OTIS D. WRIGHT II, District Judge.
This case is about the reputational value of an individual's name, and to what extent an individual has a right to request a hearing to contest governmentally imposed blemishes against his name. Plaintiff Rene Castillo contends that the County of Los Angeles violated his constitutional rights by including him in a California statewide child-abuse database without providing an opportunity to challenge his inclusion in the database. The County responds that Castillo need not be provided an opportunity to challenge his inclusion because the database at issue is not publicly accessible, and in any event Castillo has not demonstrated any damage to his reputation. But the County fails to establish that branding Castillo as a child abuser and included him in a non-public (but nevertheless widely accessed) database and withholding the right to contest that inclusion does not deprive Castillo of a constitutionally protected interest. The Court therefore
On September 14, 2011, the father of Castillo's girlfriend's minor child, "M," reported Castillo to the County of Los Angeles Department of Children and Family Services ("DCFS") for allegedly abusing Child M. (SUF 1; Weissburg Decl. Ex. 4.) Following an investigation, the DCFS determined the allegation to be "inconclusive." (SUF 3.) An "inconclusive report" means that the investigator determined the report "not to be unfounded," but nevertheless found the evidence insufficient to determine whether child abuse or neglect has occurred. Cal.Penal Code § 11165.12.
On November 15, 2011, Castillo received a letter from DCFS stating that he had been reported to the California Department of Justice's Child Abuse Central Index ("CACI") database, noting that DCFS's investigation was "inconclusive for sex abuse of Child M." (Castillo Decl. ¶ 17.) Information on the CACI database is made available to a broad range of third parties for a variety of purposes. (See SUF 39.)
Also in November 2011, Castillo learned that the DCFS had also recorded the report of alleged child abuse, its record of the investigation, and its "inconclusive" determination in the State of California's Child Welfare Services Case Management System ("CWS/CMS"). (Castillo Decl. ¶ 21; see Mot. 5.) The CWS/CMS database is a statewide system containing child — and family-specific case files for reference by child-welfare service workers. (SUF
Shortly after learning he had been included in the CACI and CWS/CMS databases, Castillo called a DCFS appeals manager to request a due-process hearing to challenge his inclusion on those databases. (Castillo Decl. ¶ 21.) That manager informed Castillo that there was no legal mechanism to challenge his inclusion in the CACI database because Castillo was not Child M's parent, guardian, relative, or primary caregiver. (Id.) He also informed Castillo that there was no way to appeal his inclusion in CWS/CMS "because there is no law or statute that mandates the right to a hearing by the County." (Castillo Decl. ¶ 23.)
As of January 1, 2012 (following the passage of Assembly Bill 717), only investigations with "substantiated" findings were to be reported to the DOJ, and all reports with "inconclusive" findings were to be purged from CACI. (SUF 6.) Accordingly, Castillo received a letter in January 2012 indicating that he would be removed from the CACI database and was therefore not entitled to a hearing to dispute his inclusion in CACI. (Castillo Decl. ¶ 28.) The letter did not, however, address Castillo's inclusion on the CWS/CMS database. (Id.)
Castillo testifies that he is considering adopting or obtaining guardianship of his half-brother. (Castillo Decl. ¶ 31.) Based on his investigation into the requirements to obtain guardianship or adopt a child in Los Angeles County, Castillo is concerned that his inclusion on the CWS/CMS system will stymie his ability to do so.
The County's motion turns on whether its failure to provide Castillo an opportunity to contest his inclusion in CWS/CMS deprived him of his constitutional right to due process. The State of California Department of Social Services has taken the position that it will not impose a due-process requirement upon counties to provide notice and an opportunity for a hearing before entering inconclusive allegations into the CWS/CMS database. (SUF 9, 27.) The Court proceeds to consider whether Castillo can establish that this position violates his due-process rights.
Summary judgment should be granted if there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(c). The moving party bears the initial burden of establishing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Once the moving party has met its burden, the nonmoving party must go beyond the pleadings and identify specific facts through admissible evidence that show a genuine issue for trial. Id.; Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). Conclusory or speculative testimony
Castillo contends that the County has violated his due-process rights guaranteed under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments by failing to offer any due-process mechanism for review of inconclusive child-abuse allegations and concomitant inclusion on the CWS/CMS database. (Compl. ¶ 25.) Castillo also claims he suffered an unconstitutional violation of his right to privacy. (Id.)
