MEMORANDUM OF DECISION RE PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION; SUMMARY JUDGMENT; MOTION FOR ABSTENTION; MOTION RE SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION; AND OSC RE CONTEMPT

Meredith A. Jury, United States Bankruptcy Judge.

INTRODUCTION

The mantra of bankruptcy relief in this country is that it provides a fresh start for the honest but unfortunate debtor who has fallen on hard financial times. The bankruptcy discharge rids a debtor of debt so she has the opportunity to earn sufficient income to live comfortably and again acquire property without the consequence of prior debts. This case tests that fresh start for a debtor who lost ownership of her personal residence through a nonjudicial foreclosure at the same time she filed bankruptcy and received a chapter 7 discharge of her debt. Through the good graces of her sister, who bought the house from the foreclosing lender, she was able to continue residing in the house until seven years later she could reacquire title by qualifying for her own mortgage.

But her fresh start was thwarted by a foreclosed-out junior trust deed holder which claimed that under California Civil Code § 2930 (§ 2930) it had a legal right to reimpose its trust deed on the residence when the debtor reacquired it. California law, however, does not contemplate the consequence when the debt underlying the trust deed has been discharged before it is reimposed, nor does it consider the effect of the provision in the Bankruptcy Code that property acquired by a debtor after the petition date may not be subjected to a lien based on a prepetition security agreement. In a case of first impression, this Memorandum of Decision addresses those issues.

This court has made a series of rulings in favor of debtor Janet Wagabaza (Debtor) in her controversy with Eric Beveridge, Trustee of the R. Eric Beveridge Separate Property Trust Dated February 12, 1999 (Beveridge). These rulings answer the question described above: whether a junior lien holder on the residential property of Debtor, whose security interest was extinguished by a nonjudicial foreclosure conducted by a senior trust deed holder, may revive that security interest after the underlying debt was discharged in a chapter 7 bankruptcy and then Debtor reacquires title to the home seven years later. As fully explained below, this court has ruled that Beveridge may not revive the lien after the underlying debt was discharged. Additionally, § 552(a)1 prevents Beveridge from imposing a lien on real property acquired by Debtor after the bankruptcy petition date based on its extinguished prepetition deed of trust.

Based on these legal principles the court first issued a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction to prevent Beveridge from pursuing an unlawful detainer proceeding after it purportedly foreclosed upon its junior lien. The court then denied motions by Beveridge to abstain from the proceeding and to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Finally, the court granted summary judgment for Debtor, quieting title to the subject property in Debtor, free of the Beveridge lien.

This Memorandum of Decision explains the court's reasoning in making these rulings and shall serve as the court's findings of fact and conclusions of law to the extent such are required under the provisions of Civil Rule 52(a), as made applicable in the bankruptcy court by Rule 7052.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The facts are largely undisputed. On November 6, 2007, Debtor filed a chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding in this court. In her Schedule A she listed an ownership interest in real property located at 9300 Nickellaus Court, Corona, CA 92883 (the Property) which was her personal residence. Her Schedule D listed two liens on the Property, a first trust deed held by Saxon Mortgage Services, as loan servicer for Wells Fargo Bank, trustee, (Wells Fargo trust deed) recorded on June 24, 2004, and a second trust deed recorded on October 31, 2006, held by Beveridge and serviced by Unified Mortgage Service (the Trust Deed).2 On December 27, 2007, Saxon/Wells Fargo filed a motion for relief from the automatic stay, alleging a default in payments by Debtor and a lack of equity in the property and seeking relief to complete a foreclosure on the Property. Debtor did not oppose the motion, which was granted on January 22, 2008. On February 13, 2008, Wells Fargo conducted a nonjudicial foreclosure sale on the Property and was the successful buyer based on a credit bid. The Trustee's Deed Upon Sale was recorded on February 20, 2008, completing the foreclosure, which extinguished the second trust deed held by Beveridge.

On February 23, 2008, Debtor received a standard discharge and her case was closed on February 25, 2008. As a result of the discharge, Debtor's personal liability to Beveridge was discharged. After that date, Beveridge held no debt owed by Debtor and had no lien on any property owned by Debtor.

On May 23, 2008, Debtor's sister Zipporah Wagabaza purchased the Property from Wells Fargo, financing the purchase with a purchase money deed of trust from Countrywide recorded on the same date. Zipporah was the sole owner of the Property and the sole borrower from Countrywide, but Debtor continued to live in the Property as her personal residence. On April 15, 2015, Zipporah conveyed the Property to Debtor, subject to the Countrywide deed of trust. On August 20, 2015, Debtor obtained a new loan from ONY GLO, dba OGI Mortgage Bankers, which paid off the Countrywide loan. Countrywide recorded a Full Reconveyance on September 9, 2015.

Asserting that the Trust Deed had revivified under § 2930 when Debtor reacquired title to the Property in 2015, Beveridge recorded a Notice of Default and Election to Sell (NOD)on July 28, 2016, initiating a nonjudicial foreclosure on the Property.3 In response, an attorney for Debtor wrote Beveridge contesting the existence of the Trust Deed because the Wells Fargo foreclosure extinguished it. Beveridge wrote back, contending not only that the Trust Deed reattached when Debtor reacquired title from her sister, but also asserting that the Beveridge lien was in first position because of the refinance which took place subsequent to the reacquisition, demoting the ONY GLO lien to second position.4 The second part of these assertions is not relevant to this court's ruling, but the argument about the revivified Trust Deed and the NOD placed Debtor's Property in jeopardy. Subsequently, on November 1, 2016, Beveridge recorded a Notice of Trustee's Sale against the Property.

