GERALDINE MUND, Bankruptcy Judge.
At the hearing on January 14, I discussed the tentative ruling. The issues of indemnification and privity as well as dismissal of an unnamed Doe defendant were reviewed and I determined that the tentative ruling was correct as to those. However, the question of whether the Buyer has standing to sue the locksmith for negligence committed while the Trustee was the owner of the property was left open. The Trustee had cited the case of Krusi v. S.J. Amoroso Constr. Co. 81 Cal.App.4th 995, 1003 (2000) in the reply. The Plaintiff was given until February 3 to file a brief on that single issue. The Trustee had until February 10 to file a reply brief. The motion to dismiss was continued to March 3, 2020 at 10:00 a.m.
Plaintiff analyzed both Krusi and Keru Investments, Inc. v. Cube Co., 63 Cal.App.4th 1412 (1998), which is cited by Krusi. In Krusi, the property was built in 1985 and the original owner had a dispute with the architect. This went to arbitration in 1988 and the arbitrator ruled in favor of the architect on the defective work claims. In 1995 the buyers purchased the property. Prior to the sale closing, the seller became aware of leaks and repaired them as well as other defects. When the buyers sued the seller, the court affirmed the dismissal due to the prior arbitration and the longstanding existence of the defects.
In Keru, Moross Group, the owner of the property, hired GL & Assoc. to do a seismic retrofit. The 1994 Northridge earthquake damaged the property. Later in 1994, the Moross Group conveyed the property to Keru Investments, who sued the sellers, the retrofitters and others. The court determined that the buyer did not own the cause of action simply because they discovered the reason for the damage after the property was transferred to them. But it also noted that in other situations a subsequent purchaser would be a foreseeable plaintiff. For example in Sumitomo Bank v. Taurus Developers, Inc., 185 Cal.App.3d 211 (1986), the court found that a purchaser at a trustee's sale could state a negligence claim against a builder. See also Huang v. Garner 157 Cal.App.3d 404, 423 (1984) which held that a developer's duty of reasonable care is logically owed to those who are subsequent buyers of a structure allegedly designed or constructed in a defective manner.
In the present case, the reason that City One Locksmith did the work was so that Yavor would purchase the property. This was necessary to complete the transfer. The damage was not present at the time of the purchase agreement or when the court approved the sale.
Citing to Connor v. Great Western Sav. & Loan Assn, 69 Cal.2d 850, 865 (1968), Yavor sets forth the public policy of balancing certain factors to determine whether a defendant will be held liable to a third person not in privity: "[1] the extent to which the transaction was intended to affect the plaintiff, [2] the foreseeability of harm to him, [3] the degree of certainty that the plaintiff suffered injury, [4] the closeness of the connection between the defendant's conduct and the injury suffered, [5] the moral blame attached to the defendant's conduct, and [6] the policy of preventing future harm."
Yavor contends that at trial she will be able to prove that City One chose to damage multiple French Doors instead of just changing the locks on them. Because of this, she received the property in a worse condition than it was at the time of the purchase agreement.
The Locksmith is a tradesman, not a developer, builder, engineer, or housing planner and as a matter of public policy it would be unfair to hold him to a foreseeability standard exposing him to unlimited liability towards subsequent purchasers of the property. Because he owed no duty to Yavor, the complaint must fail.
Under Krusi, "a cause of action for damage to real property accrues when the defendant's act causes `immediate and permanent injury' to the property or, to put it another way, when there is `[a]ctual and appreciable harm' to the property." 81 Cal.App.4th at 1005. Because the negligence cause of action accrued before the sale closed, it belongs to the Trustee, not to the Buyer.
Keru actually holds the same: "Choses in action belong to the party who suffered the injury. In this case the injury was suffered by Keru Investments' predecessor, the Moross Group. In the absence of assignment, Keru Investments does not have standing to pursue it." 63 Cal.App.4th at 1423-25. In fact, Keru explains that builders and developers are treated differently because they are constructing projects for resale. Therefore they are held closer to a products liability standard. Huang and Sumitomo both deal with negligence claims against a builder or developer. They do not apply to a single contract employee like a locksmith.
