OPINION

MERIDETH A. JURY, Bankruptcy Judge.

CITY OF SAN BERNARDINO ELIGIBILITY OPINION

A major creditor of the City of San Bernardino, the California Public Employee Retirement System, objected to the eligibility of the City to file a petition under chapter 91 of the Bankruptcy Code on the grounds that it did not desire to effect a plan of adjustment and did not file the petition in good faith. The Court recognizes that the City was not a poster child in organization and prepetition planning before it entered into the complex world of chapter 9 reorganization. The Court also acknowledges that the City got off to a slow start in getting its financial records in order and adopting an interim balanced budget to bridge the gap from the petition date to eventual plan of adjustment. However, despite the untidy disarray of the City's finances and the early lack of direction toward long-term resolution of its admitted financial distress, in this summary judgment proceeding, the Court overrules the CalPERS objections on their limited stated grounds and finds the City eligible to remain in its chapter 9 proceeding. The factual and legal basis for the Court's decision follows.2

Factual Background

The Great Recession and the burst of the housing bubble in 2007 negatively affected the City of San Bernardino like many other cities in California and the entire country. The drop in housing prices and increase in foreclosures of single family residences resulted in significantly lower property tax revenues, a prime source of revenue for California cities. The City was particularly hard hit by these phenomena because, due to the cheaper housing and available financing, an influx of people moved to the Inland Empire during the boom, and the consequent bust led to unprecedented foreclosures, one of the highest rates in the country. Along with the foreclosures came substantial unemployment, as much of the population had been employed in the housing industry, from construction workers to real estate realtors to mortgage brokers, resulting in a significant drop in household income.3 This decline led to less consumer sales and consequently smaller sales tax revenues, another major component of the City's revenues.

The City was impacted not only on the revenue side but also by escalating expenses. The influx of population created a greater demand for public services, from public safety (police and fire) to more mundane matters such as street repair and infrastructure maintenance.4 City employee salaries and benefits, as in most municipalities, make up 75% of the City's budget and, as the need for services grew in the boom, so did the number of City employees and consequent expenses. Adding to the costs were particularly lucrative retirement benefits which the Common Council had negotiated in the collective bargaining agreements with the City's seven unions.

The City participates in the California Public Employee Retirement System (CalPERS), a state-run retirement system, which is funded by a combination of an employer share and an employee share.5 Until 2011, the City, unlike most California cities, paid not only the employer share but also the employee share to CalPERS, making the City's contributions to retirement rate as a percentage of payroll 39% for safety and 25% for other employees. Along with the current CalPERS obligations were substantial unfunded liabilities to the pension funds based on actuarial tables, past performance of the funds, retirement age and other contractual factors. Each year the City must also pay a portion of the unfunded liabilities to CalPERS.6

Along with the CalPERS obligations, the City has promised its retirees an annual 2% cost of living adjustment regardless of the Consumer Price Index or the state of the retirement funds. In addition, the City's retirement plans also provide for another post-employment benefit consisting of retiree medical care. Because the City's employees are eligible to retire at either age 50 (safety) or 55 (other employees), many employees retire before they are eligible for Medicare, creating a significant cost for the City. The cost of this perk has not been funded through the working life of the employees and the City has little money set aside to fund these benefits, resulting in another substantial unfunded liability.

As the economy worsened and revenues decreased, the City took some stop gap measures to try to stop the bleeding. It implemented a hiring freeze and down-sized departments, reducing the workforce by 20%. It negotiated and imposed concessions on its unions, saving about $10 million per year.7 It exhausted its general fund reserves and sold excess assets to provide cash to fund ongoing operations. While the financial crisis deepened, the City's finance department, either because it was understaffed or because it was incompetent (or both), fell behind in providing basic accounting records for the City, including bank reconciliations. The financial picture for the City was blurred at best and the City was sliding toward severe cash flow problems.

A major change in City personnel from late December 2011 through May 2012 awakened the Common Council to the full import of the impending financial crisis. The City's former Director of Finance retired at the end of December 2011 and the City Manager resigned effective May 1, 2012. The new Director of Finance, James P. Simpson, began analyzing the City's financial condition in May 2012, while attempting to formulate a budget for 2012-13. In doing so, he discovered the bookkeeping woes described above and even worse. He determined that the budget projection for 2012-13 resulted in a $45.9 million cash deficit with no general fund reserves; the cash balances for the prior two fiscal years had been overstated; the beginning cash deficit for the next fiscal year was over $18.2 million; and the City did not have enough unrestricted cash or reserves to pay its current financial obligations due and those obligations to become due beginning in July 2012, and continuing indefinitely.

