MEMORANDUM DECISION ON PLAINTIFFS' ADVERSARY COMPLAINT OBJECTING TO ENTRY OF DISCHARGE PURSUANT TO 11 U.S.C. §§ 727(a)(2)(A) AND (a)(2)(B)

ROBERT N. KWAN, Bankruptcy Judge.

The above-captioned adversary proceeding on the complaint of plaintiffs JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. and JP Morgan Securities, LLC ("Plaintiffs" or collectively, "JPMorgan"), asserting claims objecting to discharge of defendant Joseph Ellison ("Defendant"), Debtor, under 11 U.S.C. §§ 727(a)(2)(A) and (a)(2)(B) came on for trial before the undersigned United States Bankruptcy Judge on November 19, 2015. Bryant S. Delgadillo, of the law firm of Wargo & French LLP, appeared for Plaintiffs. David S. Hagen, of the Law Offices of David S. Hagen, appeared for Defendant.

After trial, on January 15, 2016, Plaintiffs lodged their Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, and on February 1, 2016, Defendant lodged his Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. ECF 26 and 27. On February 4, 2016, Defendant filed objections to Plaintiffs' Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. ECF 28. Afterwards, the court then took the matter under submission.

Having considered the witness testimony and exhibits received at trial, and the other matters in evidence, the court hereby makes the following findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Rule 7052 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure and Rule 52 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.1

FINDINGS OF FACT

Findings of Fact 1 through 39 are undisputed facts that were established through the Pre-Trial Stipulation for Claims for Relief, ECF 22, which the parties jointly filed and was approved by the court in its Order Approving Joint Pretrial Stipulation and Setting Trial Date, ECF 24.

1. Defendant was employed by JPMorgan as a financial advisor until approximately April 2012.

2. During the course of his employment, Defendant developed an animus towards JPMorgan.

3. In or about June 2012, Defendant initiated an arbitration action against JPMorgan before a Financial Regulatory Authority panel, FINRA case number 12-02244 ("FINRA Action"), by asserting various claims related to his employment.

4. JPMorgan filed a counterclaim in the FINRA Action for breach of contract related to a loan, in the approximate amount of $750,000, that Defendant obtained from JPMorgan as part of his employment, but failed to repay.

5. During the FINRA Action, Defendant was represented by counsel. His original counsel, Shustak & Partners LLP ("Shustak"), was replaced during the proceeding as the result of a fee dispute.

6. Defendant's replacement counsel, Jeffrey Sigler, represented Defendant on a contingency basis.

7. The FINRA panel conducted an evidentiary hearing from April 28, 2014 to May 6, 2014.

8. On or about June 3, 2014, the FINRA panel found against Defendant on his claims and in favor of JPMorgan on its counterclaim, entering an award in favor of JPMorgan in the amount of $789,624.06 ("FINRA Award").

9. On July 17, 2014, JPMorgan initiated a proceeding with the United States District Court for the Central District of California, case number CV14-05567, for judicial confirmation of the FINRA Award ("FINRA Award Confirmation Action").

10. Less than two weeks later, on July 29, 2014, Defendant filed a voluntary petition for relief under chapter 7 of Title 11 of the United States Code ("Petition Date"), thereby initiating bankruptcy case number 2:14-bk-24463-RK, in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California, Los Angeles Division ("Bankruptcy Case").

11. The FINRA Award Confirmation Action was stayed as a result of Defendant filing the Bankruptcy Case. See 11 U.S.C. § 362(a).

12. In the Schedule F filed concurrently with the petition in the Bankruptcy Case, Defendant reported unsecured debts totaling $926,506.00, including: (1) $789,000 owed to JPMorgan on account of the FINRA Award (not listed as disputed, contingent, or unliquidated); and (2) $45,000 owed to Shustak related to the attorney fee dispute (listed as disputed).

13. JPMorgan and Shustak are Defendant's two largest unsecured creditors and the debts owed to them account for approximately 90 percent of all of the Defendant's unsecured debt.

14. Eleven Sixteen LLLP is a limited liability company was [sic] created in January 2014. [LLLP refers to limited liability limited partnership. See Plaintiff's Exhibit 9, Proof of Claim No. 2, filed by Wood, Erickson & Whittaker on April 27, 2015, referring to billing statement for "Drafting and formation of limited liability limited partnership: Eleven Sixteen LLLP [Flat fee] Amount — $7,500.00".]

15. Defendant admits that he retained a firm to form a trust and limited liability partnership, but denies that he formed or created Eleven Sixteen LLLP.

16. Defendant and his wife, Ellen Ellison, are the owners of the residential real property located at 555 S. Norton Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90020 ("Property").

17. In addition to the Property, Defendant holds interests in various bank accounts including: (1) Joseph Ellison ITF Ellen Ellison, City National Bank, account ending 1756 ("Defendant's CNB Account"); and (2) Joseph Ellison and Ellen Ellison Joint WROS, Mutual Securities, Inc., account ending 9350 ("Joint Account").

18. While the FINRA Action was pending, on or about February 14, 2014, Defendant and his wife obtained a loan, in the principal amount of $1,496,500 from Greenbox Loans, Inc. ("First DOT"). Dovenmuehle Mortgage, Inc. is the current servicer of the First DOT. [The court understands that "DOT" refers to a Deed of Trust securing a loan on Defendant's residence. See Plaintiff's Exhibit 8, Voluntary Petition for Relief and Schedules filed on July 29, 2014, referring to Schedule D listing "1st trust deed on residence" held by Dovenmuehle Mortgage Inc.; Defendant's Exhibit A, Closing Statement, referring to loan by Greenbox Loans, Inc., to Joseph Ellison and Ellen Ellison.].

19. The funds from the First DOT were disbursed as follows: (1) payoff of a deed of trust in favor of Ocwen Loan Servicing in the approximate amount of $605,728.11; (2) payoff of deed of trust in favor of Morgan Stanley Home Loans in the approximate amount of $742,802.77; and (3) disbursement in the approximate amount of $69,441.17 to Defendant's CNB Account.

20. Additionally, while the FINRA Action was pending, on or about February 28, 2014, Defendant and his wife obtained a loan, in the principal amount of $200,000 from Brian Dror and Rafael Ryzman ("Second DOT"). Logan Investments is the current servicer of the Second DOT.

21. The funds from the Second DOT, in the approximate amount of $178,509.68, were disbursed to Defendant's CNB Account.

22. The First DOT and Second DOT fully encumbered the Property (reflecting value of the property of $1,500,000 and encumbered with debts totaling $1,716,551.00).

23. On or about March 1, 2014, the funds disbursed to Defendant from the First DOT and the Second DOT, totaling $247,950.85, were in Defendant's CNB account.

24. Later that same month, Defendant transferred a total of $38,000 to two of his friends, Ed Jeffers and Charles Springer. Defendant testified that he was repaying one personal and one business project loan to these individuals, although the purported business loan was to pay for Defendant's living expenses.

25. While the FINRA Action was pending and shortly after the evidentiary hearing in the matter concluded, on or about May 12, 2014, Defendant transferred $18,000 from Defendant's CNB Account to an account held by the Law Offices of Ellen Ellison, at City National Bank, account ending 5499 ("Wife's CNB Account").

26. Approximately one week after the issuance of the FINRA Award, on or about June 10 and June 11, 2014, Defendant transferred, through two transactions, a total of $51,000 from Defendant's CNB Account to his Wife's CNB account.

27. Less than two weeks after the entry of the FINRA Award, on or about June 16, 2014, Defendant transferred $121,000 from Defendant's CNB Account to the corporate account of Clownputsch, Inc., a corporation wholly owned by Defendant, at City National Bank, account ending in 7881 ("Clownputsch Account").

28. Defendant testified during the 2004 examination that he transferred the funds, in part, because he was afraid people were going to take all his money away and leave his family destitute.

29. Defendant retained bankruptcy counsel on or about June 15, 2014.

30. On or about June 21, 2014, Defendant transferred $119,000 from Clownputsch Account to Defendant's CNB Account.

31. On or about July 9, 2014, six days after receiving notice of the FINRA Award against him and three weeks before filing his petition, Defendant transferred $41,415.30 from Defendant's CNB Account to Dovenmuehle Mortgage, thereby prepaying the First DOT for six months2.

32. Also on or about July 9, 2014, Defendant transferred $11,062 from Defendant's CNB Account to Logan Investments, thereby prepaying the Second DOT for six months.3

33. Defendant testified at his 2004 Examination as follows:

34. Defendant further testified that he "had to prioritize where this money went" and that repayment of the First DOT and Second DOT "was a pretty important piece of that puzzle."

35. The funds transferred to Dovenmuehle Mortgage and Logan Investments, totaling $52,477.30 are not available for distribution to Defendant's unsecured creditors.

36. Defendant transferred, through four separate transactions, a total of $31,600 from the non-exempt Joint Account to various destinations. This included a transfer of $17,000.00 to his wife on the Petition Date.

37. The four transactions posted to the Joint Account after the Petition Date.

38. As a result of the four transfers, the balance of the Joint Account decreased from $33,494.92 to $1,895.02.

39. Defendant disclosed a balance for the Joint Account of $1,895.02 in the Schedule B.

40. The parties in their Pre-Trial Stipulation for Claims for Relief, ECF 22, designated the following as Disputed Fact 1 for determination at trial:

[Disputed Fact] "1. Defendant's bankruptcy schedules and statement of financial affairs did not disclose any interest in a limited liability limited partnership, or a bank account in the name of a company owned by the Defendant, Clownputsch, Inc."

