In this appeal plaintiff David Feldman seeks review of a summary judgment entered in favor of Illinois Union Insurance Company, which had declined to defend or indemnify Feldman or his company, ZF Micro Solutions, against a cross-action by a third party. Feldman contends that the superior court erroneously found no potential for coverage under the liability policy issued to him and ZF Micro Solutions and therefore no duty to defend or indemnify the insureds. We agree with the superior court that the claims made by the third party during the policy period were excluded from coverage. Accordingly, we must affirm the judgment.
Appellant David Feldman is the president and chief executive officer of ZF Micro Solutions, Inc. (referred to by the parties as "ZF Solutions"). ZF Solutions is the successor company to ZF Micro Devices, Inc. (ZF Devices), replacing the latter as of March 1, 2002. As it represents itself, ZF Solutions designs, markets, and sells semiconductor devices "into the embedded microprocessor market."
On April 25, 2002, ZF Solutions sued National Semiconductor Corporation (NSC) for failing to produce devices for ZF Solutions in accordance with the parties' contract. On May 28, 2002, NSC filed a cross-complaint against both ZF Devices and ZF Solutions (as successor) for failure to pay for custom integrated circuits (chips) it had produced and sent to ZF Devices in accordance with the same contract.
NSC filed a first amended cross-complaint one year later, on April 25, 2003.
From November 23, 2001, to July 1, 2002, ZF Solutions was insured by a liability policy issued by "certain Underwriters at Lloyd's, London" (Underwriters). That policy covered directors and officers as well as the corporation. Respondent Illinois Union Insurance Company (Illinois Union) covered ZF Solutions and its directors and officers from July 1, 2002, to July 1, 2003.
On about March 28, 2003, Feldman tendered the defense of NSC's amended cross-complaint to Illinois Union through the insurance broker. Illinois Union denied coverage, asserting that NSC's claim had originally been made on May 28, 2002, before the inception date of the Illinois Union policy. Illinois Union also asserted exclusions for claims involving a contract and claims involving fraudulent acts by any of the insureds. In a written request for reconsideration, the insurance broker pointed out that the claim that was tendered was not for breach of contract but only for breach of fiduciary duty and related allegations against new defendants, including Feldman. Illinois Union, however, adhered to its denial of defense and indemnity based on lack of coverage. This time the company invoked a policy provision that deemed "Interrelated Wrongful Acts" to constitute a single claim and which required such a claim to be made during the policy period. Under this provision, Illinois Union explained, NSC's claim was made before the inception date of the policy.
ZF Solutions, ZF Devices, and Feldman then brought this action against both Illinois Union and Underwriters, which had also denied coverage.
Illinois Union moved for summary judgment, or alternatively, summary adjudication, on the ground that there was no potential for coverage under its liability policy. Illinois Union argued that (1) NSC's claims were first made before the policy period began; (2) no coverage was available under an insolvency exclusion of the policy; and (3) an allegation that Feldman had illegally recorded a telephone conversation was not covered under the privacy exclusion.
In his opposition Feldman maintained that he was alleging "new and different wrongful acts" which were "not causally connected and independent of the wrongful acts alleged in the original cross-complaint." Feldman specifically pointed out that the original cross-complaint had alleged breach of contract, which was not a covered claim under the Illinois Union policy, and successor liability, which was a claim directed at ZF Solutions, not him. Feldman further disputed the applicability of the insolvency exclusion because the ZF entities were not insolvent.
The superior court, however, was unconvinced by Feldman's position. The court determined that the policy definition of "Interrelated Wrongful Acts" encompassed both NSC's original cross-complaint and its subsequent pleading, the first amended cross-complaint. The court took note of allegations in the original NSC cross-complaint that pertained to the same wrongful acts as those alleged in the later pleading. The court acknowledged that Feldman was a new defendant in NSC's first amended cross-complaint and that its third cause of action bore a new title: fraudulent conveyance and conspiracy; but that pleading also "repeat[ed] allegations that were clearly first made in the original cross-complaint" and asserted that the ZF entities were alter egos of Feldman. Because Feldman had not raised any disputed issues of fact, the court summarily adjudicated the fourth through sixth causes of action against him. Feldman timely appealed from the ensuing judgment on January 21, 2010, dismissing Illinois Union from the action.
"The purpose of the law of summary judgment is to provide courts with a mechanism to cut through the parties' pleadings in order to determine whether, despite their allegations, trial is in fact necessary to resolve their dispute." (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 843 [107 Cal.Rptr.2d 841, 24 P.3d 493].) Summary judgment is properly granted "if all the papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).) "Summary judgment is an appropriate vehicle to determine coverage under an insurance policy when it appears there is no material issue of fact to be tried and the sole issue before the court is one of law . . . ." (Pepper Industries, Inc. v. Home Ins. Co. (1977) 67 Cal.App.3d 1012, 1017 [134 Cal.Rptr. 904]; accord, Slater v. Lawyers' Mutual Ins. Co. (1991) 227 Cal.App.3d 1415, 1419 [278 Cal.Rptr. 479].)