On November 14, 2016, Debtor filed an action in the Superior Court of California, County of Riverside, Wagabaza v. Emvest Mortgage Fund II LLC, Case No. RIC 1615029 (State Court Action)5, stating causes of action for violation of statutory exercise of power of sale, injunctive relief, cancellation of instruments, and declaratory relief. All the causes of action dealt only with the pending foreclosure proceeding, not the validity of the lien rights. Debtor promptly moved for a temporary restraining order (TRO) and hearing on a preliminary injunction. As far as this court can ascertain, no bankruptcy-related arguments were made by Debtor in the State Court Action. On November 23, 2016, the TRO was granted, temporarily restraining the foreclosure sale, and a hearing on the preliminary injunction was scheduled for December 16, 2016. The preliminary injunction hearing was continued numerous times by stipulations6 which also extended the effect of the TRO until it came on for hearing on May 3, 2017, when it went off calendar, dissolving the TRO.7 In the meantime, Beveridge answered and filed a cross complaint with a sole cause of action for declaratory relief, asking the court to declare that the foreclosure procedure was valid.

As a result of the TRO dissolving, on May 11, 2017, Beveridge conducted a non-judicial foreclosure sale of the Property and was the successful bidder. A Trustee's Deed upon Sale was recorded on June 1, 2017, and on June 11, 2017, Beveridge served upon Debtor a 3-day notice to quit. Debtor responded by filing a motion to reopen this bankruptcy case, which was granted, and filed the relevant adversary proceeding against Beveridge on June 15, 2017, seeking among other things an injunction against the state court unlawful detainer proceeding. On June 26, 2017, after a noticed shortened time hearing, this court granted a TRO restraining the prosecution of the unlawful detainer case and set a hearing on the preliminary injunction on July 20, 2017. After a hotly contested hearing on July 20,8 this court granted the preliminary injunction (Preliminary Injunction), conditioned upon Debtor keeping the first trust deed on the Property current.

Beveridge did not appeal the Preliminary Injunction, which is a final appealable order under federal law. Instead, after answering the complaint, it filed a Motion to Stay Action Under Mandatory Abstention, asserting that the issues before this court were not core and were being addressed in the State Court Action. For reasons explained below, this court denied the motion on October 19, 2017. Still not to be deterred, Beveridge then filed a Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction, asserting that because under Ninth Circuit law there was no private claim for relief for contempt for violation of the discharge injunction, there was no subject matter jurisdiction for the quiet title adversary proceeding. Again this court denied the motion.

In the meantime, Debtor had filed a Motion for Summary Judgment and a Motion for this court to issue an Order to Show Cause (OSC) for Contempt based on violation of the discharge injunction. The OSC was issued and both motions were set for hearing on January 4, 2018. Beveridge's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment was set on the same day. Debtor's Summary Judgment Motion was premised on § 552(a), arguing that the Bankruptcy Code preempted state law on the issue of whether the Trust Deed could be reimposed or revivified on the Property when Debtor reacquired it, i.e. that § 552(a)trumped § 2930, at least as applied here. Beveridge defended with its panoply of arguments raised in the other motions, including that Debtor had agreed to the reimposition in the trust deed itself, that bankruptcy law did not preempt state law on this primarily state law issue, that the court should abstain because the matter was not core, that the doctrine of prior exclusive jurisdiction required Debtor to litigate only in state court, and that the adversary was the wrong procedure. The court gave an oral tentative ruling on the record, granting summary judgment to Debtor, but submitted the matter for final determination. This memorandum now makes that ruling final: Summary Judgment for Debtor is granted.

The OSC re contempt asserted two different theories: (1) that Beveridge's request for entry of default against Debtor on its cross complaint for declaratory relief in the State Court Action, which included a request for an award of attorney's fees, was a violation of the discharge injunction and (2) that all steps taken by Beveridge to reimpose the Trust Deed, foreclose on the property, and attempt to evict Debtor from the Property were contemptuous as a violation of the discharge injunction. Beveridge defended by arguing that it could not have knowingly violated the discharge injunction because it believed it was rightfully enforcing its security interest which had passed through the bankruptcy unphased and in full force and effect. After argument, the court took the contempt action under submission. By this memorandum it now stays its decision on (1), the request for entry of default, until the out-come of the expected appeal of its other decisions and denies contempt on (2), the broader violations based on enforcing the Trust Deed because Beveridge could not have had the required subjective knowledge that the discharge injunction applied to its enforcement of their alleged security interest.

I. ANALYSIS of ADVERSARY PROCEEDING

A. The Relief Sought

The adversary proceeding9 has five claims for relief, all turning on the factual background described above: (1) Injunctive relief against Beveridge's enforcement of its claims against the property, including in particular prosecuting an unlawful detainer proceeding against the Debtor; (2) declaratory relief, for a declaration that Beveridge had no right to pursue a nonjudicial foreclosure against the Property because its Trust Deed had been extinguished by the Wells Fargo foreclosure sale and that the Notice of Default, the Notice of Trustee's Sale and the Trustee's Deed Upon Sale were void; (3) determination of the extent, priority and validity of the Beveridge Trust Deed such that the Trust Deed was void and all instruments recorded as part of a nonjudicial foreclosure under that Trust Deed were void; (4) for cancellation of recorded instruments, including the Notices of Default and Trustee's Sale and the Trustee's Deed Upon Sale; and (5) for wrongful foreclosure based on the Trust Deed being extinguished by the Wells Fargo foreclosure sale of the senior trust deed.

These claims for relief are similar in their factual and legal predicate and from this court's perspective, a ruling for Debtor on any one of them would compel a ruling for Debtor on the others.

B. Debtor's Legal Arguments

Beginning with her assertions in support of the application for TRO and Preliminary Injunction, continuing in response to Beveridge's motions and then in support of the Summary Judgment motion, Debtor has tendered alternate theories in support of the relief she has sought. First, she argues that the Trust Deed was extinguished by the foreclosure of the Wells Fargo trust deed and could not be reimposed years after the underlying debt was discharged because there was no consideration for the lien after discharge of the debt, an argument founded on the intersection of California law, whereby the junior trust deed was extinguished, and bankruptcy law, under which the discharge eliminated the consideration for a security interest. In the alternative, she espouses that § 552(a) commands that property acquired by Debtor post petition, including her reacquisition of the Property, shall not be subject to a Beveridge lien based on its prepetition security agreement, i.e. the extinguished Trust Deed, a pure bankruptcy-based argument. Debtor contends that the Bankruptcy Code preempts state law on that issue. Debtor has additionally responded to Beveridge's subject matter jurisdiction, abstention, and procedural arguments, as will be articulated during the discussion of those issues below.