The court finds that this disputed fact is not supported by a preponderance of the evidence because Defendant's Schedule B-Personal Property, Petition, Exhibit 8 at 16, disclosed the existence of Clownputsch, Inc.

41. The parties in their Pre-Trial Stipulation for Claims for Relief, ECF 22, designated the following as Disputed Fact 2 for determination at trial:

[Disputed Fact] "2. Defendant held no interest in his Wife's CNB Account."

The court finds that this disputed fact is not supported by a preponderance of the evidence. Based on California Family Code § 760 and In re Marriage of Braud, 45 Cal.App.4th 797, 822-823 (1996), the court finds that the evidence shows that Defendant had a community property interest in the funds in his Wife's CNB Account. At trial, Defendant testified that he was not involved in opening his Wife's CNB Account, which belonged to his wife's law practice, that he was not a signatory on that account, that he had no control over the account, that he had nothing to do with the account and that he was not a member of his wife's law practice. Trial Testimony of Joseph Ellison, November 19, 2015 at 9:17-9:18 a.m. Although Defendant's testimony on these points is credible and although Defendant listed the account as his wife's personal checking account on his bankruptcy schedules, the court gives more weight to other admitted evidence. First, the court observes that Defendant listed his Wife's CNB Account as community property on Defendant's Schedule B, Exhibit 8 at 14, and claimed a $24,925.00 exemption in that account, whose value on the Petition Date was scheduled at $25,793.00 pursuant to Defendant's Schedule C, Exhibit 8 at 20. Further, even if Defendant's Wife's CNB Account was his wife's separate property, because community property was commingled with separate property in Wife's CNB Account, and because no evidence was presented tracing the source of any separate funds, the court determines that based upon the admitted evidence, Defendant has a community property interest in the funds in his Wife's CNB Account. That is, given that less than three months before the Petition Date, shortly after Defendant refinanced the Property, Defendant transferred at least $69,000.00 to his Wife's CNB Account from the refinancing of the Property, which Defendant listed as community property on Defendant's Schedule A, Exhibit 8 at 13, and given that no evidence was presented tracing the funds in his Wife's CNB Account to a separate property source and no other evidence was admitted regarding the characterization of the Property, the court determines that Defendant had a community interest in his Wife's CNB Account. In re Marriage of Braud, 45 Cal.App.4th at 822-823 (citations omitted) ("[T]he mere commingling of separate property and community property funds does not alter the status of the respective property interests, provided that the components of the commingled mass can be adequately traced to their separate property and community property sources. But if the separate property and community property interests have been commingled in such a manner that the respective contributions cannot be traced and identified, the entire commingled fund will be deemed community property pursuant to the general community property presumption of section 760.").

42. The parties in their Pre-Trial Stipulation for Claims for Relief, ECF 22, designated the following as Disputed Fact 3 for determination at trial:

As discussed in detail below, the court finds this disputed fact to be supported by a preponderance of the evidence.

43. There are no liens on Defendant's CNB Account or the Joint Account.

Finding of Fact 43 was established through the Order on Plaintiffs JPMorgan Chase, N.A. and J.P. Morgan Securities, LLC's Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF 19, which treated certain facts as established pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(g), but was left out of the parties Pre-Trial Stipulation for Claims for Relief, ECF 22. See ECF 11, Exhibit 10, Proposed Uncontroverted Fact No. 18.

In addition to the findings of fact set forth above, the court makes the following findings of fact based on the testimony at trial.

44. As indicated by Defendant's testimony that less than one month after the FINRA award, he thought of prepaying the loans secured by DOTs on his residence by five months because "I had the money at that time and I wanted to make sure my family was protected and that I had paid my primary obligation to them for that period of time," Trial Testimony of Joseph Ellison, November 19, 2015 at 9:22-9:23 a.m., and that a primary motivation behind his home loan prepayments was that he was concerned about his prior lawyer, who he was having a fee dispute with, and who has a disputed claim in Defendant's bankruptcy case, "from coming in and attaching his assets," Trial Testimony of Joseph Ellison, November 19, 2015 at 9:24-9:25 a.m., such loan prepayments by Defendant indicate an intent on his part to hinder or delay payment of his non-preferred creditors, including Shustak, his prior lawyer, and JPMorgan, the FINRA awardee, in taking his nonexempt home equity to prepay the preferred home loan lenders holding DOTs on the home where he and his family resided.

45. As indicated by Defendant's testimony that he prepaid Dovenmuehle Mortgage, the servicer for the First DOT on the Property, roughly $40,000.00 (i.e., $41,415.30), and Logan Investments, the servicer for the Second DOT on the Property, roughly $11,000.00 (i.e., $11,062.00), "to assure that my wife and my daughter and myself had a home to live in through the end of the year . . . I did prepay [the home loans in the past] but not to that degree, not six months, or four months, five months, whatever it was in advance, normally." Trial Testimony of Joseph Ellison, November 19, 2015 at 10:43 a.m., the number of advance mortgage payments were admittedly out of the ordinary and further indicate an intent to hinder or delay payment of his non-preferred creditors.

46. As indicated by Defendant's testimony that prior to filing his bankruptcy petition, he met with an asset protection firm, and one of his goals in doing so, was to potentially protect his assets from potential creditors, Trial Testimony of Joseph Ellison, November 19, 2015 at 10:58-10:59 a.m., and while he changed his mind about using the asset protection firm, the evidence of his consideration, meeting and paying the asset protection firm supports a finding that Defendant intended to hinder or delay his non-preferred creditors.

47. From his refinancing of the Property, Defendant took out cash of almost $250,000.00 (i.e., $247,950.85) from the equity in the Property. Trial Testimony of Joseph Ellison, November 19, 2015 at 9:15 a.m.; see also, Finding of Fact No. 23, supra.

48. As stated on his bankruptcy schedules, as of the Petition Date, Defendant had $600.00 in his CNB Account, for which he did not claim an exemption. Exhibit 8 at 14 and 20. Furthermore, as stated on his bankruptcy schedules, as of the Petition Date, Defendant had $1,894.00 in the Joint Account, for which he did not claim an exemption. Id.

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

Under 11 U.S.C. § 727,

11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2).

A party seeking denial of discharge under § 727(a)(2) must prove two things: "(1) a disposition of property, such as transfer or concealment, and (2) a subjective intent on the debtor's part to hinder, delay or defraud a creditor through the act [of] disposing of the property." Hughes v. Lawson (In re Lawson), 122 F.3d 1237, 1240 (9th Cir. 1997); accord, In re Retz, 606 F.3d 1189, 1200 (9th Cir. 2010); Cooke v. Renshaw (In re Cooke), 2016 WL 4039699, slip op. at *5 (9th Cir. BAP 2016), appeal pending, No. 16-60068 (9th Cir., notice of appeal filed on August 5, 2016). Under 11 U.S.C. § 101(54), "The term `transfer' means . . . (D) each mode, direct or indirect, absolute or conditional, voluntary or involuntary, of disposing of or parting with— (i) property; or (ii) an interest in property." "Those objecting to discharge `bear [ ] the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that [the debtor's] discharge should be denied." In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1196, quoting, Khalil v. Developers Surety & Indemnity Co. (In re Khalil), 379 B.R. 163, 172 (9th Cir. BAP 2007), affirmed, 578 F.3d 1167, 1168 (9th Cir. 2009); see also, Beverly v. Beverly (In re Beverly), 374 B.R. 221, 243 (9th Cir. BAP 2007) ("The burden of proof on an objection to discharge under § 727(a)(2) is preponderance of the evidence."), affirmed in part and appeal dismissed in part, 551 F.3d 1092 (9th Cir. 2008), citing inter alia, Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 289 (1991).

"In keeping with the `fresh start' purposes behind the Bankruptcy Code, courts should construe § 727 liberally in favor of debtors and strictly against parties objecting to discharge." In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1196, quoting, Bernard v. Sheaffer (In re Bernard), 96 F.3d 1279, 1281 (9th Cir. 1996). While "[t]his does not alter the burden on the objector, [it] rather means that `actual, rather than constructive intent is required' on the part of debtor." In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1196, quoting, In re Khalil, 379 B.R. at 172.

I. Prepetition Transfers Under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A)

The court first addresses the relevant prepetition transfers at issue in this case under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A). As explained in more detail below, based on evidence of Defendant's prepetition transfers and of his intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors JPMorgan and Shustak, his prior lawyer, the court determines that Defendant's discharge should be denied pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A).

