NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       AUG 27 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

KENIA MARTINEZ-MEJIA,                           No.    19-70245

                Petitioner,                     Agency No. A209-133-348

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                       Argued and Submitted April 15, 2020
                            San Francisco, California

Before: PAEZ and CLIFTON, Circuit Judges, and HARPOOL, ** District Judge.

      Kenia Martinez-Mejia (“Martinez”), a native and citizen of El Salvador,

petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) order

dismissing her appeal from an Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of withholding of

removal and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We have



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable M. Douglas Harpool, United States District Judge for
the Western District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We review de novo the agency’s legal

determinations, and we review its factual findings for substantial evidence. Singh

v. Holder, 

, 1051 (9th Cir. 2011). We grant in part and dismiss in

part the petition for review and remand to the BIA for further consideration.

      1. Martinez challenges the agency’s rejection of her proposed social group

of “Salvadoran women.” To determine whether a proposed social group is

cognizable, the BIA asks if the group is “(1) composed of members who share a

common immutable characteristic, (2) defined with particularity, and (3) socially

distinct within the society in question.” Rios v. Lynch, 

, 1127–28

(9th Cir. 2015).

      The IJ dismissed Martinez’s proposed group of “Salvadoran women” as

impermissibly “broad and amorphous.” The IJ reasoned that the gender-based

group was not cognizable because it “covers a significant portion of the Salvadoran

population” and “is diffuse rather than discrete.”

      The IJ’s reasoning echoes the reasoning we disapproved in Perdomo v.

Holder, 

(9th Cir. 2010). In that case, we “rejected the notion that a

persecuted group may simply represent too large a portion of a population to allow

its members to qualify for asylum.”

(citing Singh v. INS, 

,

1359 (9th Cir. 1996)). Rather, the focus of this inquiry should be directed toward

whether individuals share “an innate characteristic [that] may be the basis for a



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protected social group.”

The “size and breadth of a group alone does

not preclude a group from qualifying as [] a social group.”

.

      Before the BIA, Martinez argued that the IJ’s decision was inconsistent with

the reasoning in Perdomo and was contrary to the substantial evidence showing

that Salvadoran women are socially distinct within El Salvador. The BIA did not

explicitly address this social group claim. While the BIA is “not free to ignore

arguments raised by a petitioner,” Sagaydak v.Gonzales, 405 

, 1040

(9th Cir. 2005), in light of the BIA’s failure to address this issue, the government

requests that we remand it to the BIA for further consideration.

      Martinez objects to a remand and requests that we decide whether

“Salvadoran women” are a cognizable social group. She points out that it has been

ten years since our opinion in Perdomo and that during the intervening years, IJs

have issued conflicting decisions on whether women may constitute a cognizable

social group within a particular country. Although Martinez’s concerns are well-

taken, we agree with the government that a remand is warranted to give the agency

“an opportunity in the first instance to make legal determinations entrusted to it by

Congress.” 

.

      As for Martinez’s other proposed social group—“Salvadoran daughters

unable to leave parental relationships”—we also remand that claim to the BIA for

further consideration. This proposed social group is closely related to the social



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group of “Salvadoran women” and the BIA’s resolution of that claim may impact

its decision regarding whether “Salvadoran daughters unable to leave parental

relationships” is a cognizable social group. A remand will also give the parties and

the BIA an opportunity to address the impact of our recent opinion in Diaz-

Reynoso v. Barr, No. 18-72833, 

(9th Cir. Aug. 7, 2020).

      2. Martinez next challenges the BIA’s dismissal of her political opinion

claim stemming from her refusal to support the Mara 18 gang. The BIA concluded

that Martinez waived this claim in her post-hearing reply brief. Because this claim

was raised for the first time on appeal, the BIA did not err in concluding it was

waived. See Honcharov v. Barr, 

, 1297 (9th Cir. 2019).

Accordingly, we dismiss Martinez’s petition for review of her anti-gang political

opinion claim.

      3. Martinez also petitions for review of the agency’s denial of her CAT

claim. The CAT forbids the government from removing a person to any country

where it is “more likely than not” that she will be tortured by either the government

or private individuals acting with the government’s acquiescence. 8 C.F.R. §

1208.16(c)(2). To determine the likelihood of future torture, “the IJ must consider

all relevant evidence, including but not limited to the possibility of relocation

within the country of removal.” Maldonado v. Lynch, 

, 1164 (9th

Cir. 2015) (en banc); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(3). The occurrence of past



                                           4
torture is ordinarily the principal factor in calculating the likelihood of future

torture. Edu v. Holder, 

, 1145 (9th Cir. 2010). The agency cannot

reject a credible applicant’s belief that she will be tortured on the basis of a “bald

assertion that [her] credible testimony was speculation.” Shoafera v. INS, 

, 1075 (9th Cir. 2000).

      Here, the agency failed to meet any of these standards. Regarding

government acquiescence, Martinez credibly testified that she reported the Mara

18’s extortion attempts and robberies to the police, but was repeatedly turned

away. Instead, the police instructed her to pay off the gang. And after Martinez

was initially removed to El Salvador and publicly raped by the same Mara 18

members, the police again refused to take her report of the crime. Such willful

blindness of the gang’s crimes could elevate what would otherwise be a case of

“general ineffectiveness” into a case of acquiescence, Garcia-Milian v. Holder,

, 1034 (9th Cir. 2014), but neither the IJ nor the BIA discussed the

police’s inaction in their decisions.

      As to the possibility of internal relocation, the agency neglected to address

the record evidence that the Mara 18 members tracked down Martinez following

her removal to El Salvador and brutally clubbed and raped her as punishment for

her failed attempt to flee the country. Martinez submitted evidence that her

assailants informed her that she could not escape them, and that “they were



                                           5
watching” her. Instead of addressing this incident, the IJ simply remarked that

Martinez’s “speculative testimony regarding the ability of these individuals to find

her” was not enough to meet her burden of proof. The BIA did not provide any

reasoning of its own and summarily affirmed.

      This too was error. The gang’s ability to track Martinez and their promise to

continue doing so rebuts the agency’s already-insufficient conclusion that her

testimony was merely “speculative.” Accord Arrey v. Barr, 

, 1161

(9th Cir. 2019).

      One critical issue not addressed by the government or the BIA is whether

Martinez’s past rape amounted to torture. The IJ found that it did “not rise to the

level of torture,” but did not elaborate on his reasons for so finding. Such

conclusory reasoning fails because we have recognized that “[r]ape can constitute

torture . . . [as it] is a form of aggression constituting an egregious violation of

humanity.” Avendano-Hernandez v. Lynch, 

, 1079 (9th Cir. 2015)

(quoting Zubeda v. Ashcroft, 

, 472 (3d Cir. 2003)).

      Martinez urges us to conclude that she is entitled to CAT relief. The

government requests that we remand so that the BIA can clarify its reasoning.

Although Martinez appears to have presented a strong case for CAT protection, we

agree to remand so that the BIA can fully consider the issue.




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     Petition GRANTED IN PART, DISMISSED IN PART, and

REMANDED. Martinez shall recover her costs on appeal.




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