NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        SEP 10 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    15-10547

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                4:14-cr-00168-YGR-2
 v.

DAMION SLEUGH,                                  MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of California
                Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted February 14, 2020
                            San Francisco, California

Before: GOULD and MURGUIA, Circuit Judges, and FEINERMAN,** District
Judge.

      A jury convicted Damion Sleugh of (1) conspiracy to distribute or possess

with intent to distribute marijuana, 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(D), 846;

(2) attempted possession with intent to distribute marijuana, id.; (3) Hobbs Act



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Gary Feinerman, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
robbery, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1951(a), (b)(1); (4) using or carrying a firearm during or in

furtherance of a drug trafficking crime or crime of violence

(5) using a firearm during a crime of violence or drug trafficking crime and

causing murder

and (6) being a felon in possession of a

firearm

timely appealed, challenging his convictions on

several grounds. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      1.     Sleugh argues that the district court erred when it declined to instruct

the jury on voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. “We review the refusal to

instruct on a lesser included offense for abuse of discretion.” United States v.

Begay, 

, 1045 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc). Because Sleugh’s trial

counsel conceded that the evidence did not support a voluntary manslaughter

instruction, the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to give that

instruction. See

district court abuse its discretion when it declined

to give an involuntary manslaughter instruction, as the evidence did not support the

gross negligence finding necessary for an involuntary manslaughter conviction.

See United States v. Rivera-Alonzo, 

, 834 (9th Cir. 2009).

      2.     Sleugh next argues that the district court erred when it permitted

certain testimony from the government’s Jamaican Patois translator, Carlton

Turner, and that the testimony prejudiced him as to the Hobbs Act robbery charge.

Because Sleugh did not object to the testimony at issue, we review for plain error.


                                            2
See United States v. Lloyd, 

, 1152 (9th Cir. 2015).

      “The plain error standard requires the party challenging an instruction to

show that: (1) there was error; (2) the error was plain; (3) the error affected that

party’s substantial rights; and (4) the error seriously affected the fairness, integrity,

or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Bearchild v. Cobban, 

,

1139 (9th Cir. 2020). A defendant satisfies the fourth prong, “undoubtedly the

hardest [prong] to meet,” Claiborne v. Blauser, 

, 900 (9th Cir. 2019)

(alteration in original) (quoting Hoard v. Hartman, 

, 791 (9th Cir.

2018)), when “[i]t is impossible to know whether the jury would have come to the

same conclusion” absent the error, United States v. Becerra, 

, 1006

(9th Cir. 2019). Even if Sleugh could meet the first three requirements, he does

not meet the fourth.

      At trial, Turner testified to his English translation of Sleugh’s recorded

conversation with his girlfriend, in which Sleugh spoke in a mix of Jamaican

Patois and English. The audio recording of the conversation and Turner’s written

translation were admitted into evidence. On appeal, Sleugh attacks various aspects

of Turner’s testimony. For example, Turner interpreted Sleugh’s instruction to his

girlfriend, originally in Jamaican Patois, that she “can’t write nothing to[o] serious

in the letters,” as meaning that she should not “write anything too serious in the

letters because the jail guards . . . read them,” even though neither Sleugh nor his


                                            3
girlfriend mentioned jail guards. Similarly, Turner interpreted Sleugh’s English

statement, “you need that at least you need the . . . to even send me all the way up

the river,” to mean that “the murder weapon wasn’t found, and they need that to

send him all the way up the river,” even though neither Sleugh nor his girlfriend

mentioned a weapon, and even though the statement was in English. In Sleugh’s

view, the clearest error arose from Turner’s testimony that it “sounded like [Sleugh

and someone else] were setting up some type of a robbery,” which derived from

Turner’s translation of Sleugh’s Jamaican Patois statement, “A no to dat deh

person a to im,” to the English statement, “[I didn’t text] that person, I text him.”

      Even without Turner’s testimony on those points, the evidence clearly

supported the jury’s finding that Sleugh committed Hobbs Act robbery.

