NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAR 17 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LERNA MAYS, individually and on behalf          No.    19-55318
of all others similarly situated,
                                                D.C. No.
                Plaintiff-Appellant,            2:18-cv-02318-AB-KK

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
WAL-MART STORES, INC., a Delaware
corporation,

                Defendant-Appellee.


LERNA MAYS, individually and on behalf          No.    19-55627
of all others similarly situated,
                                                D.C. No.
                Plaintiff-Appellee,             2:18-cv-02318-AB-KK

 v.

WAL-MART STORES, INC., a Delaware
corporation,

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                   Andre Birotte, Jr., District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted March 5, 2020

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
                                Pasadena, California

Before: NGUYEN, HURWITZ, and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges.

      Lerna Mays appeals a district court order denying class certification to her

proposed class of former Wal-Mart employees in California who received

MyShare Incentive Award payments after termination, allegedly in violation of

California Labor Code § 203. Wal-Mart cross-appeals the district court’s

certification of a Wage Statement Class of California-based employees who

received wage statements listing their employer as “Wal-Mart Associates, Inc.”

rather than “Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,” allegedly in violation of California Labor

Code § 226. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(e) and Rule 23(f)

of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. We affirm the district court’s denial of

class certification to the proposed MyShare Incentive Award Class and reverse the

district court’s certification of the Wage Statement Class.

       1. The proponent of class certification “bear[s] the burden of demonstrating

that [she] ha[s] met each of the four requirements of Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 23(a) and at least one of the requirements of Rule 23(b).” Ellis v.

Costco Wholesale Corp., 

, 979–80 (9th Cir. 2011). The district court

did not abuse its discretion in finding that Mays failed to demonstrate the

numerosity of her proposed MyShare Incentive Award Class. See 

(stating standard of review).


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      The district court “must conduct a rigorous analysis to determine whether

the party seeking certification has met the prerequisites of Rule 23,” Sali v. Corona

Reg’l Med. Ctr., 

, 1004 (9th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted), and should

not uncritically accept the plaintiff’s preferred inferences. Mays relied on several

bare assertions of numerosity without any clear factual grounding, and the statistics

she did proffer were overinclusive—leaving the court with little concrete basis for

assessing numerosity. The court was reasonably concerned about the degree of

speculation inherent in the opinions of the plaintiff’s expert, including his

extrapolation from Mays’s individual experience to the experiences of others. The

court therefore reasonably concluded that Mays’s proffered evidence was too thin

and her proposed inferential chain too weak to support a finding of numerosity.

      2. A plaintiff cannot proceed in federal court absent Article III standing, and

“must demonstrate standing for each claim [s]he seeks to press.” DaimlerChrysler

Corp. v. Cuno, 

, 342, 352 (2006). At the class certification stage, our

standing analysis focuses solely on the class representative. Melendres v. Arpaio,

, 1261–62 (9th Cir. 2015); see also Ramirez v. TransUnion LLC, No.

17-17244, 

, at *7, *17 n.14 (9th Cir. Feb. 27, 2020). Because

Mays failed to demonstrate Article III standing to bring her wage statement claim

under California Labor Code § 226, the district court erred in certifying the Wage

Statement Class.


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      We use a two-step approach to assess whether a statutory violation causes a

concrete injury sufficient to satisfy Article III. Patel v. Facebook, Inc., 

, 1270 (9th Cir. 2019). We ask “(1) whether the statutory provisions at issue

were established to protect [the plaintiff’s] concrete interests (as opposed to purely

procedural rights), and if so, (2) whether the specific procedural violations alleged

in this case actually harm, or present a material risk of harm to, such interests.”

Robins v. Spokeo, Inc., 

, 1113 (9th Cir. 2017).

      California Labor Code § 226 was established to protect the concrete interests

of California’s workers, not merely to confer pure procedural rights. 1 The

legislative history of the provision clarifies that it was meant to provide workers

with transparency about their compensation to protect them from being cheated of

their earned wages and to facilitate their application, if needed, for unemployment

benefits. See S. Judiciary Comm., Bill Analysis A.B. No. 1506, at 2 (2015–16

Reg. Sess.) (“AB 3731 was enacted to ensure that employees were adequately

informed of compensation received, that the employees were not being short

changed their wages, and to assist employees establish eligibility for


      1
         Although we struggle to find common law origins to the informational
rights protected by California Labor Code § 226, that alone is not dispositive.
When “we deal with an ‘intangible harm’ that is linked to a statutory violation, we
are guided in determining concreteness by ‘both history and the judgment of
Congress,’ or the legislature that enacted the statute.” Campbell v. Facebook, Inc.,
No. 17-16873, 

, at *6 (9th Cir. Mar. 3, 2020) (quoting Spokeo,
Inc. v. Robins, 

, 1549 (2016)).

                                           4
unemployment insurance.”); Assemb. Comm. on Labor and Emp’t, Bill Analysis

S.B. No. 1255 (2011–2012 Reg. Sess.) (substantially the same); Assemb. Labor

Comm., Bill Analysis A.B. No. 3731 (1975–76 Reg. Sess.) (substantially the

same). These objectives are plainly substantive ones, directed at safeguarding

employees’ concrete interests rather than establishing procedural requirements as

an end unto themselves.

      We next evaluate whether the specific procedural violation alleged in this

case implicates the concrete interests that § 226 was designed to protect. Mays

alleges that her wage statements misstated one word of her employer’s name, and

that the alleged inaccuracy caused her confusion. But apart from her confusion,

Mays does not allege any real-world consequences flowing, or even potentially

flowing, from the violation. Nor does the relatively trivial nature of the

violation—swapping “Wal-Mart Associates, Inc.” for “Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.”—

pose a clear threat of harm. See 

(“[T]he [Supreme] Court

suggested that even if Congress determined that inaccurate credit reporting

generally causes real harm to consumers, it cannot be the case that every trivial or

meaningless inaccuracy does so.”). Mays’s bare confusion, without more, lacks a

meaningful nexus to the concrete interests safeguarded by § 226.

      Although Mays may be able to pursue her claim in state court, that does not

automatically confer Article III standing, and we conclude that her allegations fail


                                          5
to satisfy Article III’s injury-in-fact requirement. See Bassett v. ABM Parking

Servs., Inc., 

, 783 (9th Cir. 2018) (finding no injury-in-fact attendant

to a procedural statutory violation when the plaintiff failed to allege facts

supporting real-world consequences of the violation, and explaining that the

plaintiff’s hypothetical “theory of ‘exposure’” to danger was “too speculative for

Article III purposes” (citation omitted)). We therefore reverse the district court’s

class certification order as to the Wage Statement Class, and we remand to the

district court with instructions to dismiss the wage statement claim without

prejudice. See Hampton v. Pac. Inv. Mgmt. Co. LLC, 

, 846 (9th Cir.

2017) (“Dismissals for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction . . . must be without

prejudice . . . .”).

       Costs are to be taxed against appellant Mays.

       AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED

WITH INSTRUCTIONS.




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