C. Beveridge's Legal Arguments

Beveridge initially relied on § 2930 and pre-1970 California cases which were factually similar to this circumstance — i.e. a home owner had been foreclosed upon by a senior lender, such foreclosure extinguished a second trust deed, the home owner reacquired title shortly thereafter, and these cases allowed the second trust deed creditor to revivify its lien on the reacquired property under § 2930. In making this argument, Beveridge also recited language in the Trust Deed by which Debtor granted the security interest in perpetuity. It submitted that bankruptcy law did not preempt state law, consistent with its argument that the issue before the court was one primarily of state law, not core bankruptcy law, and that this court should abstain due to a lack of jurisdiction. It further argued that § 552(a) did not apply to consensual liens on after-acquired property but then, as noted below, reversed field and characterized the new lien as involuntary, not consensual. In addition, it asserted that its lien passed through the bankruptcy as an in rem right and that the discharge injunction therefore had no effect on its lien rights. It alternatively argued that the doctrine of prior exclusive jurisdiction applied to deprive the bankruptcy court of jurisdiction to rule on an in rem issue raised first in state court, making federal abstention mandatory. And, finally, it contended that the adversary proceeding was an improper remedy because the Ninth Circuit has ruled that there is no private right of action for violation of the discharge injunction, Debtor's remedy being solely a contempt action. The court will address each of these defenses below.

D. Summary Judgment

A party may move for summary judgment where there "is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Civil Rule 56(a) made applicable by Rule 7056. Neither party here contends that any material facts are disputed; therefore, this issue may appropriately be decided on summary judgment.10 However, if the court was not prepared to rule in favor of Debtor as a matter of law, it would not grant Beveridge's counter motion. California cases make it clear that the application of § 2930 is based on a common law equitable doctrine. Hawkins v. Harlan, 68 Cal. 236, 238, 9 P. 108 (1885) ("True, an after-acquired title by the mortgagor ordinarily inures to the benefit of the mortgagee, but this is by operation of the doctrine of relation, which is a fiction of the law adopted solely for the purposes of justice, and will not be given effect when, as in the present case, it would work manifest injustice."). Such application here would raise disputed factual issues which could only be resolved after a trial.

E. Jurisdiction

Beveridge vigorously challenged this court's jurisdiction to resolve this dispute on several grounds. Debtor and the court deflected these challenges. The primary issue in this case concerns the effect of the discharge injunction on the right of Beveridge to reimpose a lien based on in rem rights after the in personam obligation to pay has been terminated. As such, this matter is core as defined in 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2), subdivisions (I), "determinations as to the dischargeability of particular debts"; (K) "determinations of the validity, extent, or priority of liens"; and (O) "other proceedings affecting ... the adjustment of the debtor-creditor ... relationship". The court further relies on § 157(b)(3) which provides, "[A] determination that a proceeding is not a core proceeding shall not be made solely on the basis that its resolution may be affected by State law." These statutes accord subject matter jurisdiction to the bankruptcy court.

Once the court has found the matter is core, as demonstrated below the wind goes out of the prior exclusive jurisdiction and mandatory abstention arguments asserted by Beveridge. Finally, Beveridge's argument that the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the adversary because the sole remedy for a discharge violation is a contested matter for contempt is not a jurisdictional challenge; it is a procedural challenge to the remedy available for the violation of substantive bankruptcy law. Determination of that proper remedy is also core and falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of this court.

F. Effect of the Discharge Injunction

Discharge of debt is the linchpin of the relief available to a debtor in a bankruptcy proceeding. It is the key to the fresh start promised to the honest but unfortunate debtor and, without it, bankruptcy would offer little solace. As noted in Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 1.02 (16th ed. 2017), "The discharge is of singular importance to the individual in a chapter 7, 11, 12, or 13...." Discharge is not defined in the Bankruptcy Code but has been variously defined in legal dictionaries as "an order given by the bankruptcy judge.... which forgives those remaining debts which cannot be paid ..." (People's Law Dictionary) and "[t]he release of a debtor from personal liability for prebankruptcy debts." (Black's Law Dictionary, 10th ed. 2014). Although Debtor focused her primary arguments in her Summary Judgment Motion on § 552(a), the court starts with a more basic view of the impact of the § 524(a) discharge on the issues before the court.

In the simplest terms, the chapter 7 discharge of the underlying debt owed by Debtor to Beveridge11 meant that at the time she reacquired title to the Property in 2015, she owed no money and had no obligation to Beveridge as consideration for a lien. It is long-settled California law that a debt or obligation is a precursor to a lien. See, for example, Gostin v. State Farm Ins. Co., 224 Cal.App.2d 319, 325, 36 Cal.Rptr. 596 (1964) (an attorney has no lien on litigation recovery where the record did not demonstrate the obligation underlying the lien) and East Bay Municipal Utility District v. Garrison, 191 Cal. 680, 692, 218 P. 43 (1923) (property tax does not become a lien on real property until the tax is due to be paid). Without debt, there can be no lien. End of story: Debtor wins.

Beveridge first argues that its lien passed through bankruptcy unaffected by the administration of the case or the discharge. Such argument would bear weight, as liens not avoided or modified in a bankruptcy case do pass through unaffected — See, Johnson v. Home State Bank, 501 U.S. 78, 82-83, 111 S.Ct. 2150, 115 L.Ed.2d 66 (1991) — if the lien had not been extinguished under California law. But it was: during the pendency of the chapter 7, before Debtor's discharge, Wells Fargo completed its nonjudicial foreclosure sale, an act which extinguished Beveridge's junior lien. See, Miller & Starr, 5 Cal. Real Est. § 11:100 (3d ed.) ("A foreclosure sale of a senior deed of trust eliminates the liens of junior lienors, but the junior liens attach to any surplus sales proceeds that must be paid to the junior lienors."); Sumitomo Bank v. Davis, 4 Cal.App.4th 1306, 6 Cal.Rptr.2d 381 (1992). So, under the California law that Beveridge relies on for all its arguments, it had no lien when the in personam obligation was discharged. Again, looking at the hornbook California law cited above, without an obligation there can be no lien. In such setting, § 2930 has no bearing; a lien cannot attach where there is no debt.