On July 9, 2012, the City's Department of Finance issued a report "San Bernardino Budgetary Analysis and Recommendations for Budget Stabilization" (the Budget Report) which was presented to the Common Council at a publicly noticed meeting on July 10, 2012. The presentation of the Budget Report on July 10, 2012, was the first comprehensive report to the Common Council regarding the fiscal crisis facing the City.8 The Common Council addressed the Budget Report at three meetings in July 2012. At meetings on July 16 and 18, 2012, the Common Council adopted Resolutions 2012-205 and 2012-206 which (1) declared a fiscal emergency and (2) authorized the City Attorney to file a chapter 9 petition in the bankruptcy court and the City Attorney and other management staff to take all steps necessary to prosecute the chapter 9 proceeding. Compliant with these resolutions, on August 1, 2012, the City filed its petition for chapter 9 in the Central District of California, Riverside Division.9

Procedural Background in Chapter 9

The City filed its Statement of Qualifications on August 13, 2013, and its Amended Statement of Qualifications on August 31, 2013.10 Based on a deadline set by the Court, only two parties filed objections to eligibility: CalPERS and the San Bernardino Public Employees Association (SBPEA).11 CalPERS objected on the grounds that the City did not "desire to effect a plan to adjust debts" as required under § 109(c)(4) and that the City did not file the petition in good faith, which is a ground for dismissal under § 921(c). SBPEA objected on the basis that the City was not authorized by state law to file a chapter 9 because it had not complied with Assembly Bill 506 (AB 506) as mandated by § 109(c)(2)12 and because the City was not insolvent as required by § 109(c)(3). SBPEA also asserted the petition was not filed in good faith. Subsequent to the objection deadline, the Court held a status conference to schedule the case, but a discovery deadline was not set because the parties wished to engage in informal discovery. As will be further described below, the Court held a series of these status conferences on case progress but at the mutual request of the City and CalPERS never set a discovery deadline. The Court, however, also did not issue an order staying discovery.

While the initial procedural matters were taking place, in September and October 2012, the City adopted a Pre-Pendency Plan as adjusted by a 9-Point Adjustment Plan. The Pre-Pendency Plan did not present a balanced budget from a cash flow perspective, but anticipated that expense adjustments were necessary to balance available cash with expected expenses during the first year in chapter 9. Subsequently, the City on November 26, 2012, approved a Pendency Plan, which was a balanced budget for that first year but was dependent on the City either negotiating or imposing certain conditions on the employees. Both the Pre-Pendency Plan and the Pendency Plan were short-term budgets and neither purported to address the longer term planning required by a chapter 9 plan of adjustment. As asserted frequently by CalPERS, the City's financial department was understaffed and no person was assigned the task of drafting a plan of adjustment.

In order to implement the Pendency Plan, the City authorized two employees to meet with the seven unions to negotiate the concessions required by that budget.13 Four of the unions reached agreement with the City and accepted the changes, which became effective on February 1, 2013. Three unions, police, fire, and SBPEA, did not. On January 28, 2013, the City unilaterally imposed the modifications, also effective on February 1, 2013, so that it could balance the Pendency Plan budget. On April 22, 2013, the City adopted budgets for the General Fund for fiscal years 2012-13 and 2013-2014.

Meanwhile, informal discovery continued between the City, CalPERS, and the other interested parties but little progress was made in moving the case toward an eligibility hearing to resolve the CalPERS and SBPEA objections. However, at a status conference in April or May 2013, SBPEA formally withdrew its objection under § 109(c)(3), conceding that the City was insolvent. At that time, with respect to the remaining contested eligibility issues under §§ 109(c)(2) and (c)(4) and the good faith requirement under § 921(c), the Court openly questioned whether there were any disputed material facts that would require formal discovery. Subsequently, at a status conference in early June 2013 the Court suggested that a summary judgment motion could resolve the remaining issues. While an unusual approach in a contested matter as opposed to an adversary proceeding, resolution by a summary judgment motion is not unprecedented. When CalPERS protested that it wished to conduct essential formal discovery on the eligibility issues, the Court directed CalPERS to brief those arguments in a Civil Rule 56(d) motion, made applicable in bankruptcy proceedings by Rule 7056, and set the Civil Rule 56(d) motion to be heard at the same time the City's summary judgment motion would be argued.