Within one year prior to filing his bankruptcy petition, Defendant refinanced the Property by taking out a loan in the principal amount of $1,496,500.00 secured by the First DOT in favor of Greenbox Loans, Inc., used the $1,496,500.00 to pay off the previous first deed of trust to Ocwen Loan Servicing and the previous second deed of trust to Morgan Stanley Home Loans in the amounts of $605,728.11 and $742,802.77 respectively, deposited the remaining $69,441.17 in Defendant's CNB account, took out another loan in the amount of $200,000.00 secured by the Second DOT in favor of Brian Dror and Rafael Ryzman, and then deposited $178,509.68 of the $200,000.00 in Defendant's CNB account. Subsequently, from the refinancing proceeds deposited into Defendant's CNB account, Defendant transferred $38,000.00 to two friends, Ed Jeffers and Charles Springer, allegedly in satisfaction of two debts owed to them, separately transferred $18,000.00 and $51,000.00 from Defendant's CNB Account to his Wife's CNB Account, and transferred $41,415.30 to Dovenmuehle Mortgage and $11,062.00 to Logan Investments, thereby prepaying the loans secured by the First and Second DOTs on the Property by five months. At or just before the petition date, Defendant also transferred $31,600.00 from Defendant's non-exempt Joint Account to various destinations, including a $17,000.00 transfer to his wife on the Petition Date. Because all of the above-described acts involved the disposition of or parting with of property within the statutory time period, the court determines that each of the above-described acts constitute transfers under the first Lawson element.

Additionally, Defendant transferred $121,000.00 from Defendant's CNB Account into the Clownsputsch Account, then transferred $119,000.00 from the Clownsputsch Account back to Defendant's CNB Account. The court determines that the net of $2,000.00 that remained in the Clownsputsch Account constitutes a transfer under Lawson because the $2,000.00 was disposed of or parted with, but the $119,000.00 that was transferred back to Defendant's CNB Account does not constitute a transfer under Lawson because that money did not remain in the Clownsputsch Account. 4 March, Ahart and Shapiro, California Practice Guide: Bankruptcy, ¶ 22:856 at 22-118 (2015) ("For purposes of § 727(a)(2), `transferred' means `transferred and remained transferred." I.e., a debtor who fraudulently transfers property out of the bankruptcy estate during the one-year prepetition period but then returns the property to the estate before filing the petition may still receive a discharge.") (emphasis in original), citing, In re Adeeb, 787 F.2d at 1339, 1344-1345 (9th Cir. 1986).

A. Both Intent to Hinder and Intent to Delay are Individually Sufficient to Deny a Debtor's Discharge Under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)

Regarding the second Lawson element, the intent element, "[a] debtor's intent does not need to be fraudulent to meet the requirements of 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2). In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1200. "Because the language of the statute is in the disjunctive, it is sufficient if the debtor's intent is to hinder or delay a creditor." Id., citing, In re Bernard, 96 F.3d at 1281; accord, In re Cooke, 2016 WL 4039699, slip op. at *5; see also, 6 Resnick and Sommer, Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 727.02[3][a] at 727-17 (16th ed. 2016) ("The language of section 727(a)(2), drawn from the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act, implies that the debtor must have intent to defraud a creditor or officer of the estate. However, some courts have found that, under a literal reading of the language, an intent to hinder or delay creditors, even if not fraudulent, may be sufficient to warrant denial of discharge.") (footnotes and citations omitted), citing inter alia, In re Retz, supra; First Beverly Bank v. Adeeb, 787 F.2d 1339, 1343 (9th Cir. 1986) (concluding that trial court's finding that the debtor "acted with actual intent to hinder or delay a creditor" was not clearly erroneous based on the debtor's admission that "he transferred the property intending to put it out of the reach of one of his creditors"); but see, In re Cooke, 2016 WL 4039699, slip op. at *9 (Taylor, J., dissenting) (noting the bankruptcy court and the majority opinion affirming the bankruptcy court "fail to cite a single reported Ninth Circuit or Panel decision where a court denied discharge based on efforts to hinder or delay that did not involve deceit or other objectively or subjectively improper conduct"); cf., Acequia, Inc. v. Clinton (In re Acequia, Inc.), 34 F.3d 800, 804-812 (9th Cir. 1994) (reviewing for clear error and affirming trial court's holding and sustaining reorganized debtor's fraudulent transfer claims under 11 U.S.C. §§ 544(b) and 548(a)(1) against debtor's insider as transferee of corporate funds based on factual findings that the insider caused debtor to transfer the funds with intent to hinder or delay debtor's creditors); Pioneer Liquidating Corp. v. San Diego Trust & Savings Bank, 211 B.R. 704, 717 (S.D. Cal. 1997) (stating that "the purpose of fraudulent transfer recovery is to prevent a debtor from putting assets otherwise available to its creditors out of their reach"), citing and quoting, Jack F. Williams, Revisiting the Proper Limits of Fraudulent Transfer Law, 8 Bankr. Dev. J. 55, 128 (1991) ("In our quest to understand fraudulent transfer liability, we often overlook first principles. At its core, fraudulent transfer law is a debt-collection device and not a revenue generating tool; its mission is to prevent the unjust diminution of the debtor's estate.").

"The intent to hinder or delay [for purposes of 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A)] `is a question of fact that requires the trier of fact to delve into the mind of the debtor and may be inferred from surrounding circumstances.'" In re Cooke, 2016 WL 4039699, slip op. at *6, citing, Searles v. Riley (In re Searles), 317 B.R. 368, 379 (9th Cir. BAP 2004), affirmed in an unpublished decision, 212 Fed. Appx. 589 (9th Cir. 2006), citing, Emmett Valley Associates v. Woodfield (In re Woodfield), 978 F.2d 516, 518 (9th Cir. 1992). Furthermore, intent for purposes of 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2) may be inferred from the surrounding circumstances, including certain "badges of fraud" that constitute circumstantial evidence of intent:

In re Woodfield, 978 F.2d at 518, citing inter alia, Evans v. Trude, 193 Or. 648, 240 P.2d 940, 944 (1952) (citing state court cases listing "badges of "fraud" to infer actual intent to prove fraudulent transfer) and Matter of Ayala, 107 B.R. 274, 274-275 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 1989) (citing federal court cases listing similar but not identical indicia of fraud to prove intent under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)). "A course of conduct may also be probative of the question of intent." In re Beverly, 374 B.R. at 243, citing, In re Adeeb, 787 F.2d at 1343.

As previously noted, Collier on Bankruptcy commented that the language of 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2) was drawn from the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act and "implies that the debtor must have intent to defraud a creditor or officer of the estate", but that citing the Ninth Circuit in In re Retz, "some courts have found that, under a literal reading of the language, an intent to hinder or delay creditors, even if not fraudulent, may be sufficient to warrant denial of discharge." 6 Resnick and Sommer, Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 727.02[3][a] at 727-17 (footnotes and citations omitted). In this court's view, Collier's comment is somewhat overstated because the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act, later the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, and now the Uniform Voidable Transactions Act, does not draw any distinction in proving actual intent to prove a "fraudulent", now voidable, transfer, whether to hinder, to delay, or to defraud, because to prove any of these forms of intent stated in the disjunctive may be proven by a common set of factors, or indicia, as indicated by the current California version of the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act, now the Uniform Voidable Transactions Act, California Civil Code § 3439.04(a), which provides as follows:

See also, 8 Witkin, California Procedure, Enforcement of Judgment, § 495 at 534-536 (2008 and 2016 Supp.); cf., 5 Resnick and Sommer, Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 548.04[1][a] at 548-56 and n. 5 ("The statutory text [of 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(A)] focuses on the debtor's intent. The debtor must possess an intent to hinder, an intent to delay or an intent to defraud. The requirement is disjunctive; any one of the three intents is sufficient for liability." citing inter alia, Lippe v. Bairnco Corp., 249 F.Supp.2d 357, 374 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) ("As the use of the disjunctive `or' makes clear, `[o]nly an actual intent to hinder and delay need be established, not an actual intent to defraud.'") (citation omitted).

The words "hinder," "delay" and "defraud" used to describe the intent required under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2) are not defined terms under the Bankruptcy Code. See 11 U.S.C. § 101. The meaning of these terms comes from the common law and is codified in the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act, now the Uniform Voidable Transactions Act. See In re Woodfield, 978 F.2d at 518, citing inter alia, Evans v. Trude, supra, and Matter of Ayala, supra. The terms of hinder, delay and defraud connote intentional actions by a debtor to frustrate or thwart collection by creditors and describe a continuum of intents that may differ temporally or in substance and effect, but each of which is impermissible for purposes of 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2). The dictionary definitions of these words reinforce these observations. The word "hinder" has been defined as a transitive verb: "1. To be or get in the way of. 2. To obstruct or delay the progress of." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language at 830 (4th ed. 2006). The word "delay" has been defined as a transitive verb: "1. To postpone until a later time; defer. 2. To cause to be later or slower than expected or desired." Id. at 480. The word "defraud" has been defined as a transitive verb: "To take something by fraud; swindle." Id. at 477. The word "fraud", in turn, has been defined as a noun: "1. A deception deliberately practiced in order to secure unfair or unlawful gain. 2. A piece of trickery; a trick. . . ." Id. at 699.