To establish a prima facie case under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Castillo must establish that (1) the conduct he complains of was committed by a person acting under color of state law; and (2) that conduct violated a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48, 108 S.Ct. 2250, 101 L.Ed.2d 40 (1988). Castillo's listing on the CWS/CMS database unquestionably occurs under color of state law. See Humphries v. Cnty. of L.A., 554 F.3d 1170, 1184 (9th Cir.2009) (finding that inclusion on the CACI database occurs under color of state law), rev'd on other grounds, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 447, 178 L.Ed.2d 460 (2010). Therefore, the question here is whether Castillo's inclusion in the CWS/CMS database without being afforded a right to contest his inclusion violated a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States.
It is undisputed that the County did not provide Castillo an opportunity to contest his inclusion in CWS/CMS. (SUF 8.) Yet the deprivation of a constitutionally protected interest "is not itself unconstitutional; what is unconstitutional is the deprivation of such an interest without due process of law." Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 125, 110 S.Ct. 975, 108 L.Ed.2d 100 (1990). To prove a deprivation without due process of law, Castillo must show that (1) the County has interfered with his liberty or property interest, and (2) "the procedures attendant upon that deprivation were constitutionally" insufficient. Ky. Dep't of Corr. v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460, 109 S.Ct. 1904, 104 L.Ed.2d 506 (1989). The Court addresses each in turn.
An individual's liberty interest may be implicated "where a person's good name, reputation, honor, or integrity is at stake because of what the government is doing to him." Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433, 437, 91 S.Ct. 507, 27 L.Ed.2d 515 (1971). But procedural due-process protections apply to reputational harm only when individuals suffer stigma from governmental action plus the alteration or extinguishment of rights or status recognized by state law. Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 711, 96 S.Ct. 1155, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976). This is known as the "stigma-plus" test. See Hart v. Parks, 450 F.3d 1059, 1070 (9th Cir.2006).
In Humphries v. County of Los Angeles, the Ninth Circuit determined that inclusion in CACI without being afforded "some kind of hearing" to contest inclusion was enough to satisfy the stigma-plus test. 554 F.3d at 1201. For the reasons that follow, the Court finds the CACI and CWS/CMS databases are sufficiently analogous to warrant a finding under Humphries's reasoning that Castillo's inclusion in the CWS/CMS database without a due-process
The first step in the procedural due-process analysis is to determine whether Castillo suffered stigma from the County's action of listing him in CWS/CMS. In Humphries, the Ninth Circuit found that "being labeled a child abuser by being placed on the CACI is unquestionably stigmatizing." 554 F.3d at 1186 (internal quotation marks omitted). Given the common aims of the CACI and CWS/CMS databases, the same conclusion is warranted here.
The Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act ("CANRA"), Cal. Penal Code §§ 11164-11174.3, mandates that various statutorily enumerated individuals report instances of known or suspected child abuse and neglect either to a law-enforcement agency or to a child-welfare agency. These agencies are then required to conduct "an active investigation," id. § 11169(a), which involves investigating the allegation and determining whether the incident is "substantiated, inconclusive, or unfounded." Cal.Code Regs. tit. 11, § 901(a). CANRA further directs that the California DOJ "shall maintain an index of all reports of child abuse and severe neglect submitted pursuant to" this process, but "only information from reports that are reported as substantiated shall be filed." Cal.Penal Code § 11170(a)(1)-(3).
The information in the CACI database is "available to a broad range of third parties for a variety of purposes," including persons "making inquiries for purposes of pre-employment background investigations for peace officers, child care licensing or employment, adoption, or child placement." Humphries, 554 F.3d at 1177. Additionally, numerous state statutes mandate that licensing agencies search the CACI database and conduct an additional investigation prior to granting a number of rights and benefits. Id. at 1187-88. CACI's sole purpose "is to alert legislatively identified licensing and similar agencies of possible matches between applicants about whom abuse investigations were performed where investigative dispositions other than unfounded were made." (Trimarchi Decl. Ex. A., at 3.)
