ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT [29]

STEPHEN V. WILSON, District Judge.

I. Introduction

Plaintiff Shaya Baird booked flights online for herself and her family on the Hawaiian Airlines website. A section of the website entitled "Contact Information," provided spaces to enter a number for a mobile phone, home phone, or work phone, stating, "At least one phone number is required." Baird entered her cellphone number. Three weeks later, and about a month before her scheduled departure, defendant Sabre sent a text message to Baird's cellphone. Sabre contracts with Hawaiian Airlines to provide traveler notification services to passengers. The text message invited Baird to reply "yes" to receive flight notification services. Baird did not respond and Sabre sent her no more messages.

Baird then brought this action, alleging that Sabre violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, 47 U.S.C. § 227 et seq., ("TCPA") by sending her the unsolicited text message. She seeks to represent a class of people who received similar text messages from Sabre.

The TCPA was enacted in 1991 in order to "`protect the privacy interests of residential telephone subscribers by placing restrictions on unsolicited, automated telephone calls ... by restricting certain uses of facsimile machines and automatic dialers.'" Satterfield v. Simon & Schuster, Inc., 569 F.3d 946, 954 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting legislative history). Among other things, the TCPA made it unlawful for any person "to make any call (other than a call made for emergency purposes or made with the prior express consent of the called party) using any automatic telephone dialing system ... to any [cellular] telephone number." 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A). A text message is a call within the meaning of the act. Satterfield, 569 F.3d at 952.

Sabre moves for summary judgment on the ground that Baird consented to receive its text message when she made her flight reservation on the Hawaiian Airlines website. Baird's voluntary act of giving Hawaiian Airlines her cellphone number allegedly constitutes the "express consent" required by the TCPA. Baird objects that she did not voluntarily provide her cellphone number. Instead, the Hawaiian Airlines website told her she had to provide a telephone number in order to book her flight. She was not informed or aware that Hawaiian Airlines would consider her act of supplying her cellphone number to constitute consent to receive text messages.1

II. Legal Standard

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 requires summary judgment for the moving party when the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, shows that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a); Tarin v. County of Los Angeles, 123 F.3d 1259, 1263 (9th Cir.1997).

The moving party bears the initial burden of establishing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The moving party may satisfy this burden by "`showing' — that is, pointing out to the district court — that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case." Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. Once the moving party has met its initial burden, the nonmoving party must go beyond the pleadings and identify specific facts that show a genuine issue for trial. See id. at 323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548; Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A scintilla of evidence or evidence that is merely colorable or not significantly probative does not present a genuine issue of material fact. Addisu v. Fred Meyer, 198 F.3d 1130, 1134 (9th Cir.2000). Only genuine disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law — i.e., "where the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party" — will preclude entry of summary judgment. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

III. TCPA Claim

Sabre's claim that Baird consented to receive the text message is an affirmative defense to liability under the TCPA. See Connelly v. Hilton Grant Vacations Co., 2012 WL 2129364, at *3 (S.D.Cal. June 11, 2012). At trial, Sabre would bear the burden of proof on this issue. To obtain summary judgment, therefore, Sabre "must come forward with evidence which would entitle it to a directed verdict if the evidence went uncontroverted at trial." C.A.R. Transportation Brokerage Co. v. Darden Restaurants, 213 F.3d 474, 480 (9th Cir.2000) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). It is undisputed that Baird provided her cellphone number under the heading "Contact Information" when she booked her flight on the Hawaiian Airlines website. Sabre contends this is sufficient to establish that Baird consented as a matter of law.

Sabre argues that when someone gives a telephone number to a business, that act constitutes "prior express consent" within the meaning of the TCPA for the business to contact the person at that telephone number. Sabre bases this argument on Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") regulations, the legislative history of the TCPA, and numerous district court decisions. Baird argues that at most, the act of providing a telephone number on a form provided by a company during a business transaction conveys "implied consent" to be called, but not the "express consent" required by 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A). Baird also argues that the issue of consent is a question of fact, not law, and points to evidence that a person booking a flight on the Hawaiian Airlines website cannot complete the transaction without providing a telephone number, and would not naturally assume that simply by doing so, she was expressing consent to be called at that number by an automatic telephone dialing system.

