OPINION

RUVOLO, P. J. —

I.

INTRODUCTION

The Federated University Police Officers Association (FUPOA), a labor union representing University of California (UC) police officers, has filed a petition for writ of mandate from a trial court order requiring the release of unredacted reports containing the names of UC police officers under the California Public Records Act (CPRA) (Gov. Code, § 6250 et seq.). The public records requests were made by real parties in interest Los Angeles Times Communications LLC and The McClatchy Company doing business as The Sacramento Bee (newspapers) to gain access to complete, unredacted versions of two reports commissioned by the Regents of the University of California (the Regents). The reports studied a November 18, 2011 incident on the UC Davis campus during which UC Davis police officers were videotaped pepper spraying demonstrators who were nonviolently protesting escalating college costs on the UC Davis campus (pepper spray incident). The reports reviewed the facts leading up to the pepper spray incident, made conclusions regarding responsibility for the incident, and concluded with policy recommendations to ensure that such a polarizing incident did not reoccur. However, the names of more than a dozen UC police officers who planned, participated in, and/or witnessed the pepper spray incident were redacted from the reports.

In seeking writ relief, FUPOA asserts that the court erred in ordering disclosure because the redaction of the officers' names was necessary to protect the confidentiality of their personnel records as required under Penal Code section 832.7, subdivision (a).1 The union argues that the officers' identities can only be disclosed pursuant to the procedures set out in Evidence Code sections 1043 through 1045 for granting a motion under Pitchess v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531 [113 Cal.Rptr. 897, 522 P.2d 305] (Pitchess).

We agree with the trial court that the identities of the officers named in the reports must be disclosed because this information does not fall within any category of exempted information under section 832.7, subdivision (a). Consequently, FUPOA's request for writ relief is denied.

II.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On November 18, 2011, a UC Davis police officer, later identified as Lieutenant John Pike (Pike), was videotaped methodically pepper spraying a row of nonviolent, seated protestors at close range after they failed to obey orders to disperse. The pepper spray incident took place after the students and their supporters had gathered on the campus to protest rising college costs. Videotapes of the close-range spraying of the demonstrators were posted on the Internet and went "viral," triggering widespread criticism of how the police handled the protest.

In response, UC President Mark Yudof announced that he had hired former New York City Police Commissioner and Los Angeles Police Chief William J. Bratton and his consulting company, Kroll, "to provide the chancellor and the entire University of California community with an independent, unvarnished report about what happened at Davis." He also announced the appointment of former California Supreme Court Justice Cruz Reynoso to chair a task force (the Reynoso Task Force) to examine the pepper spray incident.

The Reynoso Task Force was comprised of a cross-section of individuals from the UC Davis community, including students and academic officials. President Yudof asked the Reynoso Task Force to receive and review the factfinding report from Kroll concerning the pepper spray incident, to issue findings regarding responsibility, and to provide recommendations to UC Davis Chancellor Linda Katehi and President Yudof on improvements to police procedures, command protocols, and campus policies that would "help ensure the rights and safety of nonviolent protestors" in the future.

In preparing its report, Kroll interviewed approximately 14 UC police officers about the pepper spray incident. The officers were ordered by the UC Davis acting chief of police "to appear for an interview with Kroll and to cooperate with their [sic] investigation ...." However, the officers were assured that UC "will not use any information that you provide to Kroll against you in any disciplinary proceeding." Additionally, Kroll did not interview police officers who were the target of any citizen complaints or the subject of any internal affairs investigations with respect to their role in the pepper spray incident. The Kroll report states: "As personnel investigations are deemed confidential under California law, this report does not include information obtained from any interview of any officer whose use of force is being reviewed or who has been deemed a potential subject of discipline; only witness officers have been interviewed."

Furthermore, while Kroll obtained documents from UC Davis, its investigation was conducted without UC Davis sharing any information generated by the internal affairs process. The Kroll report states, "[T]he Kroll Team has had virtually no contact with the Internal Affairs (IA) investigative team. The IA investigative team has not provided or shared any information with the Kroll Team, including a witness list." Basically, as clarified in the Kroll report, "The report of the Internal Affairs investigation will be confidential, pursuant to California law, while the Kroll report is intended to be public."