The CWS/CMS database appears to serve a similar, if more limited, function. CWS/CMS "enables case workers to record and update assessments, create and maintain case plans, and manage the placement of children in the appropriate foster homes or facilities ... [it] also collects data for the purposes of state, county, and federal reporting...." (Id.) Indeed, CWS/CMS includes "a complete record of all contacts and actions undertaken" with regard to an investigation of a suspected child abuser, and "comprises a centralized statewide system that allows state or county child welfare workers to share information on child welfare cases with legislatively authorized entities." (Id. at 3-4.) Thus, not only does CWS/CMS bear similarities to CACI, it also goes beyond CACI's purpose merely serving as an index of names of suspected child abusers by providing access to the entire record of an agency's investigation.
The County is correct that various statutes, regulations, and blanket orders significantly limit disclosure of information in the CWS/CMS database — much more so than they do for CACI. (Mot. 11-12.) Indeed, "[e]xternal access to CWS/CMS is highly restricted." Trimarchi Decl. Ex. A., at 4. But while the information in CWS/CMS is not publicly available, many exceptions
Delving deeper into only one of these exceptions, the Court notes that California Family Code section 7901, Article 3, subsection (c) provides that "[a]ny public officer or agency ... in receipt of [written notice of the intention to send, bring, or place a child in the receiving state] ... may request of the sending agency ... and shall be entitled to receive therefrom, supporting or additional information as it may deem necessary under the circumstances" (emphasis added). When determining whether to proceed with an adoption, out-of-state adoption agencies would conceivably want to know — and heavily weigh — the fact that an individual seeking to adopt was accused of child abuse in another state. Under this exception, such agencies are entitled to the information contained in CWS/CMS.
These exceptions for disclosure of CWS/CMS information demonstrate that even if the information is not listed in a publicly available registry like CACI, being listed in CWS/CMS with an "inconclusive" report of child abuse can still damage an individual's reputation in the eyes of various agencies. The Court therefore concludes that this reputational damage is sufficient to constitute stigma. Humphries, 554 F.3d at 1186; Miller v. California, 355 F.3d 1172, 1178 (9th Cir.2004).
The second inquiry in the procedural due-process analysis is whether the stigma of Castillo's inclusion in CWS/CMS has distinctly altered, extinguished, or placed a tangible burden on a right or status previously recognized by state law. Paul, 424 U.S. at 711, 96 S.Ct. 1155; Humphries, 554 F.3d at 1188.
In Humphries, the Ninth Circuit held that the County had placed a tangible burden on Humphries's rights in two ways: (1) by mandating that various agencies search the CACI index prior to granting a number of rights and benefits, and (2) by making information in CACI available to other identified agencies, including out-of-state agencies making foster care or adoptive decisions. Humphries, 554 F.3d at 1188. It noted that the mere listing in a child abuse database is sufficient to alter an individual's right or status because child abuse databases "play[] an integral role in obtaining many rights under California law, including ... licenses, volunteer opportunities, and even child custody." Humphries, 554 F.3d at 1179.
The same reasoning is applicable here. As addressed above, information in the CWS/CMS database, while generally confidential vis-à-vis the public, is available without a court order to a variety of state
The mere fact that Castillo's determination was "inconclusive" (as opposed to "substantiated") makes no difference with regard to the violation of his rights, including the right to "informational privacy." In California, the right to informational privacy "includes interests in precluding the dissemination or misuse of sensitive and confidential information." Burt v. Cnty. of Orange, 120 Cal.App.4th 273, 285, 15 Cal.Rptr.3d 373 (2004). This right is implicated by inclusion in CWS/CMS, as Castillo has a reasonable expectation of privacy and the County's inclusion of Castillo in a database where the information therein is disseminated to multiple agencies amounts to a serious invasion of his privacy.
Importantly, nothing in CANRA prevents a submitting agency from enacting some procedure permitting individuals to challenge their listing or to seek to have their report deemed "unfounded." In fact, individuals who were the subject of a child-abuse investigation that was determined to be "substantiated" are entitled to a due-process hearing before the agency that requested his or her inclusion in the CACI database. Cal.Penal Code § 11169(d). There appears to be no statutory barrier to a similar mechanism for inconclusive listings.