A. Meaning of "Prior Express Consent" in the TCPA

In a 1992 rulemaking action implementing the TCPA, the FCC ruled that "persons who knowingly release their phone numbers have in effect given their invitation or permission to be called at the number which they have given, absent instructions to the contrary." In re Rules & Reg's Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991, 7 F.C.C.R. 8752, 8769 ¶ 31 (1992) ("1992 FCC Order") (citing H.R.Rep. No. 102-317, at 13 (1991) ("[T]he called party has in essence requested the contact by providing the caller with their telephone number for use in normal business communications.")) (emphasis added). Myriad federal district courts have relied on the 1992 FCC Order ruling to conclude that plaintiffs who provided a business with their telephone number and then received a text message from the business had no claim under the act. See, e.g., Emanuel v. Los Angeles Lakers, 2013 WL 1719035, at *3 (C.D.Cal. Apr. 18, 2013); Roberts v. PayPal, Inc., 2013 WL 2384242, at *3-5 (N.D.Cal. May 30, 2013); Ibey v. Taco Bell, 2012 WL 2401972, at *3 (S.D.Cal. June 18, 2012); Pinkard v. Wal-Mart Stores, 2012 WL 5511039, at *4-5 (N.D.Ala. Nov. 9, 2012); Gutierrez v. Barclays Group, 2011 WL 579238, at *3 (S.D.Cal. Feb. 9, 2011).

Baird argues that the analysis of consent in the 1992 FCC Order reflects an unreasonable interpretation of the plain language of the TCPA that the Ninth Circuit has rejected. See Satterfield, 569 F.3d at 955 ("Express consent is `[c]onsent that is clearly and unmistakably stated.'") (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 323 (8th ed. 2004)). In Satterfield, however, the Ninth Circuit had no occasion to consider the validity of the FCC's interpretation of "express consent." Instead, the plaintiff in Satterfield had consented to receiving promotional materials from a company (Nextones) and its affiliates and brands. Id. The plaintiff's cellphone number was subsequently obtained by an unaffiliated entity, the Simon & Schuster publishing company, which sent her a promotional text message about a book having no relation to Nextones. Id. at 949. The Ninth Circuit concluded that the plaintiff's "consent to receive promotional material by Nextones and its affiliates and brands cannot be read as consenting to the receipt of Simon & Schuster's promotional material." Id. at 955. While the court mentioned the dictionary definition of "express consent" in support of its conclusion that a person's consent to receive calls from one business does not constitute consent to receive calls from a different business, the issue of whether the mere act of providing a cellphone number constitutes "express consent" did not arise in Satterfield. See id. at 949 (plaintiff expressly consented to receiving text messages from Nextones affiliates by affirmatively checking a box marked "Yes!" on a form). Therefore, Satterfield did not reject the FCC's determination that express consent can be inferred from the consumer's act of providing a cellphone number.

B. Definition of "Prior Express Consent" in 2008 FCC Order

Baird's critique of the FCC's interpretation of "prior express consent" invokes Judge Illston's reasoning in Leckler v. CashCall, Inc., 554 F.Supp.2d 1025 (N.D.Cal.2008), vacated by Leckler v. CashCall, Inc., 2008 WL 5000528 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 21, 2008) ("Leckler I," and "Leckler II," respectively). In Leckler I, Judge Illston addressed a claim under the TCPA based on a creditor's use of an autodialer to send prerecorded messages to a debtor's cellphone. See Leckler I, 554 F.Supp.2d at 1026-27. Because the case involved debt collection calls, it was necessary to consider a 2008 FCC ruling addressing the meaning of "prior express consent" in that context. See id. at 1028. In that ruling, the FCC "clarif[ied] that autodialed and prerecorded message calls to wireless numbers that are provided by the called party to a creditor in connection with an existing debt are permissible as calls made with the `prior express consent' of the called party." In re Rules & Reg's Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991, 23 F.C.C.R. 559 ¶ 1 (2008) ("2008 FCC Order"2) (quoting 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A)). Judge Illston then considered whether to defer to the FCC's interpretation under the principles of Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). The 2008 FCC order reasoned that "the provision of a cell phone number to a creditor, e.g., as part of a credit application, reasonably evidences prior express consent by the cell phone subscriber to be contacted at that number regarding the debt." 2008 FCC Order ¶ 9. Judge Illston found this construction of the TCPA "both `manifestly contrary to the statute' and unreasonable, because it impermissibly amends the TCPA to provide an exception for `prior express or implied consent' and flies in the face of Congress' intent." Leckler I, 554 F.Supp.2d at 1029-30 (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844, 104 S.Ct. 2778) (citation omitted, emphasis original). Leckler I carefully explained the difference between implied and express consent and argued that the 2008 FCC Order elides that distinction, contrary to the text and purpose of the TCPA. See id. at 1029-33.