Looking at the Connor tests (also cited in Biakanja v. Irving, 49 Cal.2d 647, 650 (1958)), factors 1, 2, 5 and 6 weigh heavily against finding that the locksmith is liable to the Buyer. The transaction between the Trustee and City One was to protect the property pending the closing of the sale and to prevent the prior owners from entering. This was for the benefit of creditors, not only because of the Buyer. And thus the hiring of the locksmith would have occurred whether or not the property was in escrow.
City One was hired for a singular purpose — to secure the property. The locksmith worked under the narrow instruction of the owner (the Trustee). The relationship of the locksmith and the Buyer is too attenuated to impose a duty from the locksmith to the Buyer. Public policy would not be served by imposition on such tradesmen absent privity of contract.
It should be noted that all of the real property construction cases placed before this court are at the court of appeal level and are not definitive California law. Thus none is a binding determination of California law on the issue before this court. Under this situation, it is usual that the latest decision will be followed unless it is deemed erroneous. Cal. Jur 3d, Courts, §302. However, "where there is more than one appellate court decision, and such appellate decisions are in conflict ... the court exercising inferior jurisdiction can and must make a choice between the conflicting decisions." Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court, 57 Cal.2d 450, 456 (1962).
These cases are very fact specific. Reviewing them in chronological order, they can be summarized as follows:
The Court held that the the professional designer and engineer, etc. could be liable for the damage because the building code and the issue of professional negligence are meant to protect those who are hurt by the actions of the professional. As to the claims against the original owner-builder, the Court held that the developer has a duty of reasonable care that is owed to subsequent purchasers, even if those subsequent purchasers do not live in the building but purchase it solely as an investment. There is a foreseeability factor that the owner-builder had that it would sell the property at a future date and that the purchasers and subsequent residents would be damaged by the defects. As to the owner-builder, "we conclude that the risk of harm in this case was foreseeable and that injury to plaintiffs' economic interests may legally be compensated if plaintiffs prevail in their cause of action for negligence." Id. at 425
The cause of action is not real property, but personal property and can be transferred. But the transfer of the real property does not automatically transfer the related personal property. When the owner conveyed the condominium, she did not automatically transfer the personal property cause of action.
The Vaughn court discounted the case of Kriegler v. Eichler Homes, Inc, 269 Cal.App.2d 224 (1969) in which the faulty construction took place in 1951, the property was sold to the original buyers in 1952 and the plaintiffs did not purchase it until 1957. The court allowed the plaintiffs to sue the builder, who cross-complained against the suppliers of the faulty heating system. Because of the strict liability doctrine, the plaintiff could proceed to prove that he was injured by the faulty construction, which, apparently, only became obvious after the plaintiff had bought the home.
Reviewing the prior cases (cited above), Keru makes a distinction as to the type of defendant, noting the Huang and Sumitomo both concerned defendants who were builder/developers who had constructed the projects for purposes of resale. Thus they were similar to manufacturers who placed dangerously defective products into the stream of commerce. Here the defendant "was not a developer and had not retrofitted the building with the expectation that it would be transferred by the Moross Group to a third party." Id. at 1423
The work was done for the prior owner and the damage was sustained during the ownership of the prior owner. The cause of action accrued when Moross Group was entitled to prosecute it. This was prior to the ownership of Keru. Citing to the Vaughn case, the Court held that it was Moross Group who held the cause of action for negligent construction and not Keru, who was a transferee of the property. This is personal property of the Moross Group and did not transfer to Keru with the land.
The Krusi opinion reviews the prior case holdings (Huang, Sumitomo Bank v. Taurus Developers, Keru. Vaughn). The Krusi court notes that the prior cases split: two for liability to a subsequent owner, two against liability. The Krusi court harmonized the four opinions and then decided that this case should follow the Keru holding, but not on the same reasoning.
The first distinction make by Keru is the purpose of the owner-defendant. Were they builders/developers who intended to resell the property at issue or was the defendant a mere contractor who had no such intention. Krusi was not impressed with this in this day and age. In the prior cases, three of the properties were multifamily projects (2 apartment buildings and one condominium complex). In Vaughn it was a single condominium unit. Krusi concerns an office building. Also, Krusi is concerned that the decision might rest on the nature of the defendant. So it does not follow this first distinction.