B. An Examination of In re Cooke and Hultman v. Tevis: the Court May Consider Prepetition Preferential Payments to Creditors for Purposes of Determining Whether There is Intent to Hinder, Delay or Defraud Under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A)

Before the court addresses whether, under Lawson, Defendant's pre-bankruptcy acts of using non-exempt assets to pay, and thus prefer, some creditors, including the home loan lenders holding the First and Second DOTs on the Property, and his friends as well as an insider, his wife, involved the requisite actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud a creditor, the court must also carefully consider the overlay between the intent to prefer creditors and the intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors. "The intent to prefer creditors is not equivalent to the intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors." 6 Resnick and Sommer, Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 727.02[3][c] at 727-19, citing inter alia, Equitable Bank v. Miller (In re Miller), 39 F.3d 301 (11th Cir. 1994) and In re Richter, 57 F.2d 159 (2d Cir. 1932); see also, In re Chu, 511 B.R. 681, 685 (Bankr. D. Hawaii 2014) ("An intent to prefer one creditor over others is not necessarily the same as an intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors."). A transfer preferring one creditor over another does not amount to an act to "hinder, delay, or defraud" an unpreferred creditor. 8 Witkin, California Procedure, Enforcement of Judgment, § 495 at 534, citing inter alia, California Civil Code § 3432 and Wyzard v. Goller, 23 Cal.App.4th 1183 (1994); see also, Hultman v. Tevis, 82 F.2d 940, 941 (9th Cir. 1936) (mere fact of a preferential transfer does not establish an act to "hinder, delay or defraud" creditor to deny discharge). Nonetheless, in this court's view, as discussed below, even if the intent to prefer creditors is not equivalent to the intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors, the intent to prefer creditors may still coincide with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors if there is other evidence of intent as was recently held by a divided Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Ninth Circuit ("BAP") in an unpublished memorandum decision in In re Cooke, 2016 WL 4039699, slip op. at *1-8 (majority opinion) and at *8-17 (Taylor, J., dissenting), affirming a decision of another judge of this court (the Honorable Peter H. Carroll); cf., 5 Resnick and Sommer, Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 548.04[1][a] at 548-57 and n. 6 ("The requisite actual intent [to hinder, delay or defraud to prove fraudulent transfer under 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(A)], however, must be something more than just an intent to prefer one creditor over another." citing inter alia, Stone v. Abraham (In re Prestige Spring Corp.), 628 F.2d 840, 842-843 (4th Cir. 1980). For purposes of determining whether the court may consider prepetition preferential payments to creditors when determining whether there is intent to hinder, delay or defraud under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A), the court now examines the BAP's decision in Cooke and the Ninth Circuit's decision in Hultman.

In Cooke, the debtor and the judgment creditor were involved in a multi-vehicle accident in which the creditor, a former fireman, was seriously and permanently injured. Id., slip op. at *1. The judgment creditor sued the debtor in state court for negligence and the debtor who was insured was defended by the counsel retained by the insurance company. Id. The state court entered a judgment in favor of the judgment creditor against the debtor of $1.6 million, and in October 2012, the insurance company paid the judgment creditor directly the amount of the policy limits of $250,000. Id. The debtor's insurance policy also provided for certain supplemental payments to be made on behalf of the debtor as the insured, including postjudgment interest, which was $45,147.62 as of the date the insurance company paid the judgment creditor on the judgment. Id. On November 13, 2012, the insurer mailed a check for the postjudgment interest to the debtor, who deposited the check in his checking account on November 19, 2012. Id., slip op at *1-2. On November 30, 2012, the debtor filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case in this court; however, shortly before filing his Chapter 7 bankruptcy case, he spent approximately $30,000 from the insurance payment not to the judgment creditor on the judgment, but for other purposes, including: (1) $1,040 in cash paid for miscellaneous items, $1,040; (2) $5,600 for on-campus housing at the university he was attending for the upcoming quarter; (3) $4,670 for tuition and fees to the university for the upcoming quarter; (4) $11,000 for taxes on the insurance payment he received, which was paid to the IRS; (5) $4,306 for bankruptcy attorney and filing fees; (6) $2,800 for taxes on the insurance payment he received, which was paid to the state taxing authority; and (7) $2,500 for the purchase of a personal computer for his use. Id., slip op at *2. The debtor claimed the remaining amount of $14,250 as exempt on his bankruptcy schedules. Id. The judgment creditor filed an adversary proceeding under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2) against the debtor to deny his discharge. Id., slip op at *3. During his meeting of creditors under 11 U.S.C. § 341(a), during an examination under Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 2004 by the judgment creditor and during the trial in the adversary proceeding, the debtor gave inconsistent testimony about whether he received and read the letter from the insurance company transmitting the supplemental payment check which told him what the check was for before depositing the check into his account, and he admitted in his testimony that he knew the insurance payment he received represented the interest accrued from the judgment creditor's judgment, that based on his attorney's advice (never disclosed due to the continued assertion of the attorney-client privilege), the debtor concluded that the money from the insurance payment belonged to him and not the judgment creditor, that the judgment creditor might try to collect the money and that he could have given the money to the judgment creditor, but elected to use the money for other purposes, and that he contemplated filing for bankruptcy before depositing the check. Id. and n. 5.

Among other things, the bankruptcy court in Cooke found that the debtor intended to hinder or delay the judgment creditor in his ability to collect on the judgment by transferring the funds. Id. Based on the totality of the circumstances, the bankruptcy court believed that the debtor's transfers went beyond legitimate prebankruptcy planning and were done with the intent to keep the funds from the judgment creditor, his most significant creditor, and to maximize the benefit of the funds for himself. Id. at *8. The bankruptcy court entered judgment in favor of the judgment creditor, denying the debtor his discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2), and the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel in a divided vote affirmed.

In affirming the bankruptcy court's judgment denying the discharge, the majority in Cooke held that the bankruptcy court applied the correct law articulating the elements for a claim under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2) and made the necessary findings of fact to determine the debtor's actual intent to hinder or delay the creditor, including inferences and course of conduct that may be considered as circumstantial evidence of intent. Id. at *8. "The party objecting to discharge under § 727(a)(2)(A) must prove two things: (1) the disposition of property, whether by transfer, removal, destruction, mutilation or concealment (within the statutory time period); and (2) the debtor's subjective intent to hinder, delay or defraud a creditor through the act of disposition of the property." Id. at *5, citing, In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1200, citing, In re Lawson, 122 F.3d at 1240. As to the second Lawson element, the majority held that the bankruptcy court's factual findings of intent were not clearly erroneous because the court could properly have found actual intent to hinder or delay based on the facts and debtor's course of conduct that he made the transfers with the knowledge that he was liable to the judgment creditor in excess of the policy limits, that the supplemental insurance payment was for accrued interest on the judgment owed to the judgment creditor, that the judgment creditor might try to collect the payment from him, that he did not want the judgment creditor to get the payment, and that the debt owed to the judgment creditor was the reason he filed for bankruptcy as he had no other material debt as of the petition date. Id. at *6. The majority finally observed that "[a]lthough two views of the evidence may exist, the court's choice between them in determining that [the debtor] actually intended to hinder or delay, cannot be clearly erroneous." Id. at *8.

The dissent in Cooke observed that the critical inquiry in the case came down to the question of "what did [the debtor] do with the Funds that would justify the loss of discharge?", and the dissent's answer was that "he did nothing that was an appropriate basis for discharge denial under § 727(a)(2)(A)." Id. at *9. Among the eleven reasons that the dissent gave for reversal and possible remand of the bankruptcy court's judgment denying discharge was that reversal is warranted as a matter of law because the bankruptcy court's factual finding of intent was based on transfers which it could not consider for purposes of § 727(a)(2)(A). Id. at *9-17.

The debtor in Cooke has appealed the judgment of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel affirming the bankruptcy court to the Ninth Circuit, which will decide the appeal in due course. This court specifically addresses some of the concerns raised in Cooke which are germane to the discussion of the issues in this case, particularly whether reversal is warranted as a matter of law because the bankruptcy court's factual finding of intent was based on transfers which it could not consider for purposes of 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A), and in support of that ground for reversal, the dissent in Cooke cited the Ninth Circuit's decision in Hultman v. Tevis, supra, which was decided under the Bankruptcy Act of 1898 rather than the modern Bankruptcy Code.

The facts in Hultman v. Tevis were as follows. 82 F.2d at 940-941. The debtor filed a petition for relief under the Bankruptcy Act and was adjudged a voluntary bankrupt. Id. at 940. The trustee in bankruptcy opposed the petition and sought denial of the debtor's discharge on two grounds, including the transfer of large sums of money within one year of the petition date to his son with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors. Id. at 940-941, citing, Bankruptcy Act of 1898, § 14b, as amended by § 6 of the Act of May 27, 1926, c. 406, 44 Stat. 663, former 11 U.S.C § 32(b). The debtor owed a debt to his son, which had not been fully paid. Id. at 941. Debtor began receiving money from a spendthrift trust set up by his sister, and he transferred some of that money to his son within one year of the petition date. Id. The debtor had been advised by his attorney, to whom all the facts were fully disclosed, that the money received from the spendthrift trust could not be subjected to the claims of his creditors, even after it reached his hands. Id. The debtor in good faith believed and relied upon the attorney's advice and acted on it in making the transfer to his son. Id. The amount of money that the debtor transferred to his son was less than the amount owed. Id. The special master in bankruptcy made the above findings of fact, which were not excepted to at trial, and further found that the money which the debtor transferred to his son was not transferred with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors and that the debtor was entitled to a discharge of his debts. Id. The trustee in bankruptcy interposed exceptions to the special master's findings of fact and conclusions of law, but the district court accepted the special master's findings and conclusions granting the debtor a discharge. Id. The Ninth Circuit in Hultman affirmed the district court's judgment upholding the debtor's discharge. In so holding, the Ninth Circuit made two specific observations germane here. Id. First, the Ninth Circuit stated: "Whether [the lawyer's] advice was correct or not is a question which the District Court did not, nor do we, deem it necessary to decide." Id. Second, the Ninth Circuit stated: "The mere fact that a bankrupt has made a preferential payment or transfer to one of his creditors is no ground for denying a discharge." Id. (citations omitted).

