FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            MAR 31 2017
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


SEI Y. KIM, an individual,                       No.   15-56486

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No.
                                                 2:14-cv-04270-RSWL-RAO
 v.

TRUCK INSURANCE EXCHANGE, a                      MEMORANDUM*
California entity,

              Defendant,

 and

PEERLESS INSURANCE COMPANY, a
New Hampshire corporation,

              Defendant-Appellee.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                    Ronald S.W. Lew, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted March 9, 2017
                              Pasadena, California

Before: PAEZ, BERZON, and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges.



       *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      Sei Kim appeals the district court’s order granting summary judgment on his

claim against Peerless Insurance Company for breach of the duty to defend.1 We

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and review de novo the district court’s

grant of summary judgment. See Stanford Univ. Hosp. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 

, 1082–83 (9th Cir. 1999). We review de novo the district court’s

interpretation of the insurance contract at issue. 

For the following

reasons, we affirm.

      1. At the time Peerless determined that it no longer had a duty to defend, the

only remaining issue in the case was the calculation of damages for false patent

marking in violation of 35 U.S.C. § 292. Kim argues that the relevant insurance

policy covered claims for false patent marking. Where an insured relies only on

unresolved legal issues to argue a duty to defend existed, “the insurer has no

liability to the insured” if the legal issues are ultimately resolved so as to preclude

coverage. Hyundai Motor Am. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., 

, 1097 (9th Cir. 2010); see also Lebas Fashion Imps. of USA, Inc. v. ITT

Hartford Ins. Grp., 

, 40 (Cal. Ct. App. 1996) (“[I]t is settled that

a potential for coverage cannot be based on an unresolved legal dispute concerning


      1
             At the request of Kim and Truck Insurance Exchange, the district
court entered a stipulated judgment in favor of Truck binding the parties to the
outcome of this appeal.
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policy interpretation which is ultimately resolved in favor of the insurer.”). The

only issue on appeal is whether, based on the facts found by the district court after

a bench trial on the underlying disputes, the insurance policy actually covered the

false patent marking claim.

      2. Kim argues that Peerless had a duty to defend against the false patent

marking claim because the insurance policy covers claims for “advertising injury.”

The policy defines “advertising injury,” in relevant part, as injury arising out of

“[o]ral, written, televised, electronically transmitted, or videotaped publications of

material that . . . disparages a person’s or organization’s goods, products or

services” or “use of another’s advertising idea in [the insured’s] ‘advertisement.’”

The policy defines “advertisement” as “a notice that is broadcast or published to

the general public or specific market segments about [the insured’s] goods,

products or services for the purpose of attracting customers or supporters.”

      The advertising injury provision in the Peerless policy did not cover Kim’s

false patent marking claim against Cyclone USA, Inc. The false patent mark at

issue, “Patented. Made in USA,” did not constitute disparagement because it did

not expressly or impliedly refer to the plaintiff’s product. See Hartford Cas. Ins.

Co. v. Swift Distrib., Inc., 

, 266 (Cal. 2014) (holding that the label

“patent-pending” was not disparaging because it was “not specific enough to call


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into question [the competitor’s] proprietary rights in his product or to suggest that

the [the defendant’s product] ha[d] any unique feature that [was] an ‘important

differentiator’ between competing products” (citation omitted)).

      Nor did the false mark “involve any process or invention which could

reasonably be considered an ‘advertising idea.’” See 

(quoting Mez Indus., Inc. v. Pac. Nat’l Ins. Co., 

, 733 (Cal. Ct.

App. 1999)). Kim never alleged that the mark was a “violation of a method patent

involving advertising ideas or a style of doing business.” Homedics, Inc. v. Valley

Forge Ins. Co., 

, 1141 (9th Cir. 2003). The false patent marking

claim did not involve “wrongful taking of the manner or means by which another

advertises its goods or services.” 

(emphasis in

original). The mark was instead a false claim that the product had been patented

and made in the United States. Even if the mark intentionally copied an element of

the plaintiff’s product, copying a product is not sufficient to prove

misappropriation of an advertising idea. See Oglio Entm’t Grp., Inc. v. Hartford

Cas. Ins. Co., 

, 763 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011).

      3. Kim failed to show that Peerless waived the right to deny coverage. He

points to no acts by Peerless that show intentional relinquishment of the right to

deny coverage, nor acts that “are so inconsistent with an intent to enforce the right


                                           4
as to induce a reasonable belief that such right has been relinquished.” See Waller

v. Truck Ins. Exch., Inc., 

, 637 (Cal. 1995) (quoting Intel Corp. v.

Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 

, 1559 (9th Cir. 1991)).

      4. Kim failed to show that Peerless was estopped from denying coverage.

Estoppel cannot create coverage where none exists. Advanced Network, Inc. v.

Peerless Ins. Co., 

, 27 (Cal. Ct. App. 2010). Additionally,

Kim produced no evidence of detrimental reliance. See Miller v. Elite Ins. Co., 

, 330–31 (Cal. Ct. App. 1980).

      Appellant shall bear costs on appeal.

      AFFIRMED.




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