Shawndale Boyd, a co-defendant who pleaded guilty before trial, testified that

Sleugh admitted to him that he took the money and marijuana from the victim,

Vincent Muzac, and drove off after Sleugh and Muzac had an argument over the

marijuana’s quality that ended in Sleugh shooting Muzac, and that Sleugh later

displayed several pounds of the marijuana at his own house. Moreover, Sleugh

told his girlfriend in untranslated English: “Didn’t want to give it . . . fighting back

you know how it is.” The jury easily could have concluded on its own that this

statement referenced Sleugh’s act of robbing Muzac of the marijuana. Likewise,

the jury easily could have understood Sleugh’s other statements to mean what


                                           4
Turner testified they meant. The government introduced other evidence against

Sleugh as well, including cell site data and photographs of Sleugh with cash and

marijuana. Accordingly, because Sleugh fails to establish the fourth plain error

prong, we cannot conclude that the district court plainly erred when it admitted the

testimony. See United States v. Flores, 

, 1037–40 (9th Cir. 2015)

(holding that even where the prosecutor’s statements were plainly erroneous, the

defendant did not satisfy the third or fourth prongs of the plain error standard

because, “in the context of the trial as a whole, it is unlikely that the jury was

misled about the law or the facts”).

      3.     Sleugh also argues that the district court erred when it gave a

Pinkerton instruction for Counts 3 (Hobbs Act robbery), 4 (using or carrying a

firearm during or in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime or crime of violence),

and 5 (using a firearm during a drug trafficking crime or crime of violence and

causing murder) because permitting Pinkerton liability for offenses that are not the

objects of the charged conspiracy impermissibly lowers the mens rea required for

those offenses and contradicts common law. Not so. Pinkerton liability is

vicarious, which means that to convict Sleugh based on a Pinkerton theory, the

jury must have found that a co-conspirator had the mens rea for the substantive

offense. See Pinkerton v. United States, 

, 646–47 (1946). Although

Pinkerton liability is subject to due process limits, see United States v. Bingham,


                                           5


, 997 (9th Cir. 2011), those limits are not approached here, as a

reasonable jury could have found that Sleugh played a major role in the conspiracy

and that robbery, use of a firearm, and murder were reasonably foreseeable during

a large-scale drug transaction. Sleugh’s common law argument fails because, as he

acknowledges, courts have long sustained Pinkerton liability in similar situations.

See United States v. Castaneda, 

, 768 (9th Cir. 1993) (holding that

conspirators in a drug distribution network could be convicted for using a firearm

under a Pinkerton theory), overruled in part on other grounds by United States v.

Nordby, 

(9th Cir. 2000).

      4.     Sleugh argues that Pinkerton liability does not apply to 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c) because Congress addressed in § 924(o) the penalties for a person who

conspires to violate § 924(c). Sleugh concedes that we review this issue for plain

error. See United States v. Kaplan, 

, 1216–17 (9th Cir. 2016);

United States v. Alferahin, 

, 1154 & n.2 (9th Cir. 2006). Pinkerton

liability for a § 924(c) charge and liability under § 924(o) are not necessarily

inconsistent. They punish different conduct—Pinkerton liability in this

circumstance applies when a co-conspirator actually violates § 924(c), and

§ 924(o) applies when conspirators conspire to violate § 924(c)—and it is

reasonable for Pinkerton liability under § 924(c) to punish a conspirator more

severely when a firearm is actually used than § 924(o) liability punishes a


                                          6
conspirator who merely agrees to the use of a firearm. Compare 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(o) (“A person who conspires to commit an offense under subsection (c) shall

be imprisoned for not more than 20 years . . . .”), with 

(“Under the rule first pronounced in [Pinkerton], each conspirator is liable for the

criminal act of a co-conspirator if: 1) the substantive offense was committed in

furtherance of the conspiracy, and 2) the offense could reasonably have been

foreseen to be a necessary or natural consequence of the unlawful agreement.”).

Consequently, the district court did not plainly err in instructing that Pinkerton

liability could apply to § 924(c). The additional arguments that Sleugh makes for

the first time in his reply brief concerning Pinkerton liability for § 924(c) are

forfeited. See Avila v. L.A. Police Dep’t, 

, 1101 (9th Cir. 2014)

(“Arguments ‘not raised clearly and distinctly in the opening brief’ are waived.”

(quoting McKay v. Ingleson, 

, 891 n.5 (9th Cir 2009))).

      5.     Finally, Sleugh argues that the jury instruction that “the crime alleged

in Count Three, Robbery by Force, is a crime of violence” was plainly erroneous

because Hobbs Act robbery is not categorically a crime of violence under

§ 924(c)’s elements clause. But we recently held that Hobbs Act robbery is

categorically a crime of violence, see United States v. Dominguez, 

,

1261 (9th Cir. 2020) (“We reaffirm that Hobbs Act robbery is a crime of violence

under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A) . . . .”), so the instruction was not erroneous, let


                                           7
alone plainly so.

      AFFIRMED.




                    8