Beveridge looks to pre-1970 California cases for the principle that the lien does revivify when a former owner of property reacquires title after the original lien was foreclosed out, Jensen v. Duke, 71 Cal.App. 210, 234 P. 876 (1925) and Barberi v. Rothchild, 7 Cal.2d 537, 539-541, 61 P.2d 760 (1936). Although both cases hold that § 2930,12 which codified the common law rule of after-acquired title, was applicable in such circumstance where the obligor on the junior lien reacquired title,13 neither case considers the impact of a modern day bankruptcy discharge on such principle. An intervening bankruptcy was not in play in Jensen, but Barberi notes in passing that between the time of the senior foreclosure and the title reacquisition, the debtor filed a petition in bankruptcy and obtained his discharge. However, that case provides no analysis of the impact of this fact on the lien reimposition which it authorizes. Because of the change in the nature of the discharge injunction between 1936 and the present time, to the extent that Barberi implies the bankruptcy discharge makes no difference, it has been overruled by statutory amendment.

Between 1800 and 1970, the federal bankruptcy discharge was merely an affirmative defense that was waived if not timely asserted in subsequent litigation. Lone Star Security & Video, Inc. v. Gurrola (In re Gurrola), 328 B.R. 158, 165 (9th Cir. BAP 2005). Creditors could disregard the discharge and sue, hoping the defense was not timely raised. Id. The purpose of the 1970 enactment of Bankruptcy Act § 14f was to change the discharge from an affirmative defense to an absolute defense. Id. Prior to its enactment, the discharge accorded under the Bankruptcy Acts of 1800, 1841, 1867, and 1898 did not void debts or judgments, but was entertained as a defense if raised by the debtor. See, Dimock v. Revere Copper Co., 117 U.S. 559, 566, 6 S.Ct. 855, 29 S.Ct. 994 (1886). Thus, when the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were adopted in 1937, "discharge in bankruptcy" was enumerated as an affirmative defense at Rule 8(c).14 Section 14f provided:

An order of discharge shall —

The legislative history to the new statute made it abundantly clear discharge was thereafter "self-executing" and there was no requirement that the fact of bankruptcy protection be raised in state court. H.R. REP. No. 91-1502 (1970), 1970 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4156, quoted by 116 CONG. REC. 34,818 (statement of Rep. Rogers); In re Gurrola, 328 B.R. at 167. When the 1978 Bankruptcy Code was adopted, it incorporated the self-executing provisions of § 14f in new § 524(a), expanding its breadth and reemphasizing the voidness of prior judgments and obligations. The defense of discharge in bankruptcy is now an absolute, nonwaivable defense. In re Gurrola, 328 B.R. at 170. One can only speculate about the reason the California Supreme Court in Barberi had nothing to say about the bankruptcy discharge, but it seems logical to assume it was not raised as a defense by the debtor and was therefore waived. Suffice it to say that case can be no precedent for the effect of such discharge today.

Beveridge also cites Cortez v. American Wheel, Inc. (In re Cortez), 191 B.R. 174 (9th Cir. BAP 1995) to support its position that the Trust Deed lien passed through the bankruptcy. In Cortez, the debtors executed a promissory note to American Wheel, secured by a deed of trust. For unexplained reasons, the trust deed was not recorded. Debtors later filed a chapter 7 case, listing American Wheel as an unsecured creditor. Although the trust deed was avoidable by the trustee because it had not been perfected, neither trustee nor debtors sought to avoid it while the case was administered. After discharge and closing, American Wheel recorded the trust deed and then filed an action to judicially foreclose the lien. Debtors then sought to reopen the bankruptcy case so that they could prevent American Wheel from foreclosing. The bankruptcy court denied the reopen motion without stating its reasons and debtors appealed. The BAP affirmed, finding that the valid but unperfected lien which was not avoided during the bankruptcy had passed through the bankruptcy unimpaired and was enforceable. The BAP did not need to consider whether there was underlying debt to support the lien because it had never been extinguished. Although a hypothetical lien creditor (i.e. the trustee) could have avoided the trust deed based on the failure to perfect it by recording, this had no effect on the security as between the debtors and American Wheel. So American Wheel was entitled to foreclose its lien.

That case is distinguishable from the facts here. Here, the Trust Deed was extinguished by Wells Fargo's foreclosure during the bankruptcy and therefore as a matter of state law could not pass through. Although "silent" to the world because of its unrecorded status, as between the debtors and American Wheel it was a valid lien, making the discharge of the personal liability not pertinent to the ability to foreclose after the case closed. Here, there was no longer a valid lien when the case closed. And there was no longer any personal liability to support a new lien after the discharge.

Beveridge's lien was extinguished by Wells Fargo's foreclosure. No lien passed through. The obligation to Beveridge was discharged in the chapter 7. Without a debt there can be no lien. Title should be quieted in Debtor absent any Beveridge Trust Deed. Any steps taken to enforce the Trust Deed, including the nonjudicial foreclosure and eventual unlawful detainer proceeding, are void. Section 524 specifies that the discharge voids any preexisting judgment and case law holds that an act in violation of the discharge injunction is void. In re Gurrola, 328 B.R. at 171. Since the existence of an obligation is necessary to creation of a lien, by asserting that the Trust Deed encumbered the Property when reacquired, Beveridge has asserted that the obligation to pay must still exist. Such assertion is void under § 524 and everything that flows therefrom is also void.