The Kroll report is extensive and detailed. It collects and recites facts regarding all aspects of the incident, including how (1) the UC Davis administration's decisionmaking process worked; (2) the administration communicated instructions to the UC police officers, including the content of those instructions; and (3) the UC police officers planned and executed the clearing of demonstrators from the campus. Following this careful recital of facts, the Kroll report provides an "Analysis," in which the report discusses "a cascading series of errors which set the stage for the use of pepper spray." The Kroll report identifies "three types of failures that set the stage for the use of pepper spray: failures of leadership, failures of communication and failures of documentation."

Consistent with the Kroll report's declared limited mission, it does not recommend any discipline for any police officer, stating it was "not address[ing] the issue of discipline to be imposed, if any, on individual officers for any use of force that occurred on November 18." Instead, it restricts its recommendations to decisionmaking by the UC Davis administration, the statewide reorganization of the UC police force, and proposed training for UC police officers.

The Reynoso Task Force Report (the Reynoso report) derives its facts entirely from the Kroll report. It contains one blunt overall finding: "The pepper spraying incident that took place on November 18, 2011 should and could have been prevented." (Original boldface.) The Reynoso report assigns responsibility to nearly everyone involved in the pepper spray incident, from the UC Davis campus administration to the police officers who were on duty that day. After considering various decision points occurring during the incident, the Reynoso report describes how and why those decisions were made by specific individuals. The report then assigns responsibility to specific individuals, including police officers, for these failed decisions. Several pages of recommendations are made for the UC Davis administration, the UC Davis police, as well as the UC system in general. However, the Reynoso report clarifies that "[t]he Charge to the Task Force did not include requesting recommendations for disciplinary action."

The Kroll report and the Reynoso report (the reports) were issued on April 12, 2012. When issued, the names and ranks of all of the officers — both witness and subject officers — were redacted with the exception of two individuals whose identities were widely known, Pike (the officer captured on the video recording actively participating in the pepper spray incident), and then UC Davis Police Chief Annette Spicuzza. Instead of identifying the officers by name, pseudonyms are used, such as "Officer F successfully removed arrestees from the site ..." and "[i]f Lts. [sic] Pike and Officer P had been aware of Officer F['s] success, they may have considered a different tactic."

The redaction of the officers' names in the reports was the result of the first round of litigation. FUPOA and Pike originally sought to stop the release of the reports in their entirety. They claimed "[t]his relief is necessary to stop the unlawful release of confidential peace officer personnel information" as protected by section 832.7, subdivision (a). In this earlier action, the Regents advocated for the publication of the reports without redaction of police officer names and ranks. However, the Regents eventually agreed to a settlement with FUPOA to end that litigation. The settlement allowed for the release of the reports, so long as the names and ranks of the police officers were redacted, other than Pike and Spicuzza. Importantly, in making this settlement, the parties expressly agreed that it did not affect any obligation the Regents might have to produce the requested records pursuant to the CPRA.

After the reports were released, the newspapers submitted a series of requests under the CPRA for the complete, unredacted versions. On May 29, 2012, the newspapers commenced the instant matter and filed a verified petition for writ of mandate to compel UC to disclose the complete, unredacted reports. After a hearing, the court granted the petition and ordered that the officers' names be disclosed and that the pseudonyms be removed from the reports. The court concluded the names of officers were not made confidential by section 832.7, subdivision (a), because the names were not records relating to complaints or investigations of complaints concerning an individual officer's performance of duties. The court "[was] not persuaded that either the [L]egislature or the California Supreme Court intended Penal Code section 832.7 to apply whenever public entities conducted broad policy reviews that involve an examination of law enforcement policies, procedures, or actions and to preclude all public entities from disclosing the results of those reviews if the review touches — however tangentially — on the conduct of individual police officers."

In the trial court proceedings, FUPOA also relied on certain exemptions to the CPRA found in Government Code sections 6254, subdivision (c)2 and 6255,3 arguing that the officers faced a risk of harm if their names were disclosed and that the alleged harm outweighed the benefit of disclosure. The court rejected this argument as well, pointing out that some of the officers' names had been discovered (not as a result of any action by the parties to this proceeding), and there was no evidence that they had been subject to intimidation or harassment. Therefore, neither exception to the CPRA applied. We note that there is no challenge in this writ proceeding to the court's conclusion that FUPOA had failed to demonstrate that any of the officers quoted or referred to in the reports were likely to suffer harmful consequences as a result of the disclosure of their names.