The dissent in Cooke concluded that "[t]he bankruptcy court here did not acknowledge the rule in Hultman and erroneously relied on [the debtor]'s use of the Funds to pay other creditors." In re Cooke, 2016 WL 4039699, slip op. at *11 (Taylor, J., dissenting). The dissent in Cooke asserted that the majority opinion only addressed one of the two relevant rulings of the Ninth Circuit in Hultman for not denying the debtor's discharge based on reliance of counsel and simply disregarded the other relevant ruling relating to preferential payments. Id. Relying on the Ninth Circuit's statement in Hultman that "[t]hat the mere fact that a bankruptcy has made a preferential payment or transfer to one of his creditors is no grounds for denying a discharge," the dissent in Cooke stated: "Hultman clearly states that payment of legitimate creditor claims, even to insiders, is not a basis for discharge denial. Both the bankruptcy court and the majority ignore this authority; I cannot and do not do so." Id. In other words, as the dissent stated, "as the Ninth Circuit made clear in Hultman, some transfers do not support discharge denial as a matter of law." Id. at *12 n. 4.

In asserting that reversal in Cooke was warranted as a matter of law because the bankruptcy court's factual finding was based on transfers which it could not consider for purposes of 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A), the dissent in Cooke also criticized the majority's analysis based on another Ninth Circuit decision in In re Adeeb, supra. Id. at *14. The dissent stated:

Id. at *14 (emphasis in original).

With respect to the debtor's use of the insurance payment funds to purchase a laptop computer, the dissent in Cooke commented:

Id. (footnote omitted).

In response to the dissent's analysis, the majority in Cooke stated that "[i]n the requisite analysis for this appeal, we need to determine if the bankruptcy court's finding of actual intent was clear error." Id. at *7 n. 7. In addressing the dissent's analysis, citing Hultman, the majority stated:

Id. at *5 n. 5.

With respect to the bankruptcy court's factual findings on intent, the majority in Cooke noted that "[b]eyond the credibility determination, the bankruptcy court also identified several elements as support for the inference that [the debtor] acted with the requisite intent under § 727(a)(2)(A)," citing what the bankruptcy court considered as reflected in the trial transcript:

Id. at *7 and n. 6, citing, Trial Tr. (Jan.12, 2015) 10:23-11:5.

This court has quoted the dissent and majority opinions in Cooke at length because the issues raised are germane to this case, that is, whether, as the dissent in Cooke concluded, based on the Ninth Circuit's decision in Hultman that some transfers by a bankruptcy debtor, including preferential payments to other creditors, do not support discharge denial as a matter of law. In considering the merits of the analyses of the majority and dissent in Cooke, this court concludes that while the dissent makes cogent points, the majority has the better side of the argument. The majority in Cooke is correct in emphasizing that "[i]n the requisite analysis for this appeal, we need to determine if the bankruptcy court's finding of actual intent was clear error." The bankruptcy court's analysis based on its findings considering "(1) the timing of the transfer; (2) the amount of the transfer in relation to the remaining property of the debtor; (3) whether the transfer occurred after the entry of a large judgment against the debtor; (4) whether the transfer rendered the debtor insolvent; (5) the debtor's motivation to make the transfers; and (6) the credibility of the debtor's explanation regarding the transfers" was not clear error, though a reasonable finder of fact could decide differently. Id.

In this court's view, Hultman does not dictate a different result in Cooke or in this case. The Ninth Circuit's statement in Hultman that "[t]hat the mere fact that a bankruptcy has made a preferential payment or transfer to one of his creditors is no grounds for denying a discharge" does not support the broad reliance of the dissent in Cooke for its proposition that preferential transfers do not support discharge denial as a matter of law and cannot be considered for determining intent for purposes of 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A). That is not what the Ninth Circuit said in Hultman. As worded, the Ninth Circuit's statement in Hultman that the mere fact of a preferential transfer does not justify discharge denial means that such a transfer by itself is not grounds to deny a discharge, but says nothing about a preferential transfer being considered as evidence of intent in the context of other facts that may evidence intent. The analysis in Hultman indicated that the appropriate inquiry was to determine the existence of an intent on behalf of the debtor to hinder, delay or defraud creditors, which is a fact-based inquiry, and the findings of fact and conclusions of law proposed by the special master adopted by the district court that the debtor lacked such intent was reviewed for clear error, which was affirmed by the Ninth Circuit. The Cooke majority's analysis of Hultman was correct that the district court's finding of lack of intent based on the debtor's reliance on counsel's advice without other evidence of intent was not clearly erroneous and was appropriately affirmed. See also, In re Perrine, 2008 WL 8448835, slip op. at *5-6 (9th Cir. BAP 2008) (unpublished BAP memorandum decision discussing Hultman and acknowledging the Ninth Circuit's determination in that case that the fact that a preferential payment did not necessitate a finding that it was made with an intent to hinder or delay creditors, upholding the district court's finding of lack of intent without additional evidence of intent, but distinguishing Hultman on its facts to uphold discharge denial involving a preferential or fraudulent transfer with additional evidence of intent).

The court acknowledges what the Ninth Circuit stated in Hultman about the mere fact that a preferential transfer is not a ground to deny a discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A), but the circumstantial evidence in this case supports a finding that Defendant made transfers to prefer creditors, including the home loan lenders holding the First and Second DOTs on the Property and his wife, with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors beyond the mere fact that he made certain preferential transfers to other creditors and, as discussed in more detail below, beyond the mere fact that he converted nonexempt assets into exempt assets.

C. Based on In re Beverly, Defendant "Crossed the Line"

Beyond the previous determination that the court may consider preferential payments to creditors for purposes of determining an intent to hinder, delay or defraud under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A), the court is persuaded by the decision and analysis of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Ninth Circuit ("BAP") in In re Beverly, which dealt with another issue that is relevant to this case: whether the pre-bankruptcy conversion of non-exempt assets into exempt assets, which is nonfraudulent by itself as a matter of law under the Ninth Circuit's decision in Gill v. Stern (In re Stern), 345 F.3d 1036, 1044 (9th Cir. 2003), warrants denial of a bankruptcy debtor's discharge if there was also a subjective intent to hinder, delay or defraud a creditor. In re Beverly, 374 B.R. at 242-246. The court believes the BAP's framework in that case is instructive here because in addition to Defendant's use of non-exempt assets to prefer certain creditors prepetition, this case also involves the transfer of non-exempt assets to Defendant's Wife's CNB Account which Defendant claimed an exemption in. As discussed in more detail below, the totality of circumstantial evidence in this case shows an intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors to warrant denial of discharge as shown by Defendant's prepayments of the First and Second DOTs with five advance monthly payments, and transfers to his Wife's CNB Account which Defendant claimed an exemption in, all of which, like in Beverly, are forms of improper pre-bankruptcy planning that furthered Defendant's intent to keep certain assets for his personal benefit and out of reach of his creditors who might have received the value of these assets through a bankruptcy distribution.

In Beverly, the BAP reversed the bankruptcy court's holding that the debtor's pre-bankruptcy conversion of non-exempt assets to exempt assets during the debtor's divorce was non-fraudulent as a matter of law for purposes of denying the debtor's discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2). Id. at 246. In Beverly, the facts were as follows. The debtor, anticipating a large judgment on a community debt, executed a marital settlement agreement with his wife prepetition whereby he transferred a $1 million interest of non-exempt property to his non-filing wife in exchange for his wife's interest in his $1.1 million exempt retirement fund. Id. at 226-227. By doing so, the debtor would shoulder the impending judgment debt, but having first stripped himself of the non-exempt liquid assets with which to pay that debt. Id. at 227. After the debtor filed for bankruptcy, the trustee and the judgment creditor objected to the debtor's discharge under various 11 U.S.C. § 727(a) theories. Id. at 229. The bankruptcy court ruled for the debtor, reasoning that the toleration of bankruptcy exemption planning meant that the discharge cannot be denied because there could not have been an intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors. Id. at 244.

On the creditor's appeal of its 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A) claim, the BAP in Beverly specifically addressed the relationship between the conversion of non-exempt assets to exempt assets, which is not by itself fraudulent, and an intent to defraud creditors, stating:

Id. at 245 (citations omitted). Based upon the fact of the debtor's conversion of at least $424,450 in non-exempt assets to exempt assets and a record replete with evidence that the debtor was fixated on moving assets away from the reach of the judgment creditor, the BAP in Beverly held that the bankruptcy court's factual finding that the debtor did not have the requisite intent to hinder or delay the judgment creditor was clearly erroneous. Id. at 245. In so holding, the court stated,

Id. at 246.

