953. For derived judicial immunity to apply, Brown must have acted within the scope of his authority and "candidly disclosed [his] proposed acts to the bankruptcy court." In re Harris, 590 F.3d at 742 (citations omitted). Additionally, the debtor must have had notice of his proposed acts and the bankruptcy court must have approved these acts. Id.

We remand for the bankruptcy court to consider whether Brown is entitled to derived judicial immunity for Blixseth's post-petition claims. Unless he is, we see no reason Blixseth couldn't proceed to discovery on these claims.4

* * *

Because Barton never applied to Blixseth's pre-petition claims, he can bring them in district court as he originally intended. We remand Blixseth's post-petition claims for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED IN PART; REMANDED IN PART.

The parties shall bear their own costs.