The Propriety of Summary Judgment to Resolve Eligibility

A summary judgment motion under Civil Rule 56(d), as incorporated by Rule 7056, is properly granted when the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). In making this determination, conflicts are resolved by viewing all facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962).

In deciding a contested motion for summary judgment, a court is required to make decisions of law based on a statement of uncontroverted facts and is prohibited from granting summary judgment where material disputed facts are at issue. Accordingly, this Court in granting the City's motion for eligibility must address the critical issue of whether material disputed facts are at issue. Civil Rule 56(d) allows a party, such as CalPERS here, to assert as a defense to summary judgment a need to conduct further discovery. In particular, "where, as here, [non-moving party's] case turns so largely on [its] ability to secure evidence within the possession of [moving party], courts should not render summary judgment because of gaps in a [non-moving party's] proof without first determining that [non-moving party] has had a fair chance to obtain necessary and available evidence from the other party." Carmona v. Toledo, 215 F.3d 124, 133 (1st Cir.2000).

Operating within the universe of the remaining contested eligibility requirements — desire to effect a plan, good faith in filing the petition and compliance with AB 506 in meeting state authorization to file — the Court observed that the subjective state of mind of any employee or representative of a city was not at issue because a city, as an entity, takes objective actions such as adopting resolutions, presenting budgets, and negotiating with unions. Based on these considerations, the Court invited the objecting parties to present in a Civil Rule 56(d) motion those factual issues which they believed to be material and disputed and upon which they needed further discovery before eligibility could be determined. The Court observed that if the Civil Rule 56(d) motion revealed that formal discovery was necessary for disputed material factual issues, then the factual disputes would need to be resolved in an evidentiary hearing after perhaps months of such discovery.

The remaining contested issues narrowed by the time the Civil Rule 56(d) motion was filed; SBPEA reached an agreement with the City whereby it accepted on a short-term basis the conditions imposed on it on January 28, 2013, and withdrew its objection to eligibility. That eliminated the challenge under § 109(c)(2), leaving only CalPERS as an objecting party and only §§ 109(c)(4) and 921(c) in play.14 Addressing CalPERS Civil Rule 56(d) motion, the Court found that none of the facts that it asserted were material and disputed would impact the decision on "desire" and good faith.

The Court will address why the purported facts are either irrelevant or, even taken as true in the most negative light to the City, do not show a lack of desire or good faith. The Court categorizes the Civil Rule 56(d) discovery requests into groups as follows: (1) discovery on historical facts pertaining to activities at the City between 2006 and early 2012; (2) discovery on facts immediately prepetition; (3) discovery on post petition facts pertaining to City actions during the chapter 9; and (4) discovery directed toward depositions of City officials or consultants and on document requests not yet satisfied.

CalPERS argues that it should have discovery about consultant and staff reports presented to the City as early as 2006 which alerted the Common Council about unstable financial issues and budgetary concerns and made recommendations of steps the City could take to alleviate the impending crisis. CalPERS asserts that these issues are material to good faith or desire because the discovery will reveal that the City knew or should have known about the budgetary shortfalls and cash crisis for several years, yet took no materials steps to alleviate the problem until it declared a financial emergency on July 18, 2012.

The Court finds these remote facts irrelevant to determining desire or good faith on the petition date. The inactivity of the City to forestall cash flow insolvency in prior years does not mean, as a matter of law, the City is forever forbidden to file chapter 9 when the full impact of the cash situation was presented to the Common Council on July 10, 2012. Just because it did not act earlier does not mean it cannot act now if the City finds, as it did, that the City was cash flow insolvent and could not pay its bills as they came due on July 1, 2012, and onward without the protection of a bankruptcy proceeding where it could defer or impair liabilities. No matter that some earlier actions by the City might have lessened the shortfalls in July 2012. The undisputed material facts are the cash flow crunch existed and no immediate remedies could address it other than the relief that chapter 9 afforded.15 Historical facts have no import on the Court's decision.

The Court will accept as true many of the "negative" facts that occurred immediately prepetition which CalPERS argues are material and disputed. The Court's legal analysis which follows will encompass those facts and demonstrate why, taken as true, they do not defeat eligibility on the contested grounds. Because the Court adopts them, no dispute exists and no discovery is needed.16 A summary of the facts follows:

The post petition facts which CalPERS argues are material and subject to discovery because they are disputed do not lend themselves to objective discovery. As with a number of the asserted prepetition facts, the Court will adopt those facts as uncontroverted and provide in the legal analysis below an explanation for why even if true they do not defeat the City's petition for eligibility:

In addition to these areas of requested discovery by CalPERS is a demand to depose certain City employees. First, the factual expertise of Mr. Simpson, prior Director of Finance for the City, and Mr. Bush, financial consultant to the City are irrelevant because insolvency is not at issue. Second, Mr. Kennedy, Mr. Pachon, Mr. McNeely, Mr. Wilson, Mr. Weinberg, and Mr. Majaj's knowledge is limited to facts too remote in time to be relevant. Lastly, any testimony would be subject to closed session or legislative privilege to the extent there were inquiries about the witness' state of mind. Objective facts are all known in the City records.