Based on the BAP's analytical framework in Beverly regarding the relationship between a debtor's intent and the conversion of assets from nonexempt to exempt status, and based on additional evidence of intent beyond the mere conversion of assets from nonexempt to exempt, the court considers, as discussed below, whether Defendant "crossed the line" based on additional evidence of intent beyond the mere fact that some of the transfers appear to be preferential only when Defendant used his non-exempt assets to make prepetition transfers to preferred payees when he made five months of prepayments to his home lenders totaling $51,000.00 and transferred $38,000.00 to two of his friends on debts allegedly owed to each of them, as well as when Defendant converted non-exempt assets to exempt assets by transferring $86,000.00 to his Wife's CNB Account which Defendant claimed an exemption in.

i. Defendant's Prepayments of First and Second DOTs on the Property

Regarding the additional evidence of intent beyond the mere preferential payments and conversion of nonexempt assets to exempt assets, and specifically, Defendant's act of prepaying the First and Second DOTs on his home, the court first notes that aside from the timing of Defendant's prepetition transfers of nonexempt assets and the amounts of those transfers, he made multiple admissions in his trial testimony that evidence his intent to hinder or delay his non-preferred creditors. "When a debtor admits that he acted with the intent penalized by section 727(a)(2)(A), there is no need for the court to rely on circumstantial evidence or inferences in determining whether the debtor had the requisite intent." In re Adeeb, 787 F.2d at 1343 ("Adeeb admitted that he transferred the property intending to put it out of the reach of one of his creditors."). Additionally, entry of a discharge order should be denied if a debtor "had the intent penalized by the statute notwithstanding any other motivation he may have had for the transfer." Id. at 1343; accord, In re Beverly, 374 B.R. at 246; cf. Matter of Trinity Baptist Church, 25 B.R. 529, 532-533 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1982) (analyzing fraudulent transfer claim under Florida law) ("Intent to defraud within the meaning of the statute is the debtor's intention to prevent his creditors from satisfying their debts . . . An evil motive is not required in order to set aside a transfer.") (citations omitted).

Specifically, at his Rule 2004 examination, Defendant testified to the following:

Furthermore, at trial, Defendant testified that he thought of prepaying his home loans by five months because "I had the money at that time and I wanted to make sure my family was protected and that I had paid my primary obligation to them for that period of time", Trial Testimony of Joseph Ellison, November 19, 2015 at 9:22 a.m., and that a primary motivation behind his prepayments was that he was concerned about his prior lawyer, Shustak, who he was having a fee dispute with, and who has a disputed claim in Defendant's bankruptcy case, "from coming in and attaching his assets", Trial Testimony of Joseph Ellison, November 19, 2015 at 9:24-9:25 a.m. In re Adeeb, 787 F.2d at 1343 ("Adeeb admitted that he transferred the property intending to put it out of the reach of one of his creditors."). Although Defendant had a benign motive of protecting his family, the evidence otherwise indicates that he still had the intent to hinder or delay his creditors. Matter of Trinity Baptist Church, 25 B.R. at 532-533 (mixed motive of a debtor does not defeat a finding of intent, stating: "Clearly, the Debtor intended to hold those dissatisfied creditors at bay, and prevent levy and sale of the property, in hopes of rehabilitation and the satisfaction of all creditors. While admirable, the end result of this scheme was nonetheless hindrance and delay of creditors.").

Moreover, Defendant testified that he prepaid the home loans secured by the First and Second DOTs "to assure that my wife and my daughter and myself had a home to live in through the end of the year . . . I did prepay [the mortgage in the past] but not to that degree, not six months, or four months, five months, whatever it was in advance, normally." Trial Testimony of Joseph Ellison, November 19, 2015 at 10:43 a.m. This out of the ordinary course transaction and Defendant's admissions are additional evidence of his intent to hinder or delay his creditors by putting these funds out of their reach for his personal benefit. Silagy v. Morris (In re Morris), 2013 WL 5705630, slip op. at *17 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2013) (transfers of debtor's property in exchange for waiver of future child support was a badge of fraud due to detriment of debtor's current creditors indicating intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors as fraudulent transfer under 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(A)), objections to bankruptcy court's proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law overruled in pertinent part and sustained in part on other grounds, 2015 WL 853499 (N.D. Ohio 2015). In holding that the debtor's transfers of her equity in the marital residence to her spouse in a martial dissolution for a waiver of her future child support obligations was a badge of fraud with respect to her current creditors, the bankruptcy court stated in In re Morris:

2013 WL 5705630, slip op. at *17. The court in In re Morris also held that the transfer was also constructively fraudulent because prepayment of a future obligation was not reasonably equivalent value and the transfer harmed creditors:

2013 WL 5705630, slip op. at *11.

Under the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (now the Uniform Voidable Transactions Act), a transfer is constructively fraudulent if the debtor made the transfer without receiving a reasonably equivalent value for the transfer in exchange for the transfer and the debtor was insolvent at the time of the transfer or became insolvent as result of the transfer. California Civil Code § 3439.05(a). Although the finding of lack of reasonably equivalent value was made in support of the holding of constructive fraudulent transfer in In re Morris, though not directly relevant for a claim under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2), such a finding would itself be a badge of fraud indicating actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud current creditors under the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (now Uniform Voidable Transactions Act) and under the Ninth Circuit's listing of badges of fraud in In re Woodfield, supra. California Civil Code § 3439.04(b)(8) ("(8) Whether the value of the consideration received by the debtor was reasonably equivalent to the value of the asset transferred or the amount of the obligation incurred."); In re Woodfield, 978 F.3d at 518 ("6) that the Debtor received inadequate consideration for the transfer.") (citations omitted).

Although Defendant might have argued that the prepayments of the home loans are not indicative of an intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors because these payments to the home lenders were to fully secured creditors, the court would not be persuaded by such. See Pioneer Liquidating Corp. v. San Diego Trust & Savings Bank, 211 B.R. at 717 (S.D. Cal. 1997) (holding that payment to a fully secured creditor does not hinder, delay or defraud creditors because it does not put assets otherwise available in a bankruptcy distribution out of the reach of other creditors), cited in, Henry v. Lehman Commercial Paper, Inc. (In re First Alliance Mortgage Co.), 471 F.3d 977, 1008 (9th Cir. 2006). This argument fails under the circumstances of this case because Defendant had refinanced his existing home loans by taking out new home loans to repay the old ones and to extract and monetize the existing equity in his home that was otherwise available to pay his current creditors. Defendant took out the surplus refinancing proceeds, which were converted home equity, and transferred such proceeds for his personal purposes rather than to pay debt to current creditors. Defendant made transfers to his wife, and he made prepayments on his new home loans five months in advance as he admitted so he and his family had a place to live. Although the new home lenders are secured creditors, the liens they hold are based on trust deeds on the home as real property, and not on the surplus refinancing proceeds. Findings of Fact Nos. 18-22. Defendant's transfers in his home loan prepayments from the refinancing proceeds were thus not payments of the home lenders as fully secured creditors from their collateral, the home itself, which is different from the circumstances in Pioneer Liquidating Corp. v. San Diego Trust & Savings Bank, supra, where the fully secured lender was paid from its collateral on which it had a security interest, which was held not to be a transfer involving an intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors since there was no diminution of the bankruptcy estate as the transferred assets were fully encumbered by the secured creditor's lien. This is not the situation here because the funds used to make Defendant's home loan prepayments were from the surplus refinancing proceeds from his converted home equity, which were prepetition assets not encumbered by the home lenders' security interests, and thus, these funds had been prepetition assets otherwise available to his current creditors which he put out of their reach resulting in a diminution of the bankruptcy estate. Why this is overreaching and improper is that Defendant converted the prepetition asset of nonexempt home equity available to pay prepetition debts for which he was legally obligated to pay at the time into a postpetition asset by prepaying his future obligations which were not yet legally due, thus, diminishing the pool of prepetition assets available to pay current creditors otherwise barred from further collection due to the bankruptcy discharge and relieving him of having to use his postpetition assets to pay debts for which he had to pay in the future, but he did not yet have to pay at the time, and conferring a financial benefit to him at the expense of his current creditors. Accordingly, the court finds on this record that Defendant's transfers of $41,415.30 and $11,062.00 to prepay his home loans for five months are badges of fraud indicating an intent to hinder, delay or defraud his current creditors, including JP Morgan Chase, by putting these otherwise available assets out of the reach of these creditors and by not receiving reasonably equivalent value in doing so.

Additionally, Defendant testified that prior to filing his bankruptcy petition, he met with an asset protection firm, and one of his goals in doing so was to potentially protect his assets from potential creditors. Trial Testimony of Joseph Ellison, November 19, 2015 at 10:58-10:59 a.m. These admitted facts of Defendant's knowledge and planning are additional evidence of his intent to hinder or delay his creditors. Accordingly, based on the Ninth Circuit's decisions in Adeeb and Retz, the court determines that Defendant's admissions that he prepaid the home loans secured by the First and Second DOTs to prevent other creditors from gaining access to equity in the Property and collecting on those assets, constitutes additional and sufficient evidence of an actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors beyond the mere fact of making preferential transfers, and thus, establishes a claim to deny Defendant's discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A). Furthermore, based on the analytical framework set forth in Beverly, the court also determines that such admissions constitute evidence of defendant's actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors beyond the mere fact of the timing of using non-exempt funds to prepay the home loans secured by the First and Second DOTs immediately before he filed for bankruptcy.

