NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 17 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    19-10130

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No.
                                                3:18-cr-00001-MMD-WGC-1
 v.

JOEL RALPH TURNBOW; TRACY                       MEMORANDUM*
METHOD,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Nevada
                  Miranda M. Du, Chief District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted April 15, 2020**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: PAEZ and CLIFTON, Circuit Judges, and HARPOOL,*** District Judge.

      The government appeals the district court’s grant of Joel Turnbow’s motion

to suppress evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Reviewing


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable M. Douglas Harpool, United States District Judge for
the Western District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
de novo the district court’s legal conclusions and for clear error its underlying

factual findings, United States v. Gust, 

, 799 (9th Cir. 2005), we

affirm.

      Ample evidence supported the district court’s finding that Officer English’s

decision to impound Turnbow’s car was pretextual. See United States v. Johnson,

, 1126 (9th Cir. 2018). As the district court explained, the record

showed that Officer English’s suspicions of illegal activity began the moment he

spotted Turnbow’s car, and he took numerous steps to justify searching it until he

finally settled on an inventory search. Specifically, when Officer English first saw

the car, he decided to check the license plate because he believed Tracy Method,

the passenger and co-defendant, acted suspiciously. Even after the license plate

came back clear, Officer English’s suspicion persisted, so he decided to request a

warrants check on Turnbow’s name and discovered he had an outstanding warrant

for his arrest. Officer English also saw that Method was “moving a lot” and

suspected she may have concealed an item in the backseat of the car. Because he

did not have probable cause to search the car, Officer English asked his supervisor

to call a K-9 unit so that he could establish probable cause through a K-9 alert.

      When the dog failed to alert, Officer English told Method he was going to

impound the car but asked her if he could search her purse before she departed on

foot, which he would not have done had he not been looking for incriminating


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evidence. When she consented, he found a large sum of money in $20 bills.

Officer English also failed to note any of his caretaking concerns in his police

report, which suggested his true motivation to impound the car was to search it for

contraband.

      In light of the above findings, the district court inferred that Officer

English’s intent from the beginning was to search the car for drugs and only relied

on the inventory search exception once it was clear that there was no other

available means to satisfy the Fourth Amendment requirement. On this record, we

cannot say the district court’s factual findings or the inferences it drew were

implausible or unsupported. See 

.

      Further, we are not persuaded that the district court clearly erred when it

disregarded Officer English’s purported reason to impound the car. Although

Officer English testified he was going to impound the car as soon as he confirmed

Turnbow’s arrest warrant and that Method’s driver’s license was suspended, the

district court acted well within its discretion not to credit that testimony. As the

district court noted, Officer English’s community caretaking concerns were not

well-founded: it was daylight, the parking lot where the car was parked was not in

a particularly high crime area, and even though the car was not parked in a specific

parking spot, it was not blocking traffic. Further, even though Method did not

have a valid driver’s license, Officer English could have left the car in her custody


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to arrange for its safekeeping, which would have mitigated Officer English’s

purported concerns about incurring liability.1

      We are similarly not persuaded by the government’s argument that because

Officer English’s decision to impound conformed to his standard practice and was

supported by his department’s policies, he necessarily acted with a dual motive.

As a threshold matter, compliance with state or local policy alone “is insufficient

to justify an impoundment under the community caretaking exception.” See

United States v. Cervantes, 

, 1142 (9th Cir. 2012). Further,

considering the facts discussed above, the district court did not clearly err in

rejecting Officer English’s testimony that he impounded the car to comply with

departmental policies. That finding is buttressed by the fact that Officer English

failed to note a community caretaking concern or departmental policy in his police

report.

      AFFIRMED.




1
  Although Turnbow and Method could not immediately produce proof of
insurance, the government cited no local or state law authorizing impoundment
under those circumstances. See United States v. Torres, 

, 1120 (9th
Cir. 2016). Further, even if impoundment were authorized under local or state law,
the government fails to explain why towing the car would have served a caretaking
role, as Method would have been presented with an identical dilemma at the tow
yard as at the parking lot.

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