In summary, the Court denies the Civil Rule 56(d) motion as grounds to delay ruling on eligibility because CalPERS is entitled to formal discovery only on material disputed facts. The inquiries which are relevant to the determination of whether the City desired to effect a plan of adjustment on the petition date and whether the City filed in good faith are centered on objective facts, which are measured by the acts of the City, and not by a subjective inquiry into the state of mind of any employee, consultant or agent. The relevant objective facts are either admittedly undisputed or the Court will adopt them as true for the purpose of its analysis on these two legal principles.

The consequence of the Court's approach in determining there are no disputed material facts is that it may grant summary judgment for the non-moving party, here CalPERS (Civil Rule 56(f)(1)).17 As shown below, the uncontroverted facts lead the Court to conclude the City is eligible for chapter 9.

Analysis

(a) General Requirements; Uncontested Provisions

Eligibility for an order for relief under chapter 9 is governed by five mandatory requirements. Four of these requirements are set forth in the provisions of §§ 109(c)(1)-(4). Alternatives for the fifth requirement are set forth in § 109(c)(5).

In addition, the Court may dismiss a chapter 9 petition under § 921(c), even where all of the § 109(c) requirements are met, if the debtor did not file the petition in good faith. "Unlike the eligibility requirements of § 109(c), the court's power to dismiss a petition under § 921(c) is permissive, not mandatory." In re Pierce Cnty. Hous. Auth., 414 B.R. 702, 714 (Bankr.W.D.Wash.2009) ("Pierce County") (citing 6 Collier on Bankruptcy 921-7 (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 15th ed. 2009) [hereinafter Collier]).

The chapter 9 petitioner has the burden to show that it is eligible to file under § 109(c). In re City of Stockton, Cal., 475 B.R. 720, 725-26 (Bankr.E.D.Cal. 2012) ("Stockton"); Int'l Assn. of Firefighters, Local 1186 v. City of Vallejo (In re City of Vallejo), 408 B.R. 280, 289 (9th Cir. BAP 2009) ("Vallejo31787210"); In re Valley Health Sys., 383 B.R. 156, 161 (Bankr.C.D.Cal.2008) ("Valley Health"). "The quantum of proof, there being no contrary indication in statute or in controlling decisional law, is the familiar preponderance-of-evidence standard of basic civil litigation. Nothing suggests there should be a higher burden. This conclusion comports with the argument by the authors of the Collier treatise that the burden should be liberally applied in favor of granting relief." Stockton, 475 B.R. at 726 (citing 2 Collier § 109.04[3]). The § 109(c) eligibility requirements are to be construed broadly "to provide access to relief in furtherance of the Code's underlying policies." Valley Health, 383 B.R. at 161 (quoting Hamilton Creek Metro. Dist. v. Bondholders Colo. Bondshares (In re Hamilton Creek Metro. Dist.), 143 F.3d 1381, 1384 (10th Cir.1998)).

The issues before the Court are controlled by any objections that were filed with the Court by October 24, 2012. The SBPEA union and CalPERS were the two original objecting parties. After SBPEA withdrew its objections to the City's eligibility, the CalPERS objections under § 109(c)(4) — whether the City has presented undisputed material facts to show the City's desire to effect a plan as a matter of law — and § 921 — whether the undisputed evidence establishes that the City's chapter 9 petition was filed in good faith — are the only contested matters before the Court.

I) Municipality: § 109(c)(1)

The City of San Bernardino is a municipal corporation and a political subdivision of the State of California. This issue is uncontested.

II) Specifically Authorized To Be a Debtor by California Law: § 109(c)(2)

It is undisputed that the Common Council passed by a majority vote a resolution authorizing the filing of a petition under chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code. The Common Council also adopted a resolution declaring a financial emergency as required by Cal. Gov't Code § 53760(b). The City met the State requirements and is authorized to file a chapter 9 under California law. This issue is uncontested.