But Krusi does embrace the concept that accrual of a cause of action for damage to real property occurs when "the defendant's act causes `immediate and permanent injury' to the property or, to put it another way, when there is `[a]ctual and appreciable harm' to the property." Krusi, 81 Cal.App.4th at 1005 (Citing CAMSI IV v. Hunter Technology Corp., 230 Cal.App.3d 1525, 1534 (1991)). The cause of action is not transferred to a subsequent owner unless the current owner clearly manifests the intent to transfer it.
Krusi then goes on to discuss the Biakanja case [discussed below] dealing with privity:
Krusi, 81 Cal.App.4th at 1005-6.
Krusi then applies this to the facts before it and finds that although the issue of when damage occurs is a question of fact, because there was a prior litigation against the architect, this is now undisputed and because of that it affirmed the grant of summary judgment against the new owner.
Following the general procedure in dealing with conflicting appellate decisions, the Court finds that Krusi has analyzed the prior cases and that its decision is not clearly erroneous given the facts before the Krusi court. The summary and analysis of Krusi is very helpful ... to a point. However, the facts before this court are quite different from those of Krusi.
The work done by City One was during the ownership of the Trustee, but for the direct benefit of the Buyer. And this was not an unknown buyer, but was for a property in escrow at that time. The price had been set, the buyer was only awaiting the ability of the Trustee to evict the prior owners and close. [The Court is aware that the parties reduced the price to cover some damages to the property, but whether this prevents the Buyer from proceeding is a matter of fact to be determined at a later stage in the litigation.]
This is not a situation where the damage was done at a time when the owner had hopes of sale or did not know the identity of some future purchaser. The Trustee was working for the benefit of the estate and Yavor was the person who would provide that benefit. To that extent, Yavor was as close to being in privity as one can be while not actually being in privity. It seems to the Court that the concept set forward in Biakanja is the most relevant to this case.
Biakanja v. Irving, 49 Cal.2d 647 (1958) involved the negligent preparation of a will by a notary public. Because he failed to create a document that was legally valid, the decedent was deemed to die intestate and his brother, who was intended as the sole beneficiary, sued the notary public for negligence. The court held that even through the plaintiff and the notary were not in privity, the brother could sue:
Biakanja, 49 Ca.2d at 650-1
Ten years after Biakanja, the California Supreme Court again adopted the Biakanja test in Connor v. Great Western Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 60 Cal.2d 850, 865 (1968), this time dealing with real estate construction. In that case, the entity that financed the real estate development had a duty to the ultimate buyers and was held liable to the buyers for damages due to the construction defects created by the contractor.
There is no hard and fast rule that applies to this case. The Court has to balance the factors including those enumerated in Biakanja. The work on changing the locks was for the benefit of both the Trustee (to protect property of the estate) and the Buyer (to receive property that was not damaged by an intruder). It was foreseeable by City One that if it damaged the doors, this would harm either the Trustee or the ultimate owner or both (depending on who would undertake the repair or replacement needed). Damage to the doors certainly injured the Buyer, though the amount of injury is yet to be determined. The alleged injury is directly due to the actions of City One. There is no moral blame. While the Court has no indication as to whether City One actually was negligent, if they were, the fact that they are found to have acted improperly could prevent future harm to others. Beyond that, this is not a situation when the Buyer was new to the property, had time to inspect before making an offer, and that offer then included knowledge of the alleged damage. Under such circumstances, the Court might find that public policy would prevent the Buyer from pursuing this cause of action against the locksmith. But this is not the factual situation here.
The Court needs to discuss other factors and that deal with the bankruptcy process. One is that it was obvious to City One that the Trustee was not the ultimate owner of the property, but was in the process of selling it in the very near future. This might equally apply to a situation where the person hiring the locksmith or other workman is the owner (or the real estate agent) of a property that has a "for sale sign" on it. It is a question of fact as to whether or not City One was aware of the nature of a bankruptcy and that the property would soon be transferred to a new owner. And this is not something that the Court can resolve at the motion to dismiss stage.
As to the affect on trustees in future sales, it is doubtful that a locksmith or other craftsman would refuse the engagement because of potential liability to the ultimate buyer. Even if a few such craftsmen decided not to engage in trustee work, there are many such persons available and this is not a unique set of skills held only be a few.
Deny the motion to dismiss. An answer is due by March 17, 2020. The status conference is continued to April 28, 2020 at 10:00 a.m..