In Leckler II, however, Judge Illston vacated her prior opinion because she concluded she lacked authority to question the validity of the FCC's rulemaking. See Leckler II, 2008 WL 5000528, at *2-3. Under the Administrative Orders Review Act (also known as the "Hobbs Act"3), the federal courts of appeals have exclusive jurisdiction to determine the validity of final FCC orders. 28 U.S.C. § 2342(1); Pacific Bell v. Pac West Telecomm, 325 F.3d 1114, 1125 (9th Cir.2003). Because the FCC made a final determination of the meaning of the term "prior express consent" in the TCPA when the called party has provided the cellphone number "to a creditor in connection with an existing debt," the court in Leckler lacked the authority to depart from the FCC's interpretation. See Self v. Bellsouth Mobility, Inc., 700 F.3d 453, 461-64 (11th Cir.2012); CE Design, Ltd. v. Prism Business Media, 606 F.3d 443, 446-50 (7th Cir.2010). Moreover, even if the Ninth Circuit's reference in Satterfield to the dictionary definition of "express consent" was intended to express disagreement with the FCC's interpretation, the Ninth Circuit had no power to reject the FCC rule in the course of an appeal from a judgment denying a TCPA claim. See U.S. West Communications, Inc. v. Hamilton, 224 F.3d 1049, 1054 (9th Cir.2000). Under the Hobbs Act, the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of appeals to review the validity of FCC rulings may be invoked "only by filing a petition for review of the FCC's final order in a court of appeals naming the United States as a party." Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); 28 U.S.C. § 2344.

Leckler involved a creditor's calls to a debtor, so the 2008 FCC Order was determinative. But in this case, Baird did not provide her cellphone number to Sabre in connection with a debt. Therefore, the 2008 FCC Order does not resolve this case. Instead, the question here is whether the earlier 1992 FCC Order defined "prior express consent" so that the mere act of providing a cellphone number to a business in connection with a transaction constitutes the consent required under the TCPA to receive autodialed calls.

At first glance, it would seem that the 1992 FCC Order must not have settled this question, for otherwise credit and collection companies would not have petitioned the FCC in 2005 seeking clarification that the TCPA's prohibition against autodialed calls does not apply to creditors making calls to cellphones to recover debts. See 2008 FCC Order ¶ 8 & n. 1 (explaining background of its ruling). But the story is not so simple. In 2003, the FCC had issued an order that revised several TCPA rules and regulations and established the national "do-not-call" registry. See In re Rules & Reg's Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991, 18 F.C.C.R. 14014 (2003) ("2003 FCC Order"). In that order, the FCC affirmed that "under the TCPA, it is unlawful to make any call using an automatic telephone dialing system or an artificial or prerecorded message to any wireless telephone number." Id. ¶ 165 (emphasis original). It appears that this sweeping language, in combination with other statements about the nuisance created by automated calls and the fact that cellphone users are charged for incoming calls, inspired the credit and collection companies to seek clarification of the 2003 FCC order. See 2008 FCC Order ¶¶ 7-8.

C. Definition of "Prior Express Consent" in 1992 FCC Order

The 1992 FCC Order stated that "[i]f a call is otherwise subject to the prohibitions [against using an autodialer, and other rules targeting telemarketing], persons who knowingly release their phone numbers have in effect given their invitation or permission to be called at the number which they have given, absent instructions to the contrary." 1992 FCC Order ¶ 31 (emphasis added). In support of this view, the FCC cited a House of Representatives report on the TCPA stating that when people provide their telephone numbers, "the called party has in essence requested the contact by providing the caller with their telephone number for use in normal business communications." Id. ¶ 31 n. 57 (emphasis added). For the reasons explained by Judge Illston in Leckler I, this analysis drains the term "express" in the TCPA of its meaning. See Leckler I, 554 F.Supp.2d at 1030-33. Despite the weakness in this reasoning, however, the FCC appears to have intended its 1992 Order to provide a definition of "prior express consent" in the TCPA. See 1992 FCC Order ¶ 7 ("Definitions of the terms `prior express consent' and `established business relationship' are set forth at paras. 29-35, infra.")