III) Insolvency: § 109(c)(3)

The uncontroverted facts establish that the City is insolvent. The City was unable to pay its forthcoming obligations when the resolutions were passed and faced a cash deficit of $45.9 million for fiscal year 2012-2013. This issue is uncontested.

IV) Negotiations With All of the City's Creditors Was Impracticable: § 109(c)(5)(C)

The following uncontroverted facts support the finding that negotiations were impracticable: there are a large number of creditors in one or more classes; there is a lack of a viable business plan that addresses the City's ongoing financial problems; and there is a need to act quickly to protect the public from harm. This issue is uncontested. Vallejo, 408 B.R. at 298.

(b) General Requirements; Contested Provisions

I) Desire to Effect a Plan: § 109(c)(4)

"An entity may be a debtor under chapter 9 of this title if and only if such entity ... desires to effect a plan to adjust such debts." § 109(c)(4). Although uncommon, "[t]hose cases that have considered the issue demonstrate that no bright-line test exists for determining whether a debtor desires to effect a plan because of the highly subjective nature of the inquiry under § 109(c)(4)." Vallejo, 408 B.R. at 295. This requirement may be satisfied with direct and circumstantial evidence. Id.; In re City of Stockton, Cal., 493 B.R. 772, 791 (Bankr.E.D.Cal.2013) ("Stockton II") (noting that "[e]vidence probative of intent includes attempt to resolve claims, submitting a draft plan, and other circumstantial evidence."). So long as the evidence shows that the "purpose of the filing of the chapter 9 petition not simply be to buy time or evade creditors," a bankruptcy court may properly find that the § 109(c)(4) requirement has been met. Vallejo, 408 B.R. at 295 (quoting 2 Collier § 109.04[3][d]); In re Boise Cnty., 465 B.R. 156, 168 (Bankr.D.Idaho 2011) ("Boise County").

"The cases equate `desire' with `intent' and make clear that this element is highly subjective." Stockton II, 493 B.R. at 791 (citing Vallejo, 408 B.R. at 295). Subjective inquiry should not be misunderstood as an inquiry into a subjective state of mind. Courts in the Ninth Circuit and other circuits conduct a subjective inquiry when determining whether the municipality's objective acts demonstrate the requisite "desire" or "intent" Vallejo, 408 B.R. at 295; Stockton II, 493 B.R. at 791 (finding that circumstantial evidence indicating the debtor's desire to effect a plan existed where the debtor could either excuse certain impaired contracts by confirming a chapter 9 plan or reach an agreement with the affected parties); In re Cnty. of Orange, 183 B.R. 594, 607 (Bankr.C.D.Cal. 1995) ("Orange County787210") (finding a comprehensive settlement agreement along with other steps taken sufficiently demonstrated efforts to resolve claims which satisfied § 109(c)(4)); In re Sullivan County Reg'l Refuse Disposal Dist., 165 B.R. 60, 76 (Bankr.D.N.H.1994) ("Sullivan County") (finding a draft plan of adjustment post petition met the requirement of § 109(c)(4)).

The City filed a Qualification Statement signed by the City Manager that stated under penalty of perjury that the City desires to effect a plan to adjust its debts. The Court places little weight on the Qualification Statement, recognizing that any municipality could prepare that conclusionary document. The Court notes, however, the following additional steps which demonstrate desire: preparing and presenting the Budget Report at the public meeting of the Mayor and Common Council on July 10, 2012; preparing and presenting the staff report to the Common Council on July 18, 2012; conducting open public meeting discussions of what these reports projected as the City's financial future; voting to declare a fiscal emergency and approve the resolutions; preparing a cash flow analysis report; preparing the Fiscal Emergency Plan, which was presented to the Common Council and approved before the petition date; preparing and discussing the Pre-Pendency Plan at the Common Council meetings in late August 2012 and then approving the Pre-Pendency Plan as adjusted by a 9-Point Adjustment Plan in September 2012 and on October 1, 2012; and approving its Pendency Plan on November 26, 2012. These actions are of public record and they objectively demonstrate that the City desired to effect a plan.

These uncontroverted facts sufficiently show that after taking steps to cut costs and raise revenue, the City — faced with a 45.9 million dollar cash deficit — had little choice but to restructure its debt. Prior to filing, the City had depleted any reserves it had in its general fund and had cut salaries and jobs of its employees. These cuts had already negatively impacted City services and safety. The Budget Report also indicated that the City liquidated what assets it could and had made limited attempts to raise its revenue. Upon filing its chapter 9 petition, the City defaulted on numerous obligations, including payments owed to CalPERS, health benefit payments owed to retirees and payments owed to pension obligation bondholders and other bondholders.