On October 8, 2019, Haya Sara Yavor (Yavor or Buyer or Plaintiff), who was the buyer of the real property at 10351 Oklahoma Ave., filed suit in state court against City One Locksmith (City One), Case #: 19 STLC09304. No activity has taken place in the case.
On December 2, 2019, Nancy Zamora (Trustee or Zamora), who is the chapter 7 trustee in the Real Estate Short Sales, Inc. (RESS) bankruptcy case, removed the case to the bankruptcy court. The trustee asserts that this is a core matter and consents to final judgment in the bankruptcy court.
The complaint asserts that when the U.S. Marshal was employed to evict the prior owner, City One Locksmith was sent to change the locks to secure the property and to ensure that there would be no reentry. Rather than change the locks to the front door, City One screwed the doors shut, which caused significant damage to the doors. These were upscale luxury doors and very costly and valuable. Plaintiff seeks general damages of at least $20,000, costs of suit, prejudgment interest, etc.
Although the complaint tries to avoid asserting a claim against the Trustee (referring to the U.S. Marshal in such a way that it appears that that person/entity hired City One, in paragraph 5 it states the true state of affairs: "In light of these sequence of events, Plaintiff Yavor brings this lawsuit to recover damages caused by Defendant Trustee's negligent actions."
The history of this action is as follows:
On April 19, 2019, Haya Sara Yavor filed a complaint in the state court against Nancy Zamora for negligence and fraudulent concealment (19STCV13803). Included in that complaint was the assertion at paragraph 16 and 17 that "on December 17, 2018 ... Defendant Trustee employed the U.S. Marshal to evict the Occupants from the Property. In or around January of 2019, Defendant Trustee further proceeded to cause City One to screw the doors of the Property shut. The screws on the door caused significant damage to the Property."
On May 30, 2019, the Trustee removed the complaint to this court as Adv. #1:19-ap-01064. The Trustee then filed a motion to dismiss the complaint and on July 16, 2019 the Court granted that motion without prejudice. The tentative ruling, which became the final ruling, is as follows:
On August 6, 2019, Yavor filed a first amended complaint asserting that the Trustee had acted with gross negligence as to damage to the doors and mold damage. She did not name City One, but asserted that the Trustee breached her duty of care by "causing the doors to the Property to be negligently screwed shut, and in doing so, caused substantial damages to the doors of the Property." (paragraph 24).
On August 20, 2019, the Trustee filed a motion to dismiss the first amended complaint with prejudice. In part this was because the facts did not support the negligence claims against the Trustee or City One. Also, there was a prior reduction in price to account for mold and water damages to the property.
On September 5, 2019, the parties stipulated to "Dismiss Entire Action with Prejudice for Case No. 1:19-01064-GM in its entirety." (dkt. 21) The dismissal order was entered on September 23, 2019 (dkt. 24).
As noted above, shortly thereafter Yavor filed a complaint solely against City One for negligence. The Trustee asserts that since City One has indemnification claims against the Estate, the Trustee is the real party in interest and has removed the suit and will defend it.
The complaint is barred by res judicata. The initial adversary proceeding was dismissed with prejudice and the Trustee cannot be forced to defend the same action again just because the Buyer has named a Doe defendant (City One). A final judgment on the merits of an action precludes the parties or persons in privity with the parties from relitigating the same claim that was raised in the prior action. Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 892 (2008). A voluntary dismissal with prejudice operates as an adjudication on the merits, barring further action on the same claims. See Semtek International Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 531 U.S. 497, 505 (2001).
This new complaint involves the same parties or persons in privity with the same parties to the First Adversary Proceeding. The Buyer is the Plaintiff in both, the First Adversary Proceeding named not only the Trustee, but Doe defendants and the Plaintiff knew that City One was one of those Doe defendants. The claim of negligence asserted against City One arises out of the same transaction and occurrence — City One's conduct in changing the locks at the Property for the Trustee's benefit. Dismissals have res judicata effect as to Doe defendants.
Beyond that, City One owed no duty to the Plaintiff, who was the buyer. John B. v. Superior Court, 38 Cal.4th 1177, 1188 (2006). On its face the complaint shows that City One was sent to do the work and not hired or employed by the Buyer. In fact, at that time the Trustee was the owner of the property since escrow had not yet closed. Closing occurred on or about January 29, 2019. The complained-of action took place on about January 12.