G. Section 552(a) Preempts State Law

Section 552(a) is a critical component of a debtor's fresh start and provides that "property acquired by the estate or by the debtor after the commencement of the case is not subject to any lien resulting from any security agreement entered into by the debtor before the commencement of the case." Thus, the plain language of the statute here states that when Debtor regained title to the Property in 2015 it was not subject to a new lien based on the Trust Deed executed in 2006. To the contrary, however, § 2930 compels an opposite result (overlooking for the moment that the underlying obligation was discharged). Under its provisions and the older California cases cited above, when Debtor reacquired the Property from her sister, it was after-acquired property that was subject anew to Beveridge's security interest which was extinguished in 2008 by the Wells Fargo foreclosure. These two statutes cannot coexist, as the outcomes under the current facts are in direct conflict with each other. Therefore, this court holds that the Bankruptcy Code preempts state law, meaning the Trust Deed may not reattach.

Under the Supremacy Clause, U.S. Const. Art. VI, cl.2, state law is preempted by federal law in three circumstances: (i) express preemption, (ii) field preemption, and (iii) conflict preemption. English v. General Elec. Co., 496 U.S. 72, 78-79, 110 S.Ct. 2270, 110 L.Ed.2d 65 (1990). Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution empowers Congress to establish uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcy throughout the United States. State laws, "to the extent that they conflict with the law of Congress, enacted under its constitutional authority, on the subject of bankruptcies are suspended." Stellwagen v. Clum, 245 U.S. 605, 613, 38 S.Ct. 215, 62 S.Ct. 507 (1918). Whether Congress has preempted state law is a matter of congressional intent, express or implied. Implied preemption is inferred from surrounding circumstances of the statute that Congress intended to occupy the field. This is field preemption. Sherwood Partners, Inc. v. Lycos, Inc., 394 F.3d 1198, 1201 (9th Cir. 2005). Where Congress has not entirely displaced the state regulation of a specific area, state law is nevertheless preempted to the extent that it actually conflicts with federal law, including when state law "stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress." This is conflict preemption. Pacific Gas and Elec Co. v. State Energy Resources Conservation & Development Com'n, 461 U.S. 190, 204, 103 S.Ct. 1713, 75 L.Ed.2d 752 (1983), citing Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 67, 61 S.Ct. 399, 85 S.Ct. 581 (1941).

In order to determine whether the Bankruptcy Code preempts the operation of § 2930 in this case, the court must look at the purpose of the state statute and the purpose of the Bankruptcy Code, in particular § 552(a). Burkart v. Coleman (In re Tippett), 542 F.3d 684, 689 (9th Cir. 2008). Chapter 7 embodies two ideals: (1) giving the individual debtor a fresh start, by giving her a discharge of most of her debts; and (2) equitably distributing a debtor's assets among competing creditors. Sherwood Partners, Inc., 394 F.3d at 1203. On February 21, 2008, Debtor received her § 524 discharge which operates as an injunction against commencement or continuation of an action, the employment of process, or an act to collect, recover or offset any such debt as a personal liability of the debtor. As such, the injunction "casts a wide shadow, with a large penumbra." Ruvacalba v. Munoz (In re Munoz), 287 B.R. 546, 553 (9th Cir. BAP 2002). Additionally, the discharge injunction applies "permanently with respect to every debt that is discharged." Garske v. Arcadia Fin., Ltd. (In re Garske), 287 B.R. 537, 542 (9th Cir. BAP 2002).

When Debtor reacquired the Property on April 15, 2015, § 552(a) was also effective, preventing a lien based on the Trust Deed from attaching to the Property. In line with the general purpose of the Bankruptcy Code, § 552(a) serves to facilitate a debtor's fresh start. In re Transportation Design and Technology, Inc., 48 B.R. 635 (Bankr. S.D.Cal. 1985) ("The purpose of this provision is to facilitate a debtor's `fresh start' by enabling him or her to use after-acquired property free and clear of prebankruptcy liens."). If Beveridge's junior lien is allowed to reattach, it would be contrary to the purposes of § 552 and would frustrate the effect of the § 524 discharge. Therefore, § 2930 is in direct conflict with the purpose of the Code and conflict preemption applies.

Beveridge argues to the contrary, relying on cases which are easily distinguishable. In Sticka v. Applebaum (In re Applebaum), 422 B.R. 684, 693 (9th Cir. BAP 2009) the court found that California's exemption statutes did not interfere with the § 522 exemption scheme and therefore they were not preempted. In so ruling the BAP compared the purpose of § 522 with the purpose of the exemption statutes and found no conflict. Both were intended to protect certain property of the debtor from creditor execution or trustee liquidation to facilitate an "appropriate standard of living post bankruptcy" and thereby, a fresh start. Id. at 692, citing In re Brown, 2007 WL 2120380 at *4-6 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. 2007). The two statutes may coexist in harmony, so preemption is not implicated. The conflict between the statutes here is blatant.15

Moreover, a finding that § 552(a) preempts and therefore makes ineffective § 2930 is entirely consistent with this court's application of the discharge injunction to preclude Beveridge from reimposing the Trust Deed after the underlying debt has been forgiven. Both support the right of Debtor to a fresh start, with new property unencumbered by a lien based on a prepetition security agreement so that she may maintain an appropriate standard of living. Implementation of § 2930 would defeat that purpose.

Challenging the effect of § 552(a) on theories other than federal preemption, Beveridge poses that it is inapplicable here because (a) it was intended only to protect personal property, not real property, and (b) its protections extend only to the estate during the case, not to the debtor after closing. In support of these arguments it relies on a bankruptcy court decision in a chapter 12 proceeding, In re Forrest, 2011 WL 10656620 (Bankr. E.D. CA. 2011), and a Ninth Circuit decision, Philip Morris v. Bering Trader, Inc. (In re Bering Trader, Inc.), 944 F.2d 500 (1991). Neither case provides applicable precedent for Beveridge's arguments, and no other authorities would limit § 552 as Beveridge would have it limited.

The court in Forrest was tasked to determine whether a crop creditor was accorded security in the present and future crop of raisin grapes or whether the parties' agreement gave it ownership rights. In finding that it held security, making the limits of § 552 apply, the court reviewed the legislative history where it discussed Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, a logical review since the dispute there was over personal property rights, which does set forth a policy that § 552(a)'s purpose was to maximize free and clear estate property in order to pay creditors the fullest amount possible. However, the court never said nor implied that a similar policy would not apply to real property, nor did it provide any analysis which suggests that the word "debtor" should be ignored. The outcome of Forrest favored the debtor there and it certainly does no damage to Debtor's argument here.