Defendant's admissions notwithstanding, the sequence of events preceding the filing of his bankruptcy petition provides circumstantial evidence of his actual intent to hinder or defraud his creditors. See In re Beverly, 374 B.R. at 243 (for the purposes of 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A), intent to hinder, delay, or defraud may be established by circumstantial evidence or by inferences drawn from a course of conduct); In re Adeeb, 787 F.2d at 1343, citing, In re Devers, 759 F.2d 751, 755 (9th Cir. 1985). The Ninth Circuit in Woodfield identified certain "badges of fraud" indicative of circumstantial evidence of an intent to hinder or defraud, which can be found here, including factors (1) a close relationship between the transferor (Debtor) and the transferee (his wife and friends); (2) that the transfers were in anticipation of a pending suit (Plaintiffs' counterclaims in the FINRA Action and suit to confirm their award); (3) that the transferor Debtor was insolvent or in poor financial condition at the time (Defendant's filing of his bankruptcy case with his schedules showing insufficient nonexempt assets to pay his outstanding debts); (4) that all or substantially all of the Debtor's property was transferred (prepetition payment of preferred parties, his wife, his friends and his home lenders, and Debtor's conversion of nonexempt assets into exempt assets); (5) that the transfers so completely depleted the Debtor's assets that the creditors have been hindered or delayed in recovering any part of the judgment (reduction of most, if not all, value in nonexempt assets as of the petition date). In re Woodfield, 978 F.2d at 518.

Defendant took out the equity from the Property and used the proceeds to pay his wife, friends, and the First DOT and the Second DOT on the Property so that his family could continue to retain the benefits of the funds and live in the Property. As a result of Defendant depleting the equity in the Property through the refinancing and prepetition transfers, there is little or no equity in the Property available to pay nonpreferred creditors through Defendant's bankruptcy case. Though the refinancing transactions, Defendant pulled out net equity of almost $250,000 from his residence, solving his practical problem of shielding the nonexempt equity from his creditors based on the limited $100,000 homestead exemption for Defendant and his spouse as a "family unit" under California Code of Civil Procedure § 704.730(a)(2). Likewise, as a result of the transfers, the disbursed funds, which would have otherwise remained in Defendant's [unencumbered] CNB Account, are also unavailable for distribution to Defendant's unsecured creditors. Defendant's nonpreferred unsecured creditors, JPMorgan and Shustak, representing 90 percent of the value of Defendant's general unsecured claims, are thus likely to recover little or nothing from Defendant's bankruptcy estate in light of Defendant's prepetition transfers, while he continues to benefit from these transfers diverting his assets which would have otherwise been intended and available for distribution to these creditors in this bankruptcy case.

According to Defendant's bankruptcy schedules, his real property asset, the home, is fully encumbered, and of his personal property assets with a total value of $303,587.00, most of the value of these assets is claimed as exempt in the amount of $254,673.00, leaving a net of $48,914.00 as non-exempt property. Schedule A-Real Property, Schedule B-Personal Property, Schedule C-Property Claimed as Exempt, Petition, Exhibit 8 at 13-21. Most of the value of Defendant's nonexempt assets comes from an account receivable valued at $35,914.00, which he says is owed from his former employer, Morgan Stanley, in company stock from a performance award, and is thus not traceable to the subject transfers from Defendant's converted home equity. Schedule B-Personal Property, Petition, Exhibit 8 at 17. In comparison, on March 1, 2014, Defendant received the funds of $247,950.85 disbursed to him from the refinancing of his home not claimed as exempt on his bankruptcy schedules representing the home equity that he took out and converted for his use, and not available to pay claims of current creditors, including the transfers discussed herein. These circumstances indicate perfect prebankruptcy planning from Defendant's perspective because through the transfers, he was able to extract the net equity of almost $250,000 from his home and provide for himself and his family and his preferred creditors, leaving almost nothing for his nonpreferred creditors, despite the limited $100,000 homestead exemption, and are the result of Defendant's design and actual intent to hinder or delay his creditors.

Furthermore, the court also observes that the timing, quantity, and circumstances surrounding Defendant's transfers—which occurred while the FINRA Action was pending, while an evidentiary hearing was ongoing, while the issuance of an adverse FINRA award was imminent, and shortly after the issuance of the FINRA award, highlight that Defendant made the transfers intending to hinder creditors' ability to recover from his assets. Moreover, within the five months preceding the Petition Date and while the FINRA Action was pending, Defendant sought the assistance of an asset protection law firm to create an asset protection trust and establish a Limited Liability Limited Partnership (LLLP) to shield his assets from creditors, and while Defendant said that he changed his mind about forming the asset protection trust and tried to instruct the asset protection law firm not to go ahead with the trust formation, such consultation reflects Defendant's state of mind with an awareness and intent not to pay his nonpreferred creditors. During this same time period, Defendant then refinanced the loans on the Property and, in the process, took out cash of nearly $250,000.00 from the equity in the Property, and then transferred much of this cash to pay preferred parties, his wife and his home lenders, notably, so he would be able to stay in his residence through advance loan payments.

ii. Defendant's Prepetition Transfers to His Friends

Nonetheless, regarding Defendant's $38,000 of prepetition payments to his friends, the court does not find that such payments by themselves indicate an intent to hinder, delay or defraud his other creditors because the evidence indicates that Defendant was repaying loan obligations to them, which makes these transfers only preferential payments to these creditors, which transfers by themselves do not indicate an intent to hinder, delay or defraud under applicable law. California Civil Code § 3432; Hultman v. Tevis, supra. According to Defendant, Mr. Springer had advanced Defendant $30,000 in advance capital for a joint business venture that they were going to have, and that he did not have a contractual or written obligation to repay him, and Mr. Jeffers had loaned him $8,000.00 to help him pay personal expenses, and that he did not have a written agreement to repay the loan. Trial Testimony of Joseph Ellison, November 19, 2015 at 10:46-10:48 a.m. The court determines that Defendant's payment of $30,000.00 to Mr. Springer was to repay money held by Defendant for their joint business venture, but the money belonged to Mr. Jeffers, and not Defendant, as the evidence does not indicate that a gift to Defendant was intended. The court further determines that Defendant's payment of $8,000.00 to Mr. Jeffers was to repay a loan made by Mr. Jeffers to Defendant. These transfers, while preferential, do not indicate an intent to hinder, delay or defraud other creditors.

iii. Defendant's Prepetition Transfers to His Wife's CNB Account

Regarding Defendant's prepetition transfers to his Wife's CNB Account, by transferring a total of $86,000.00 to his wife prepetition, Defendant hindered, delayed and defrauded his creditors' ability to collect on their claims by putting these funds out of his name and into his wife's name and control, which transactions do not exemplify the actions of an "honest but unfortunate debtor." See Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. at 286-287. Specifically, six days after the conclusion of a week-long evidentiary hearing in the FINRA Action, Defendant transferred $18,000.00 to his wife's CNB Account. One week after the FINRA Award issued, Defendant, through two transactions, transferred an additional $51,000.00 to his wife's CNB Account because he was worried about what would happen, he wanted to retain the funds to benefit him and his family, and he did not want anyone to gain access to these funds. Defendant's wife is an insider for purposes of the Bankruptcy Code pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 101(31)(A)(i) as a relative of an individual debtor. See Hahn v. Leong (In re Llamas), 2011 WL 7637254, slip op. at *7 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 2011) (dicta in unpublished opinion holding former spouse is not an insider) ("`Insider,' as defined in § 101(31), specifically includes the spouse of the debtor. . . ."), citing, Miller v. v. Schuman, 81 B.R. 583, 585 (9th Cir. BAP 1987) ("A spouse of the debtor is a relative . . . because the definition includes individuals `related by affinity.'") (dicta as holding related to former spouse). Defendant's pattern of asset diversions to his wife continued all the way to the Petition Date, when Defendant transferred an additional $17,000.00 to his wife. Given that within three months of the Petition Date, Defendant transferred at least $86,000.00 from the CNB account in his name to his Wife's CNB Account in which, as previously stated, Defendant had a community property interest, and given that the account belonged to his wife's law practice and that Defendant was not a signatory on the account, the court determines that through such transfers, Defendant intended to hinder, delay and defraud creditors by making it difficult for them to collect on their claims because they would have had to establish that his interest in property no longer in his name was still his, having transferred funds in his name to another. See In re Woodfield, 978 F.2d at 518 (intent may be inferred from certain "badges of fraud" that constitute circumstantial evidence of intent, including a close relationship between the transferor and the transferee); California Civil Code § 3439.04(b)(1) and (2) ("(1) Whether the transfer or obligation was to an insider" and "(2) Whether the debtor retained possession or control of the property transferred after the transfer"); 6 Resnick and Sommer, Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 727.02[3][b] at 727-18 and n. 37 ("The fact that a transfer is to a relative or close associate can also be indicative of fraud, as can the debtor's retaining possession, benefits or use of the property that was transferred."), citing, Pavy v. Chastant (In re Chastant), 873 F.2d 89 (5th Cir. 1989).