The purchase agreement states that the Buyer purchased the property "as-is where-is." Yavor accepted the property with full knowledge of the issues of the doors. She had plenty of time to inspect the property prior to closing, some two weeks after City One had performed its work.
The prior complaint was dismissed without prejudice and the Plaintiff filed a first amended complaint. During the course of "preliminary internal discovery," the Plaintiff discovered that the true tortfeasor was City One Locksmith and not the Trustee. Also that the Trustee was covered by immunity, so she must proceed against the actual tortfeasor. Thus she decided to dismiss with prejudice as to the Trustee and proceed against City One.
The alleged indemnity agreement does not give jurisdiction to the court and the Plaintiff will be moving to remand. The Trustee has no standing to bring this motion to dismiss.
Res judicata does not apply because the Trustee and City One are not the same party or privies. City One was never a party to the prior lawsuit and the Trustee is not a party to this one. The Trustee is attempting to transfer her trustee-immunity to City One. The purported indemnity agreement is not signed and is not enforceable. It is merely some pre-printed boilerplate language on a written invoice by City One. The locksmith cannot unilaterally waive the indemnification requirement of a Trustee's signature. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., v. Gilmore Industries, Inc., 135 Cal.App.3d 556. Paul Gonya v. Kenneth Stroud, 2013 WL 5861489 (2013).
Under Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880 (2008), a non-party is subject to claims preclusion. It holds that in general a person is not subject to an in personam ruling in a case in which "he is not designated as a party or to which he has not been made a party by service of process." Id. at 893. There are six exceptions:
Damjanovic v. Ambrose, 951 F.2d 359 (9th Cir. 1992)(unpublished decision), which is cited by the Trustee, held that the subsequent claim was barred because the same party was being sued in both lawsuits. Here City One and the Trustee are not the same party. City One was not named in both lawsuits. And they are not privies. The Trustee's argument that City One should have been added as a Doe Defendant is not supported by the law.
Even though escrow had not closed and there was no employment relationship between City One and the buyer, there is a duty to the buyer if there was foreseeability of harm to the buyer. Whether this existed in this case is to be determined during the case itself and not at this stage. Discovery will show whether City One's performance was negligent and caused damages to the door and whether City One actually foresaw the risk of harm to the buyer.
The purchase of the property "as-is where-is" does not apply. Buyer inspected the property in September 2018. The tortious conduct occurred after that, during the escrow. The buyer did not have control of the property and could not safeguard it. This was a significant change to the property.
Because of the indemnification language in the invoice, the Trustee is the real party in interest and has standing to seek dismissal. Lockheed Missiles deals with CA Labor Code §3864 and is limited to that context. This is not a suit under the Labor Code. Similarly the other cases cited by the Plaintiff do not apply. In fact, if the Trustee had not appeared, City One would likely have filed a third party complaint against the Trustee and the Trustee would have been required to defend the action.
City One was a known Doe defendant in the first adversary proceeding and is in privity with the Trustee. The dismissal of the first adversary proceeding with prejudice included a dismissal of all known Doe defendants, including City One.
The Trustee and City One have a relationship of principal and agent. This allows claim preclusion to apply. The indemnity liability is sufficient to allow legal privity for claims preclusion. Lamphere Enterprises, Inc. v. Koorknob Enterprises, LLC, 145 F.App'x 589, 5992 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing Am. Safety Flight Sys., Inc. v. Garrett Corp., 528 F.2d 288, 289 n.1 (9th Cir. 1975).
Damjanovic v. Ambrose, 951 F.2d 359 (1991) (unpublished) affirmed dismissal of an action and sanctions when the plaintiff tried to name a Doe defendant in a subsequent action after dismissal of the prior-filed case.
For the case to go forward, the Plaintiff must show (and plead) that the Defendant owed a duty to the Plaintiff. This is not sufficiently alleged in the complaint. It is merely a legal conclusion, not based on pleaded factual allegations. The existence of a duty is a matter of law. The case must be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest. Krusi v. S.J. Amoroso Constr. Co. 81 Cal.App.4th 995, 1003 (2000), etc. concerned a suit against a contractor who had allegedly damaged real property prior to the transfer of ownership to the plaintiff. The Court of Appeal held that the negligence claim belonged to the party who had suffered the injury, which was the prior owner. Here the injury, if there was one, belongs to the Trustee since the Trustee was the owner of the property at the time of the alleged negligence.