Bering Trader is similarly inapposite. There, the Ninth Circuit discusses the exceptions in § 552(b) to determine whether rents received on real property collateral during a chapter 11 belonged to the secured creditor under a subsection(b) exception or remained to benefit the estate. Although the case was not about property of a debtor as opposed to an estate, the analysis did not suggest it would be different if it was property of the debtor and no estate administration issues were in play.

The weakness of Beveridge's authority underscores that although policy sound bites might favor an interpretation of § 552(a) that would limit it to protecting an estate while a case is open, the precise words of the unambiguous statute bear substantial weight. United States v. Ron Pair Enterprises, Inc., 489 U.S. 235, 241, 109 S.Ct. 1026, 103 L.Ed.2d 290 (1989). It speaks directly about property of the debtor, not just the estate, and has no temporal limitation to "while the case is open". Therefore, § 552(a) applies and by itself, without reference to the discharge and lien extinguishment, prevents the reimposition of the Trust Deed on the Property.16

H. The Doctrine of Prior Exclusive Jurisdiction

As discussed above, Debtor initially commenced litigation in state court, seeking to restrain the nonjudicial foreclosure proceeding. In opposing Debtor's Summary Judgment and in support of its own earlier motions, Beveridge has asserted that the doctrine of prior exclusive jurisdiction would deprive this court of the power to resolve this dispute, compelling dismissal in favor of the still pending State Court Action. If the doctrine did apply here, this court would lack jurisdiction and must mandatorily abstain. State Eng'r of State of Nevada v. S. Fork Band of Te-Moak Tribe of W. Shoshone Indians of Nevada, 339 F.3d 804, 810 (9th Cir. 2003) ("Although the doctrine is based at least in part on considerations of comity and prudential policies of avoiding piecemeal litigation, it is no mere discretionary abstention rule. Rather it is a mandatory jurisdictional limitation.").

Prior exclusive jurisdiction was developed in common law and has been articulated as controlling federal law by the Supreme Court. It is a restraint on normal jurisdictional exercise by federal courts. Ordinarily, "the pendency of an action in the state court is no bar to proceedings concerning the same matter in the Federal court having jurisdiction." Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 292, 125 S.Ct. 1517, 161 L.Ed.2d 454 (2005) (quoting McClellan v. Carland, 217 U.S. 268, 282, 30 S.Ct. 501, 54 S.Ct. 762 (1910)). However, "when one court is exercising in rem jurisdiction over a res, a second court will not assume in rem jurisdiction over the same res." Marshall v. Marshall, 547 U.S. 293, 311, 126 S.Ct. 1735, 164 L.Ed.2d 480 (2006). The doctrine applies in both in rem and quasi in rem matters and is both a principle of comity and of subject matter jurisdiction.

Beveridge asserts that Debtor's state court litigation is in rem or quasi in rem, compelling this court to defer to it. To make such determination, this court must look to the state court pleadings, as well as the status of the case during the federal proceeding. Debtor's complaint stated four causes of action on very narrow terms: (1) Violation of the Statutory Power of Sale; (2) Injunctive relief [sic, a remedy, not a cause of action]; (3) Cancellation of Instruments, specifically the Notice of Default and Notice of Trustee's Sale; and (4) Declaratory Relief that the contemplated nonjudicial foreclosure was invalid. Beveridge's cross complaint had one cause of action, for Declaratory Relief that the Trust Deed was valid. Although she had initially obtained a TRO against the foreclosure proceeding, before she reopened her bankruptcy case Debtor had dropped pursuit of a preliminary injunction and the foreclosure sale had already occurred. This circumstance made all of the state court causes of action moot: a court ruling on any of the causes of action would not undo the foreclosure because there was no claim praying for that remedy. Wilson & Wilson v. City Council of Redwood City, 191 Cal.App.4th 1559, 1574, 120 Cal.Rptr.3d 665 (2011) (the pivotal question in determining if a case is moot is therefore whether the court can grant the plaintiff any effectual relief); California Water & Telephone Co. v. County of Los Angeles, 253 Cal.App.2d 16, 22-23, 61 Cal.Rptr. 618 (1967) (if events have made such relief impracticable, the controversy has become "overripe" and is therefore moot). Moreover, since all the claims were about instruments rather than the underlying real property, whether the action was in rem is questionable. It does not seem proper for this court to abstain from a moot case.

A second, more powerful reason to not abstain exists: the scope of federal jurisdiction accorded to the district and bankruptcy courts by 28 U.S.C. § 1334. District courts are granted exclusive jurisdiction over bankruptcy cases. 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a). District courts are also granted "original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all civil proceedings arising under title 11, or arising in or related to cases under title 11." 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b). "Original jurisdiction" is a term of art referring to "[a] court's power to hear and decide a matter before any other court can review the matter." Bryan Garner, ed. Black's Law Dictionary, 3d Pocket Ed. (2006) at 395. This original jurisdiction is vested "notwithstanding any Act of Congress that confers exclusive jurisdiction on a court other than the district court." Id. The intent of this language is to bring all bankruptcy-related litigation within the purview of the district court and therefore the bankruptcy court by reference. 28 U.S.C. § 151.

As discussed above, the critical issues to be determined rest on the bankruptcy principle of discharge, as well as the scope of § 552(a), and their combined impact on Beveridge's asserted lien on the Property, at a minimum related-to jurisdiction. Therefore, this court has the right to take the first crack — original — at deciding them. Moreover, the State Court Action made no mention of these bankruptcy issues. It is not as if this court was snatching away the right to rule from the state court. Unless amended pleadings were allowed, it would never resolve the effect of the discharge or § 552. For these powerful reasons, prior exclusive jurisdiction does not deprive this court of the power to decide the issues before it.