Paragraphs 29 and 30 of the 1992 FCC Order summarize the views of commentators. Paragraphs 32-35 address the term "business relationship." The "definition" of "prior express consent" must therefore be contained in Paragraph 31, which states, in its entirety:

2008 FCC Order ¶ 31 (footnote citing H.R.Rep. No. 102-317 omitted). In contrast to the 2008 FCC Order unambiguously stating that calls made to cellphone numbers provided in connection with an existing debt "are permissible as calls made with the `prior express consent' of the called party," Paragraph 31 of the 1992 FCC Order is not a model of clarity. Cf. 2008 FCC Order ¶ 1. The statement that "telemarketers will not violate our rules by calling a number which was provided as one at which the called party wishes to be reached" begs the question of whether merely providing a cellphone number demonstrates that the number is "one at which the called party wishes to be reached" by an automated dialing machine delivering a prerecorded message, instead of a number at which the called party wishes to be reached by a human being. See Leckler I, 554 F.Supp.2d at 1030.

Nevertheless, Paragraph 7 of the 1992 FCC Order shows that the FCC intended to provide a definition of the term "prior express consent." That definition must govern this Court's analysis of whether Baird can prevail on her claim that Sabre's text message to her cellphone violated the TCPA. See 28 U.S.C. § 2342(1); U.S. West, 224 F.3d at 1053-55 (deferring to FCC's interpretation of Telecommunications Act of 1996 despite "serious doubts about the FCC's analysis"). Under the FCC's definition, it is undisputed that Baird "knowingly release[d]" her cellphone number to Hawaiian Airlines when she booked her tickets, and by doing so gave permission to be called at that number by an automated dialing machine. See 1992 FCC Order ¶¶ 7, 31.

D. Baird Consented to Receive the Text Message from Sabre.

Although Sabre is a different company from Hawaiian Airlines, there is no genuine factual dispute over the fact that Hawaiian Airlines contracted with Sabre to provide flight notification services to its passengers. (Dkt. 29-4: Newell Decl. ¶ 4.)4 Nor is there a genuine factual dispute that the single message sent to Baird invited her to sign up to receive messages related to her upcoming flight on Hawaiian Airlines. (Id. ¶¶ 5-6.) Thus, this case is unlike Satterfield, in which the plaintiff consented to receive messages from a business and its affiliates, but not from wholly unrelated enterprises. Cf. Satterfield, 569 F.3d at 955 ("[T]he record shows no direct contractual relationship between Nextones and Simon & Schuster."). No reasonable consumer could believe that consenting to be contacted by an airline company about a scheduled flight requires that all communications be made by direct employees of the airline, but never by any contractors performing services for the airline. Indeed, Baird does not make this argument. Instead, her argument is that she felt compelled to provide a telephone number to complete her reservation, and did not consent to receive text messages on that number. (Dkt. 37-4: Baird Decl. ¶¶ 7-10, 14-15.) Nevertheless, Baird's act of providing her cellphone number was a voluntary act; she was not forced to book a flight on Hawaiian Airlines. Cf. Saunders v. NCO Financial Systems, Inc., 910 F.Supp.2d 464, 465-67 (E.D.N.Y.2012) (where PACER system required plaintiff to provide a contact telephone number to obtain an account, plaintiff's act was still voluntary and constituted express consent to be contacted).

Defendant's evidence establishes that Baird provided her cellphone number to Hawaiian Airlines voluntarily. Under the FCC's interpretation of the TCPA, Baird consented to be contacted on her cellphone about flight-related matters. Hawaiian Airlines then used its vendor Sabre to offer to provide Baird with flight information on her cellphone. The single text message sent to Baird's cellphone fell within the scope of her "prior express consent." Defendant is therefore entitled to summary judgment on the TCPA claim.

IV. California Unfair Competition Claim

Plaintiff's claim under California Business and Professions Code § 17200 is based on the alleged violation of the federal TCPA and Business and Professions Code § 17538.41. To the extent that this claim is based on the TCPA, it fails for the reasons explained above. Sabre argues that the text message did not violate § 17538.41 both because it was not an "advertisement" (since although it promoted a service, that service was not offered for sale) and because the text itself provided the option of receiving no further messages. See § 17538.41(a)(1) & (b). Baird has failed to respond to this argument. Sabre is entitled to summary judgment on this claim.

V. Order

1. Judgment is entered in favor of defendant Sabre on all claims in plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint.

2. The Second Amended Complaint is dismissed with prejudice.

3. As the prevailing party, defendant Sabre is awarded costs pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d) and Local Rule 54-2.

IT IS SO ORDERED.