This is an "as-is where-is" contract and that cannot be avoided by the Plaintiff. Plaintiff argues that the Trustee had a duty to protect the property during escrow., but the complaint alleges that City One has a duty to the Buyer/Plaintiff as the owner of the Property (¶19). It does not reveal that she did not own the property at the time of the alleged negligence. The purchase agreement (¶15) specifically states that the quitclaim deed transfers title, which "shall be subject to all encumbrances, easements, covenants, conditions, restrictions, rights and other matters which are of record or are disclosed to Buyer prior to Close of Escrow." The Buyer's action lies against the Trustee as the former owner of the Property and the Buyer cannot plead sufficient claims against the Trustee.
The initial issue to be resolved is whether the dismissal of the prior adversary proceeding with prejudice included the dismissal of all Doe defendants who were known to Yavor but not actually named in that adversary proceeding. Here it is certain or at least highly likely that the Trustee had notified City One of the pending action. But City One was not an actual party and could rely on the fact of the indemnification clause to sit back and let the Trustee resolve that adversary proceeding. Unlike the Damjanovic case cited by the Trustee, City One was never actually named in another lawsuit. There is no caselaw or statute that supports the theory that an unnamed person who would qualify as a Doe defendant and is known to the Plaintiff prior to dismissal of an initial lawsuit is then forever barred from being a named defendant in a later lawsuit for the same alleged negligent action.
The indemnity agreement is probably enforceable between City One and the Trustee. This is a matter of contact and both parties appear to agree to the validity of the contract. This creates a few interesting issues given that this lawsuit is for simple negligence and the Trustee is immune from such claims. If the Buyer were to prevail against City One for negligence and City One sues the Trustee, that is under contract and it is possible (probable?) that the Estate will be liable to City One for the tort damages for which the Estate is not directly liable to the Buyer. It is also possible that if this case goes forward, City One will bring a third party complaint against the Trustee for indemnification. That may or may not survive a motion to dismiss by the Trustee. While all of this is interesting, the Court need not and will not decide it at this point in time. When such motions are brought or suits are filed, the issues will be ripe for decision. Not now.
The issue of "as-is where-is" and the language of the quitclaim deed are factual matters to be determined in the lawsuit. The inspection is alleged to have taken place in September 2018, months before the alleged damage to the property. The alleged damage took place after the prior owners had vacated, so they (RESS and Cueva) are not liable for it. The Trustee was the owner of the property at that point in time. There will be factual issues of the knowledge of the Buyer prior to the close of escrow, the negotiations for reduced price, etc. But that is part of the lawsuit and not to be determined in a motion to dismiss.
While the Trustee may be able to claim some form of privity due to the indemnification and perhaps even some form of principal/agent relationship and the dismissal of the first adversary proceeding is deemed to have been on the merits, those merits are personal to the Trustee by nature of her immunity from suit. They do not deal with whether there was actual negligence by her agent. An agent is not relieved from personal responsibility to the Plaintiff just because the principal cannot be held personally responsible for the agent's acts. [Please note that I am not deciding whether the timing of the alleged negligence (prior to escrow closing) relieves the agent of liability to the Buyer. This motion was not brought by City One.]
The complaint needs to be cleaned up a little bit. Note the reference to the Trustee in paragraph 5. The fact that the Trustee owned the property at the time of City One's work and that it is the Trustee (not the U.S. Marshal) who hired City One should be explicitly stated. Please do better than a sloppy redrafting of the initial adversary complaint.
The motion to dismiss is granted only to allow a cleaned-up amended complaint as noted in the prior paragraph. This is due by January 28. City One and/or the Trustee will have until February 14 to respond. The status conference will be held on March 24 at 10:00 a.m.
As to the request to remand, if a motion is filed it would likely be denied. The Trustee is inherently involved in this case and this Court has extensive knowledge of the facts surrounding the sale. The critical documents have all been filed here and are easily accessible. The relation of City One to the Trustee will likely lead to more questions of the legal responsibilities of the Trustee. All of these can best be decided here.