I. Contempt Is Not the Exclusive Remedy

Perhaps the most troubling argument asserted by Beveridge regarding the adversary proceeding before the court is that Debtor's sole remedy for a violation of the discharge injunction is a contempt proceeding. It posits that this court lacks subject matter jurisdiction because under the prevailing authority of Walls v. Wells Fargo Bank, 276 F.3d 502 (9th Cir. 2002) a debtor does not have a private right of action for damages for violation of the discharge injunction. A civil contempt proceeding, brought by motion under Rule 9014, was intended by Congress as the remedy for a violation of the discharge injunction and since only the legislature may speak to the manner of enforcement of a federal statute (here § 524(a)), no claim for relief for such violation exists. Id. at 506-507. After all, says Beveridge and Walls, "compensatory civil contempt allows an aggrieved debtor to obtain compensatory damages, attorney's fees, and the offending creditor's compliance with the discharge injunction. Therefore, contempt is the appropriate remedy and no further remedy is necessary." Id. at 507.

In addition to Walls, Beveridge cites to Barrientos v. Wells Fargo Bank Nat. Ass'n, 2009 WL 1438152 at *3 (S.D. Cal. 2009) aff'd sub nom. Barrientos v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 633 F.3d 1186 (9th Cir. 2011), and In re Frambes, 454 B.R. 437 (Bankr. E.D. Ky. 2011) for their holdings that § 105 does not create an adversary claim for relief for violation of the discharge injunction; contempt is the sole remedy.

Although the words of Walls are precise and compelling, this court finds that the limitation on the remedy17 is confined to stating a claim for relief precisely for discharge violation and a careful reading of the cases shows they were not intended to prevent claims for quiet title or declaratory relief as have been asserted in the complaint at hand. First, in the cited cases which created the rule of law, the debtors sought to state a claim for relief for discharge violation. And in Walls and Barrientos the chosen court was not the bankruptcy court but rather the district court. Both courts wished to defer to the court issuing the injunction and with expertise on the subject matter, the bankruptcy court through a contempt proceeding, to provide the remedy through contempt. "Implying a private remedy here could put enforcement of the discharge injunction in the hands of a court that did not issue it ... which is inconsistent with the present scheme that leaves enforcement to the bankruptcy judge whose discharge order gave rise to the injunction. Walls, 276 F.3d at 509.

Debtor here has not filed a complaint in district court and has not pled a claim for relief of violation of the discharge; the claims here are for injunctive relief, declaratory relief, determination of the extent and priority of a lien, cancellation of instruments, and wrongful foreclosure, all claims recognized as private rights of action under federal and state law. To that end, the holdings of Walls do not prohibit such claims. Moreover, as discussed at further length below, contempt is an ineffective remedy to "right the wrong" which occurred when Beveridge reimposed the Trust Deed and foreclosed. This court cannot find Beveridge in contempt for that wrong because it did not possess the necessary subjective knowledge that the discharge injunction applied to its acts.

Acts which violate the discharge injunction are void ab initio. In re Gurrola, 328 B.R. at 175. Reimposing the Trust Deed is a void act. The subsequent foreclosure is void. The contemplated Unlawful Detainer would be void if carried out. Yet, if this court follows blindly the articulated dictate of Walls and instructs that the only remedy for Debtor is contempt, Debtor effectively has no remedy. Could the Ninth Circuit have intended this result, preventing Debtor from using commonly accepted and pled claims for relief to give Debtor clean title, unencumbered by a void Trustee's Deed upon Sale? Beveridge would have it be. This court cannot accept that as the intended outcome and rules that these remedies are available to Debtor.18

J. Disposition of Claims for Relief

The court described the claims for relief set forth in the First Amended Complaint in Part A above and opined that a ruling for Debtor on one would compel a similar ruling on the others. However, the relief sought in these claims is largely duplicative; in particular, the third claim for determination of extent and validity of lien, the fourth claim for cancellation of recorded documents, and the fifth claim for wrongful foreclosure are duplicative of the declaratory relief available under claim two. For that reason, in granting Summary Judgment for Debtor, the court will enter Judgment for Debtor on the first and second claims for relief and will dismiss the third, fourth and fifth claims as duplicative and unnecessary without prejudice.

II. ANALYSIS OF THE CONTEMPT PROCEEDING

A. Relief Sought

As described in the Factual and Procedural Background, there are two aspects to the contempt proceedings. Debtor first asserted only that the Request for Entry of Default in the State Court Action by Beveridge, which included a reference to an attorney's fee award, was a violation of the discharge injunction because Debtor's personal liability for attorney's fees based on a clause in the prepetition Trust Deed was discharged. At this court's prodding, Debtor then supplemented its request to argue that all actions taken by Beveridge pertaining to the Trust Deed after Debtor reacquired title to the Property were a discharge violation because the Trust Deed was extinguished and by the time an attempt to revive it occurred, the underlying debt had been discharged. The court will address them separately.

B. Reimposition of Trust Deed and Subsequent Acts

The court has found that the reimposition of the Trust Deed and subsequent acts were a violation of the discharge injunction and therefore void. The question here is a simple one: is Beveridge in contempt because it took those acts?

The Ninth Circuit has set a high bar to find contempt for violating the discharge injunction. In a series of cases, Renwick v. Bennett (In re Bennett), 298 F.3d 1059, 1069 (9th Cir. 2002), Walls v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 276 F.3d 502, 507 (9th Cir. 2002), Knupfer v. Lindblade (In re Dyer), 322 F.3d 1178 (9th Cir. 2003), and Zilog, Inc. v. Corning (In re Zilog, Inc.), 450 F.3d 996, 1007-8 (9th Cir. 2006) the court honed the requirements for a finding of contempt. Bennett and Walls held that a person who knowingly violates the discharge injunction can be held in contempt under § 105(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. Bennett cited with approval the standard adopted by the Eleventh Circuit for violation of the discharge injunction in Hardy v. United State (In re Hardy), 97 F.3d 1384, 1390 (11th Cir. 1996): "[T]he movant must prove that the creditor (1) knew the discharge injunction was applicable and (2) intended the actions which violated the injunction." Bennett, 298 F.3d at 1069.