The Pre-Pendency Plan and Budget Report reinforced the reality that the City did not have enough money to pay all of its contracts and would need to impair contracts, voluntarily or otherwise, in order to achieve a balanced budget. The City did this with its employees; the City reached agreements with four of its seven unions on modifications to their respective collective bargaining agreements and voted to impose modifications on the remaining three unions. The undisputed circumstances which precipitated the City's filing and the steps taken after the petition date show that the City began implementation of the steps necessary to restructure its debt.

The sparse reported case law where a municipality was found ineligible under § 109(c)(4) turned on filing to evade a creditor. In Sullivan County, a bankruptcy court found that the decision to file chapter 9 was a litigation tactic to hold off the major creditor's "threatened shut-out." Sullivan County, 165 B.R. at 82. In that case, the option to file chapter 9 was not memorialized on the written agenda of the board meeting and there was no evidence that the district engaged in a discussion regarding what type of plan might be appropriate under chapter 9. Rather, the district filed preemptively to ward off a threatened action of its only creditor, which caused the court to declare it ineligible under § 109(c)(4). Id.

The triggering event that often forces a bankruptcy filing under other chapters is aggressive creditor activity, but this is not the case here. Unlike the single major creditor scenario in Sullivan County, the City's decision to file chapter 9 was a logical and arguably inevitable result of a debt structure that it could no longer keep current. Faced with inevitable default on its obligations because of insufficient cash, the City took the affirmative step to file chapter 9 so that it could restructure the debt and impair the creditors as necessary to achieve a balanced budget.18

CalPERS contends that to determine the City's intent, it is entitled to depose the relevant decision-makers for the City. When conducting the § 109(c)(4) inquiry, courts have only looked at the municipality's objective actions as an entity. Vallejo, 408 B.R. at 295; In re City of Stockton, Cal., 475 B.R. 720, 726 (Bankr. E.D.Cal.2012); In re Pierce Cnty. Hous. Auth., 414 B.R. 702, 710 (Bankr. W.D.Wash.2009). The subjective intent of an individual councilmember is immaterial in determining whether a municipal body had the requisite intent or good faith.

CalPERS argues that the adoption of the Pendency Plan is not evidence of a "desire to effect" because the Court put pressure on the City to adopt it. The objective fact is the City did adopt the Pendency Plan in November 2012 and the Court may consider this as evidence of desire.

CalPERS asserts that § 109(c)(4) requires some form of plan of adjustment be presented to creditors prior to filing and that the City have staff tasked to prepare and formulate the plan immediately post petition. CalPERS also argues that the admittedly woeful state of the City's financial records upon and after filing make desire impossible to achieve. The Court disagrees that those factors defeat a showing under § 109(c)(4). The lack of an early plan might have an impact on some of the alternative prongs of § 109(c)(5), but not on desire. And the disarray of the City's financial books more persuasively enforces why it needed a breathing space to get them in order before it could effect the plan of adjustment.

It is widely endorsed that "no bright-line test exists for determining whether a debtor desires to effect a plan because of the highly subjective nature of the inquiry under § 109(c)(4)." Vallejo, 408 B.R. at 295; Stockton, 475 B.R. at 726; Pierce County, 414 B.R. at 710; Boise County, 465 B.R. at 169. Moreover, the cases CalPERS cites to for this proposition are not specific to a determination of intent for purposes of § 109(c)(4) and thus offer no persuasive weight. As such, the fact the City did not have some form of plan in place at the Petition Date is immaterial.

Other factors that CalPERS argues defeat "desire" such as the cash outs to terminating employees just before the filing date, the negotiation of civil rights settlements upon which the City immediately defaulted, and the payments post petition of some prepetition bills are all issues which need to be addressed in any plan before it can be approved by the Court. But they are not material to "desire;" nor is the fact that the City did not have a method in mind to address the immediate post petition defaults to CalPERS. Again, those are plan issues and must be addressed in the course of negotiating or litigating treatment in the plan.