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Castillo, the Court finds that the County simply hasn't met its burden on summary judgment to show that Castillo's individual liberty interests are not at all implicated by his inability to challenge his inclusion on the CWS/CMS database. Thus, the Court proceeds to consider whether the procedural safeguards of Castillo's liberty interest are constitutionally insufficient to protect his rights. Thompson, 490 U.S. at 460, 109 S.Ct. 1904.
The Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees that, "No State shall ... deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law...." "[F]reedom from arbitrary adjudicative procedures is a substantive element of one's liberty," and due-process safeguards must be analyzed accordingly. People v. Ramirez, 25 Cal.3d 260, 268, 158 Cal.Rptr. 316, 599 P.2d 622 (1979).
Procedural due process is analyzed case-by-case based on the totality of the circumstances. California ex rel. Lockyer v. F.E.R.C., 329 F.3d 700, 711 (9th Cir.2003). The process provided to persons included in the CWS/CMS database must be evaluated using the three-part test set out in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976). This test instructs courts to balance (1) the private interest affected by the official action; (2) the risk of erroneous deprivation and the probable value of additional procedural safeguards; and (3) the
Castillo's argument in support of his private interest at stake is analogous to his argument in support of his liberty interest. Castillo has "an interest in pursuing ... adoption, seeking to obtain custody of ... children, and securing the appropriate licenses for working with children without having to be subject to an additional investigation, delays, and possible denial of a benefit under California law." Humphries, 554 F.3d at 1193. This element clearly weighs in favor of Castillo. In fact, Castillo testified that he is considering pursuing several of these exact endeavors, and is concerned that his inclusion in CWS/CMS will impede his ability to do so. Castillo's interest is clearly threatened by the stigmatizing effect of a potentially erroneous listing on a child-abuse database maintained by the government. Id.
California has a vital interest in preventing child abuse, and the creation or maintenance of a centralized database is a responsible means for California to secure its interest. See Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 766, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982); People v. Stockton Pregnancy Control Med. Clinic, 203 Cal.App.3d 225, 249, 249 Cal.Rptr. 762 (1988) (finding the goals of detecting and preventing child abuse are a "compelling" government interest). California has a justifiable interest in maintaining even "inconclusive" reports, since these reports "can reveal patterns that might not otherwise be detected and can be useful to law enforcement." Humphries, 554 F.3d at 1194. But if this system contains either incorrect or outright false information, the system's effectiveness and accuracy are lessened, and California's interest in maintaining the system is severely diminished. Id.
Granting individuals listed in CWS/CMS an additional procedure by which they can challenge their listing will no doubt impose additional administrative and fiscal burdens on California, but these burdens are generally "the sort of administrative costs that we expect our government to shoulder." Id. Without providing "some sort of hearing," there is a substantial risk that California will deprive innocent individuals of their "reputation-plus" by maintaining their files in CWS/CMS. Id. at 1195. The likely potential that intrastate and interstate agencies will come to rely on Castillo's "inconclusive" listing in the CWS/CMS database as evidence "that some sort of crime did occur," without affording him an adequate opportunity to contest that listing, is inherently unjust.
Mathews requires that the Court consider the risk of error in light of the government's and Castillo's interests. See Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 529, 124 S.Ct. 2633, 159 L.Ed.2d 578 (2004). Again, strong parallels can be drawn to the Humphries decision. There, as here, the state's interest was "not harmed by a system which seeks to clear those falsely accused of child abuse from the state's databases. CANRA creates too great a risk of individuals being placed on the [CWS/CMS database] who do not belong there, and then remaining on the [database] indefinitely." Humphries, 554 F.3d at 1200.
This Court does not intend to impede law enforcement's ability to conduct full
Under the totality of the circumstances, the risk of including false positives in the CWS/CMS database and distributing that information to other agencies (even if not the public) is too great for the County to deny the individuals included in the database their constitutional right to due process. Although the severity and extent of the legal consequences to the Humphries plaintiffs may have been greater, Castillo's rights and benefits are nevertheless implicated here by his inclusion in the CWS/CMS database.
The Court therefore finds that the County has not established that the procedural safeguards on Castillo's liberty interests are sufficient to protect his rights.
Because the County of Los Angeles has failed to meet its initial burden of establishing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact for trial, the Court
In light of the Court's ruling, the Court