Defendant argues that the transfers to his wife of $86,000 in the three months before his bankruptcy case was filed were to "pay customary bills," but there is no evidence to corroborate Defendant's testimony that this was the purpose of the transfers and for the court to determine that such "customary" bills were reasonable living expenses. See Defendant's Post-Trial Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, ECF 27 at 6-7, citing inter alia, Trial Testimony of Joseph Ellison, November 19, 2015 at 9:16 a.m. and 9:51-9:52 a.m. The court cannot accept at face value Defendant's assertion that his wife used the funds transferred by him to her bank account to pay "customary bills", implicitly suggesting that her use of the transferred funds was reasonable or justifiable, since he admitted in his testimony that her bank account was her own account, that he had nothing to do with it, that he was not a signatory on her bank account, and had no control over the account, thus indicating that he may not have personal knowledge of what she did with the funds transferred to her bank account . Trial Testimony of Joseph Ellison, November 19, 2015 at 9:16 a.m. and 9:16-9:18 a.m.; Federal Rule of Evidence 602 (A witness may testify to a matter only if evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter. . . ."). The only person with personal knowledge of what Defendant's wife did with the funds transferred to her bank account over which she had sole control was the wife, and she did not testify at trial. It appears that he would only have known what she did with the transferred funds based on what she told him. Thus, the court determines that Defendant's testimony as to what his wife did with the transferred funds is not credible because he has not provided a foundation for the court to make a finding that he has personal knowledge of that matter, and that the court otherwise has no reliable evidence as to what Defendant's wife did with the funds that Defendant transferred to her account, that is, there is no way of ascertaining from this record whether she used the funds to make preferential transfers to existing creditors, which may indicate a lack of intent to hinder, delay or defraud, or she went on a shopping spree before Defendant filed his bankruptcy case, which may indicate such intent. Given the timing of the transfers by Defendant to his wife's bank account and the amounts transferred within three months of his filing this bankruptcy case totaling $86,000, of which only $25,793 was listed in her bank account on his bankruptcy schedules, the court infers that the unaccounted for amount of about $61,000 was dissipated for the benefit of Defendant and his wife to avoid paying his nonpreferred creditors, which is similar to the situation in In re Cooke, supra, i.e., expenditures for the personal benefit of the debtor rather than payment of current creditors.

According to Defendant, the $18,000 transferred to his wife right before the petition date is accounted for on his bankruptcy schedules as his community property interest in his wife's bank account which is a listed asset on Schedule B-Personal Property (i.e., part of the $25,793 listed on Schedule B for her account). Id. at 7. This interest is claimed as exempt on Schedule C-Property Claimed as Exempt and is apparently intended to pay for "customary bills" in the future (i.e., postpetition). Exhibit 8 at 21; see In re Beverly, 374 B.R. at 245 ("Even if the exemption is not defeated, the existence of intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors nevertheless may warrant denial of discharge under § 727(a)(2)."), citing inter alia, Norwest Bank Neb., N.A. v. Tveten, 848 F.2d 871, 874-876 (8th Cir. 1988) ("debtor did not want a mere fresh start, he wanted a head start") (emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, the circumstances of Defendant's transfers to his wife go beyond the mere fact that Defendant converted his nonexempt home equity to exempt property to be outside the holding of Gill v. Stern, supra. See also, In re Beverly, 374 B.R. at 240-241 (discussing Gill v. Stern, supra, in that it involved a transfer from one form of exempt asset to another form of exempt asset, and was "not a simple instance of eve-of-bankruptcy exemption planning").

iv. Defendant's Other Prepetition Transfers Right Before Filing for Bankruptcy

At or just before the petition date, Defendant also transferred $31,600.00 from Defendant's non-exempt Joint Account to various destinations. Aside from the $17,000.00 transfer to his wife on the Petition Date, which was discussed above regarding his transfers to his wife, Defendant made two transfers to benefit himself and his wife by making a contribution of $6,500.00 to a Roth Individual Retirement Account (IRA) in his name and a contribution of $6,500.00 to a Roth IRA in his wife's name. Apparently, these were new accounts because Defendant's bankruptcy schedules only show the amounts of these contributions in the accounts. See Defendant's Post-Trial Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, ECF 27 at 6-7. Both of these assets are claimed by Defendant as exempt. Id.; see also, In re Beverly, 374 B.R. at 245 ("Even if the exemption is not defeated, the existence of intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors may warrant denial of discharge under § 727(a)(2).") (citations omitted). These transfers are additional evidence of Defendant's actual intent to hinder or delay his creditors in light of the other circumstances of his transfers in this case as discussed herein.

v. The Totality of Circumstances Showing Defendant's Actual Intent to Hinder, Delay or Defraud Creditors

The court considers Defendant's admitted animus towards JPMorgan and his fear of former counsel, Shustak, obtaining a judgment and levying Defendant's CNB Account, as further evidence of his actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors through his prepetition asset transfers. Defendant has been open about his hostility towards both creditors, who and which are the largest unsecured creditors in his bankruptcy case, and the transfer of Defendant's property prevented the distribution of the value of such property to these creditors. Indeed, if Defendant had not transferred the funds, the funds would be in Defendant's CNB Account and available for distribution as part of the bankruptcy estate. For instance, had Defendant not made the transfers to Dovenmuehle Mortgage and Logan Investments, $52,477.30 would have been in Defendant's CNB Account on the Petition Date, would have become part of the bankruptcy estate by operation of law, and thus, would have been available for distribution to Defendant's unsecured creditors. The same is true for all of Defendant's prepetition transfers. Indeed, Defendant recognized that, absent the transfers, the funds would be available to benefit his creditors, including JPMorgan and Shustak. In order to avoid that outcome however, Defendant admitted at trial that he "had to prioritize where this money went" and the court determines that he made the various transfers at issue to his wife and preferred creditors in the weeks preceding the Petition Date to ensure the funds were distributed, as he, and not the Bankruptcy Code, deemed appropriate.

The court concludes that under these circumstances, as in Beverly, Defendant's prepetition transfers were "too much" because they involved a large dilution of non-exempt assets. In re Beverly, 374 B.R. at 245. On or about March 1, 2014, before Defendant prepaid the loans secured by the First and Second DOTs on the Property, Defendant had at least $247,950.85 in his CNB Account, and considering that Defendant did not claim an exemption in his CNB account, Defendant would have had non-exempt assets of at least $247,950.85 that could have been used to pay Defendant's unsecured creditors. After the various transfers described above, Defendant had only $600.00 in his CNB Account on the Petition Date, and almost no assets with which to pay his non-preferred creditors like Plaintiffs and Shustak. Furthermore, as detailed above, the record is replete with evidence that Defendant focused on preventing his non-preferred creditors from reaching the value in his assets, including the nonexempt equity in the Property. Accordingly, based on the dilution of at least $247,350.85 in non-exempt assets, leaving little to pay the claims of nonpreferred creditors shortly before filing for bankruptcy, who would be otherwise barred from collecting due to the bankruptcy discharge, and the dilution of the pool of prepetition assets included Defendant's transfers of $52,000.00 in non-ordinary course prepayment of his home loans (i.e., paying future creditors as opposed to current nonpreferred creditors), and his insider transfers of $86,000.00 to his wife, and based on evidence of Defendant's prior animus towards, and intent not to pay, his nonpreferred creditors, such as JPMorgan, including express admissions, the court determines that Defendant undertook the prepetition transfers involving large claims of exemption and overtones of overreaching, like the debtor in Beverly, in an effort to become judgment proof as to his non-preferred creditors, including JPMorgan and Shustak, and thwart their collection efforts against him, and the evidence surrounding the circumstances of these transfers demonstrate his intent to hinder, delay, or defraud his creditors to warrant denial of his bankruptcy discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A).

In making such a determination in this case, the court does not intend to "draw a line" that demarcates the line between permissible and impermissible prebankruptcy planning, but rather, the court determines that based on the additional and sufficient evidence of intent presented in this case beyond the mere fact that Defendant made some preferential transfers to other creditors immediately preceding his bankruptcy filing, and beyond the mere fact that Defendant converted nonexempt assets to exempt assets, Defendant "crossed over the line" of what is permissible behavior. See In re Beverly, 374 B.R. at 244-246 (discussing the difficulty in drawing the line between legitimate bankruptcy planning and intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors). Accordingly, the court determines that under the totality of the circumstances here, the preponderance of the evidence shows that Defendant transferred property prepetition with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors, and therefore, the court should deny the entry of a discharge order in Defendant's bankruptcy case under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A).

II. Postpetition Transfers Under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(B)

Through their complaint, Plaintiffs argue that Defendant's discharge should be denied pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(B). Nonetheless, the court observes that Plaintiffs abandoned this claim by failing to introduce evidence supporting the existence of any postpetition transfers and by failing to argue such at trial. Accordingly, the court denies Plaintiffs' claim under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(B) for lack of proof.

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the court determines that there is adequate and sufficient evidence to establish by a preponderance that Defendant made prepetition transfers to preferred parties with actual intent to hinder or delay non-preferred creditors, including JPMorgan and Shustak, and therefore, Defendant's discharge should be denied pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A).

This memorandum decision constitutes the court's findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Rule 7052 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure and Rule 52 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. A separate judgment is being entered concurrently.

IT IS SO ORDERED.