Finally, CalPERS submits that the uncontroverted fact that the City's Water Fund had a large cash balance before and after the petition date which the City did not tap to attempt to balance its books is evidence of lack of desire to effect a plan. This argument has no legal legs. It is a matter of California constitutional law that the City may not use funds belonging to the Water Department for general fund purposes. Amendments to the Constitution enacted by Proposition 218 in 1996, which added Articles XIIIC and XIIID, expanded restrictions on local government revenue-raising and imposed limitations on local government use of special fees, including water and sewer fees. C.A. Const. art. XIIIC and XIIID. Article XIIID covers water fees and prohibits the use of such fees for general governmental services, including police, fire and other services. Bighorn-Desert View Water Agency v. Verjil, 39 Cal.4th 205, 216-17, 46 Cal.Rptr.3d 73, 138 P.3d 220 (2006); Richmond v. Shasta Cmty. Servs. Dist., 32 Cal.4th 409, 9 Cal.Rptr.3d 121, 83 P.3d 518 (2004). Thus, the City was legally prohibited by the California Constitution from using Water Department funds for general fund purposes.

Similarly, the City could not have borrowed funds from the Water Department without incurring debt that it could not repay within one year. Article XVI, Section 18 of the Constitution prohibits the City from incurring a debt in any year that exceeds the available revenues of the City for that year without the approval of a two-thirds vote of qualified voters. C.A. Const. art. XVI, § 18. Looking at its dire financial status in July 2012, the City could not reasonably conclude that it would be able to repay to the Water Fund any loans it made within that fiscal year. The Water Fund cash was thereby out of reach to address the City's insolvency and this issue is an outlier to the Court's analysis.

Accordingly, the uncontroverted facts provide a broad basis on which the Court may find that the City has shown a desire to effect a plan by giving an official statement of its intent to adjust its debt, taking actions to approve a Pendency Plan, and by circumstantial evidence that indicated the City needed relief in a chapter 9 proceeding to give it space to restructure its debt.

II) Good Faith: § 921(c)

Section 921(c) provides that a court may dismiss a chapter 9 petition if the debtor did not file the petition in good faith. Pierce County, 414 B.R. at 714. "Unlike the eligibility requirements of § 109(c), the court's power to dismiss a petition under § 921(c) is permissive, not mandatory." Id. Although Judge Klein in Stockton II, 493 B.R. at 794-795, concluded that a rebuttable presumption arises when the City meets its burden under § 109(c), this Court need not shift the burden because it finds that the City has met its burden by a preponderance of the evidence and shown that its chapter 9 petition was filed in good faith.

In Pierce County, the court found that relevant facts to the good faith analysis include "(i) the debtor's subjective beliefs; (ii) whether the debtor's financial problems fall within the situations contemplated by chapter 9; (iii) whether the debtor filed its chapter 9 petition for reasons consistent with the purposes of chapter 9; (iv) the extent of the debtor's prepetition negotiations, if practicable; (v) the extent that alternatives to chapter 9 were considered; and (vi) the scope and nature of the debtor's financial problems." Pierce County, 414 B.R. at 714. Courts look to objective acts of a city to determine good faith. In re Town of Westlake, Tex., 211 B.R. 860, 868 (Bankr.N.D.Tex.1997) (finding that the chapter 9 debtor filed in good faith because it faced "frozen funds, multiple litigation, and disannexation of a substantial portion of its tax base"); Stockton II, 493 B.R. at 794-95 (looking to the city's effort to cut spending, its cash and service insolvency, its efforts to negotiate with creditors, and its inability to achieve significant reductions without being able to impair contracts, to find that the § 921(c) good faith presumption was strong). As in many other considerations of good faith in the context of bankruptcy, the test is a totality of the circumstances where the Court is given the power to weigh the numerous factors in light of the circumstances as a whole in determining whether good faith is lacking.19

The Court finds that the City filed in good faith by relying on uncontroverted facts. At the July 18, 2012 meeting, the Common Council adopted Resolution 2012-205, declaring a fiscal emergency. In Resolution 2012-205, the Common Council made the official findings that (1) the City was or would be unable to pay its obligations within the next 60 days, and that the financial state of the City jeopardized the health, safety, or well-being of the residents of the City absent the protections of chapter 9 of the United States Bankruptcy Code; and (2) given the City's dire financial condition, it was in the best interest of the City to declare a fiscal emergency. The Common Council, as an authoritative body, did so because they knew that the City was insolvent and believed that the City could no longer pay its employees on July 1st without impairing contracts. The Court finds that this factor weighs in favor of a finding of good faith.

The City's financial problems fall within the situations contemplated by chapter 9. Here, the City cannot achieve a balanced budget unless it is allowed to reorganize its debt. The City cannot keep current with its mounting obligations because it is insolvent. The City's filing is consistent with the purposes of chapter 9, which is to give a debtor a "breathing spell" so that it may establish a plan of adjustment. In re Cnty. of Orange, 183 B.R. 594, 607 (Bankr. C.D.Cal.1995). The findings in Resolution 2012-205 demonstrate that the City filed the Petition for this exact purpose.