When, as here, an insured asserts a duty of the liability insurer to defend the insured in an action by a third party, whether the policy provides a potential for coverage and a duty to defend calls for interpretation of an insurance policy and thus is a question of law. (Waller v. Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc. (1995) 11 Cal.4th 1, 18 [44 Cal.Rptr.2d 370, 900 P.2d 619].) Accordingly, "[t]he insurer is entitled to summary adjudication that no potential for indemnity exists . . . if the evidence establishes as a matter of law that there is no coverage." (Smith Kandal Real Estate v. Continental Casualty Co. (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 406, 414 [79 Cal.Rptr.2d 52]; accord, Powerine Oil Co., Inc. v. Superior Court (2005) 37 Cal.4th 377, 390 [33 Cal.Rptr.3d 562, 118 P.3d 589].) In reviewing an order granting summary judgment to the insurer based on the interpretation or application of policy terms, we apply a de novo standard. (Smith Kandal Real Estate v. Continental Casualty Co., supra, 67 Cal.App.4th at p. 414.)
"`[T]he insured "`may not speculate about [unpleaded] third party claims to manufacture coverage'" [citation], and the insurer has no duty to defend where the potential for liability is "`tenuous and farfetched.'" [Citation.] The ultimate question is whether the facts alleged "fairly apprise" the insurer that the suit is upon a covered claim. [Citation.]'" (Shanahan v. State Farm General Ins. Co. (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 780, 786 [122 Cal.Rptr.3d 572], quoting Michaelian v. State Comp. Ins. Fund (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1093, 1106 [58 Cal.Rptr.2d 133].)
The Illinois Union policy was a "claims-made policy"
Section D of the policy set forth the insurer's "LIMIT OF LIABILITY AND RETENTIONS." Among those restrictions was the following provision: "3. More than one Claim involving the same Wrongful Act or Interrelated Wrongful Acts shall be deemed to constitute a single Claim and shall be deemed to have been made at the earliest of the following times: [¶] (a) the
At issue here is the applicability of "Interrelated Wrongful Acts." That term was defined in the policy as "more than one Wrongful Act which have as a common nexus any fact, circumstance, situation, event or transaction or series of facts, circumstances, situations, events or transactions." To determine whether NSC's claims involved "Interrelated Wrongful Acts," it is necessary to compare the allegations of its original complaint (which was filed before the Illinois Union policy period began) and its first amended complaint.
NSC's original cross-complaint stated the following facts. NSC twice agreed to an extension of the payment deadline for the products it had delivered to ZF Devices, because "ZF Devices was unable to pay the debt." Subsequently, however, ZF Devices notified its shareholders, of which NSC was one, "that the company was on the brink of financial failure and seeking two million dollars in private funding." The notice also informed shareholders that Gary Kennedy, a member of the board of directors, would be the new CEO of ZF Devices. On January 22, 2002, ZF Devices announced that it would terminate operations by the end of the month, and that Kennedy would be acquiring its assets. The following month, the "Kennedy Trust" "`foreclosed' "and a purported assignment of those assets took place from ZF Devices to the Kennedy Trust; then, ZF Solutions acquired "some of the assets" of ZF Devices, including the agreement with NSC, while ZF Devices still owed NSC "at least" $833,715.92 plus interest.
NSC further alleged that the assignment of its contract and the transfer of assets from ZF Devices to ZF Solutions was made "for the fraudulent purpose of escaping liability for ZF Devices' debts, particularly the debt to [NSC] under the Agreement." NSC complained that the contract with ZF Devices required its consent before any assignment of rights or obligations, and it asserted that it had never consented to any such assignment "from ZF Devices or the Kennedy Trust to ZF Solutions." Because the Kennedy Trust had "no right to purport to assign the Agreement to ZF Solutions, without [NSC's] consent," NSC had no contractual relationship with ZF Solutions. On the other hand, NSC also asserted that "it was the intent of ZF Devices and ZF Solutions for ZF Solutions to be a mere continuation of ZF Devices," and thus ZF Solutions, by holding itself out "to the world" as such, was liable for the debts of ZF Devices.
Notwithstanding its allegations of fraudulent transfer, NSC's cross-complaint contained only two causes of action: breach of contract against
In this new pleading NSC described in more detail its efforts to "assist ZF Devices to remain financially viable," not only by granting the payment extensions, but also by offering to sell chips directly to NSC's customers and by investing directly in ZF Devices. NSC also elaborated on the interactions between ZF Devices and the Kennedy Trust and the details of the "purported `foreclosure' sale" and transfer of assets, which NSC characterized as the product of "collusive transactions" designed to "hinder, delay or defraud creditors" such as NSC. By depriving ZF Devices of its assets, the cross-defendants rendered the company unable to continue operations or meet its obligations to shareholders and creditors, to the detriment of NSC and the benefit of all the defendants. NSC repeated its assertion that the assignment of assets had violated the contractual requirement of its consent, resulting in no contractual relationship with the successor, ZF Solutions; but again it claimed that ZF Solutions had successor liability for the debts of ZF Devices.
Finally, NSC added facts related to a new allegation, that Feldman had secretly recorded two confidential telephone conversations with NSC executives, in February and March 1999, and later disclosed a transcript of each conversation to third parties without NSC's consent. These facts formed the basis of the fifth cause of action for invasion of privacy, in violation of Penal Code section 630 et seq.
Only the fifth cause of action, for invasion of privacy,
In summary, we agree with the superior court that none of the claims NSC asserted in its amended cross-complaint was potentially covered under the Illinois Union policy. Consequently, Illinois Union had no duty of defense or indemnity toward Feldman. In light of this conclusion, it is unnecessary to determine the applicability of the policy's insolvency exclusion.
The judgment is affirmed.
Rushing, P. J., and Premo, J., concurred.