Notwithstanding the Bennett definition, the level of proof remained uncertain. Consequently, in Dyer, the court compared the level of knowledge necessary for an award of damages under § 362(h) (now (k)) with that necessary for such award for contemptuous violation of the discharge violation. Recognizing the higher standard for contempt, the court wrote: "we hesitate[d] to extend that principle to the contempt context. Generally, a party cannot be held in contempt for violating an injunction absent knowledge of that injunction." Dyer, 322 F.3d at 1191-92.

Despite this prior case law, the court in Zilog found itself considering a case where the bankruptcy court, without the benefit of an evidentiary hearing, had found defendants in contempt, stating in its oral ruling such things as "contempt need not be willful to justify an award of damages" and "[c]ontempt may be established even if the failure to comply with the Court order was unintentional." The bankruptcy court was also under the misimpression that knowledge could be presumed. In re Zilog, Inc., 450 F.3d at 1007-1008. As a consequence, the Ninth Circuit made a definitive statement to clarify the finding necessary for contempt for violation of the discharge injunction: the movant must establish by clear and convincing evidence that the contemnee was aware of the discharge injunction and that it applied to its claims. Id. at 1009-1010. The standard set is a subjective standard, which differs from the objective standard necessary for a stay violation.

That leads this court to consider whether Beveridge knew the discharge injunction applied to its actions to reimpose the Trust Deed, foreclose, and pursue unlawful detainer. The answer would be "no". Beveridge did not have the proper level of subjective knowledge and therefore could not be found in contempt.

The facts here are strikingly similar on material elements to those in Emmert v. Taggart (In re Taggart), 548 B.R. 275 (9th Cir. BAP 2016).19 In that case, debtor Taggart was a member of SPBC LLC, of which Mr. Emmert and Mr. Jehnke were also members. Before his bankruptcy, Taggart had transferred his membership interest to another LLC and eventually to his attorney, Mr. Berman, in violation of the operating agreement which granted the members a right of first refusal before any membership interest could be transferred. SPBC sued Taggart and Mr. Berman in state court to undo the transfer and for damages. Taggart and Berman answered and counterclaimed against Mr. Emmert, Mr. Jehnke, and SPBC for attorneys' fees. After the intervening bankruptcy, SPBC resumed the state court litigation but dropped the request for damages because of the discharge. The state court ruled in favor of SPBC and unwound the transfers.

Subsequent to this victory, Mr. Emmert, Mr. Jehnke, and SPBC (collectively SPBC) filed a petition in state court seeking attorneys' fees for the period after Taggart's discharge, at the same time seeking a ruling from the state court on whether the discharge injunction applied to the post-discharge fee request, asserting that Taggart had "returned to the fray" under the holding in Boeing North American, Inc. v. Ybarra (In re Ybarra), 424 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2005). The state court eventually ruled that the fees were not discharged and awarded fees to SPBC. Meanwhile, Taggart had reopened his bankruptcy case, seeking a similar Ybarra decision from that court. The bankruptcy judge agreed with the state court that Taggart had "returned to the fray" and that the discharge injunction did not apply to the fee award. The state court then entered judgment for the fees against Taggart.

Taggart appealed the bankruptcy court decision to the district court, which reversed, finding he did not return to the fray, and remanded to the bankruptcy court to determine whether SPBC had violated the discharge injunction. Now told that Taggart did not return to the fray, the bankruptcy judge applied the objective test of the Eleventh Circuit in Hardy with regard to whether SPBC knew the discharge was applicable and awarded sanctions against SPBC. This time SPBC appealed to the Ninth Circuit BAP, which reversed, ruling that under the Zilog subjective standard SPBC could not have known the discharge injunction applied to them at the relevant times of the alleged violative acts. After all, it took an appellate ruling from the district court before there was a determination the discharge injunction did apply to the postpetition fees and SPBC could not have known it applied to them before that time, believing from the prior court rulings that the injunction was inapplicable to them. In re Taggart, 548 B.R. at 291.

Here, Beveridge believed it was entitled under § 2930 and California case law to revivify its Trust Deed notwithstanding the intervening bankruptcy discharge of Debtor. Only this court's ruling — and eventually an appellate affirmance of that ruling if this court is upheld — will give Beveridge the subjective knowledge that the discharge injunction applied to its acts. Like in Taggart, There is no clear and convincing evidence that at the time it acted to enforce the Trust Deed, Beveridge knew such acts violated the injunction. This court cannot find Beveridge in contempt for those activities because the Zilog test has not been met.

C. Request to Enter Default on State Court Cross Complaint

Beveridge's November 6, 2017 filing of a Request for Entry of Default presents a different circumstance on the knowledge issue, as well as raising a distinct legal issue regarding the scope of the in personam discharge. Prior to November 2017 this court had issued a preliminary injunction rooted in its finding that the reimposition of the Trust Deed was a violation of the discharge injunction. Since the Cross Complaint sought a declaration that the Trust Deed and subsequent foreclosure proceeding were valid, the relief sought was 100% counter to this court's ruling. On that issue, there is sufficient clear and convincing evidence that Beveridge knew the discharge injunction applied to its acts when taken and therefore was in contempt of that injunction when it sought a contrary entry of default.

The lesson of Taggart, however, is that it's not over until it's over. Unless and until an appellate court makes a final ruling that this court has it right, maybe Beveridge does lack the necessary subjective belief that the injunction applies to it. After all, if the Summary Judgment is reversed, the Trust Deed is valid and a default judgment on the Cross Complaint would not violate anything. After the appeal is completed — and only at that time — would it be appropriate for a court to determine whether Debtor, by filing the State Court Action in an attempt to stop the foreclosure, had "returned to the fray" under the Ybarra standard.20

Based on this procedural posture, the court will stay any decision on this second prong of the contempt action until a final appellate ruling is made in this case.21

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the court grants Summary Judgment for Debtor and denies the cross motion of Beveridge. Along with this Memorandum, it will enter a Statement of Uncontroverted Facts and Conclusions of Law to support the Summary Judgment, an Order Granting Summary Judgment to Debtor and Denying Summary Judgment to Beveridge, and the Summary Judgment. After entry of these documents, as promised, the court will schedule a telephonic conference to discuss the scope of the stay pending appeal.