Although the Court finds that the City did not engage in meaningful prepetition negotiations with its creditors, did not seriously consider alternatives to filing chapter 9 (other than those considered in the Budget Report) when faced with the severe cash flow shortage in July 2012, honored its contractual obligations to its terminating employees by paying large cash outs just before the petition date, and was generally unprepared to formulate a plan of adjustment either before or soon after it filed, none of these uncontroverted facts add up to lack of good faith in filing. Were the purposes of chapter 9 — to give a municipality a breathing space from a cash crunch and an opportunity to address its long term solvency through an organized process of proposing a long term plan of adjustment — met here? The Court answers this question "yes." Was there an alternative available to the City when it was faced with a $45.9 million cash deficit in the upcoming fiscal year and inevitably was going to default on its obligations as they came due? The Court answers this question "no." To deny the opportunity to reorganize in chapter 9 based on lack of good faith would be to ignore fiscal reality and the general purposes of the Bankruptcy Code. The Court will not deny that opportunity.

Even if the Court were to find that the City did not file in good faith, which it declines to do, case law instructs that the dismissal is not mandatory. Pierce County, 414 B.R. at 714. Having had a firsthand view of this City and its struggles, the attitudes and actions of its major creditors, the concerns of its unions, particularly the safety employees, and the paucity of options for a City with such substantial, undisputed fiscal woes, this Court would exercise its discretion to not dismiss this case.

Almost no cases have addressed this permissive nature of § 921(c), but the Court can take some instruction from the Ninth circuit in In re City of Desert Hot Springs, 339 F.3d 782 (9th Cir.2003), where the circuit ruled that an order denying a motion to dismiss under § 921(c) and objections to eligibility is an interlocutory order which cannot be appealed without leave of the BAP, which in that case had been denied. In reaching its decision that the ruling was not final, the Ninth circuit found that there was no irreparable injury to the movant that could not be addressed after finality:

In reaching this conclusion, which is contrary to a similar denial of a motion to dismiss for bad faith in a chapter 11 case, the Ninth circuit observed that the purpose and statutory scheme of a chapter 9 proceeding were different than those in chapter 11, but also found that a creditor was not without further remedy if its motion to dismiss was denied by the bankruptcy court.

Id. at 790.

This holding instructs this Court that by granting eligibility for the City and overruling CalPERS objections, the Court is not condemning CalPERS to an unfair or injurious outcome in the proceeding. The plan process is complex and will be lengthy, involving potentially extensive negotiations before the Court-appointed mediator. This Court is well aware, as observed by Judge Klein in his City of Stockton opinions, that most chapter 9 plans are consensual, having been achieved after good faith and willing participation in a mediation process. However, if that process fails to reach consensus, ultimate approval of any plan of adjustment lies with this Court, which would have to bless any creditor impairment. CalPERS will have further opportunities to argue its potential injury to the Court and to protect its interests, just as the other creditors have those remedies.

As the Court observed when making its oral ruling on this motion, at least six other major creditors or classes of creditors exist here: the guarantors of the Pension Obligation Bonds20; the guarantors of other general obligation bonds; the police and fire unions; the remaining five unions of City employees; the potential class of unsecured creditors (which might have subclasses); and the potential class of City retirees. Each of these creditor groups stands to be substantially impacted by the City's chapter 9 proceeding21; each of these creditor groups was given the opportunity to object to the City's eligibility or good faith in filing. None of them objected because they conceded the City was insolvent and needed a long term, orderly process to sort out its finances and propose a path out of its abyss. The Court rightly notes that the best interest of all these creditor groups is served by proceeding forward in chapter 9.

Only the interest of CalPERS would be served if the Court dismissed this case. Exactly how that interest would be served is far from crystal clear. The cash deficit of the City is real and unchallenged. The City cannot pay its obligations with money it does not presently have. Impairment of contracts seems inevitable in order for the City to reach cash stability and only the chapter 9 process accords the City the legal opportunity to do so. How far that impairment might reach is a question to be negotiated or answered by this Court on a later day. Dismissal would leave this quagmire without orderly court oversight. This Court believes that oversight is critical to the financial future of the City and its creditors.

Conclusion

The purposes of chapter 9 are met by this proceeding. The integrity of the bankruptcy system is not offended by this proceeding. The City, its citizens, and its creditors deserve a chance to achieve an orderly financial future. The Court finds the City of San Bernardino eligible to proceed in its chapter 9 case.