Pursuant to Government Code section 6259, subdivision (c), the trial court stayed the effect of its order and judgment through July 27, 2012, to permit the filing of a petition for extraordinary writ relief to seek review of this ruling. On July 23, 2012, FUPOA filed the instant petition for writ of mandate in this court seeking review of the trial court's disclosure order. On July 24, 2012, we stayed the trial court's order pending our decision. We also requested real parties in interest, the newspapers, to file opposition to the petition and gave FUPOA an opportunity to reply to the opposition. The Regents also filed a brief indicating they were taking no position on the merits of this litigation, but "stand ready to abide by the Court's ruling."

After reviewing the parties' briefing, this court summarily denied the petition on September 14, 2012, but granted a stay so that FUPOA could seek review of the matter by the California Supreme Court. FUPOA then filed a petition for review in the California Supreme Court on September 20, 2012. FUPOA requested that the Supreme Court either (1) grant and hold this matter until a decision is rendered by the Supreme Court in a case with a related, but not identical issue, Long Beach Police Officers Association v. City of Long Beach, review granted April 18, 2012, S200872,4 or (2) remand the case to this court for a decision on the merits.

On October 17, 2012, our Supreme Court unanimously granted review in this case (Federated University Police Officers Association v. Superior Court, review granted Oct. 17, 2012, S205468), and transferred the matter back to this court "with directions to vacate its order denying the petition for writ of mandate and to issue an order directing respondent superior court to show cause why the relief sought in the petition should not be granted." The Supreme Court also stayed the trial court's June 26, 2012 order directing the Regents to disclose the unredacted reports, including the names of police officers identified in the reports, pending further order of this court.

Pursuant to the Supreme Court order, on October 24, 2012, this court vacated its order denying the petition for writ of mandate and ordered the superior court to show cause why the relief sought in the petition should not be granted. Real parties in interest, the newspapers, filed a return to the petition on November 16, 2012, and FUPOA filed a reply on December 5, 2012. On December 20, 2012, we granted permission for the American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Northern California, Inc. (ACLU), to file an amicus curiae brief on behalf of the newspapers.5

III.

DISCUSSION

A. The California Public Records Act

(1) The CPRA is based on the principle that "access to information concerning the conduct of the [public]'s business is a fundamental and necessary right of every person in this state." (Gov. Code, § 6250.) As the California Supreme Court has explained: "Implicit in the democratic process is the notion that government should be accountable for its actions. In order to verify accountability, individuals must have access to government files. Such access permits checks against the arbitrary exercise of official power and secrecy in the political process." (CBS, Inc. v. Block (1986) 42 Cal.3d 646, 651 [230 Cal.Rptr. 362, 725 P.2d 470], fn. omitted (CBS).) To achieve these goals, the Supreme Court has declared that "[m]aximum disclosure of the conduct of governmental operations" is necessary. (Id. at pp. 651-652.)6 These policies are especially salient when the subject is law enforcement. "`In order to maintain trust in its police department, the public must be kept fully informed of the activities of its peace officers.' [Citation.]" (Commission on Peace Officer Standards & Training v. Superior Court (2007) 42 Cal.4th 278, 297 [64 Cal.Rptr.3d 661, 165 P.3d 462] (POST).)

However, the right to obtain public records is not absolute, and in adopting the CPRA, the Legislature also declared it was "mindful of the right of individuals to privacy." (Gov. Code, § 6250.) Accordingly, the Legislature enacted a number of exceptions that are designed to protect an individual's privacy rights. (Gov. Code, § 6254.)7 One such exception protects from disclosure "[r]ecords, the disclosure of which is exempted or prohibited pursuant to federal or state law, including, but not limited to, provisions of the Evidence Code relating to privilege." (Gov. Code, § 6254, subd. (k).) This provision incorporates into its exemption the protections of section 832.7, subdivision (a), making police personnel records confidential. (City of Richmond v. Superior Court (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1430, 1440 [38 Cal.Rptr.2d 632] (City of Richmond).)

There is no dispute that the names of officers, who are referred to by pseudonyms in the reports, fall within the CPRA's broad coverage of "public records" (Gov. Code, § 6252, subd. (e)), nor is there any question that UC is an agency covered by the CPRA (Gov. Code, § 6252, subd. (d)). Consequently, the information requested by the newspapers must be disclosed unless the proponent of nondisclosure, in this case FUPOA, meets its burden of showing that one of the exemptions to the CPRA applies. (International Federation of Professional & Technical Engineers, Local 21, AFL-CIO v. Superior Court (2007) 42 Cal.4th 319, 336-337 [64 Cal.Rptr.3d 693, 165 P.3d 488]; CBS Broadcasting Inc. v. Superior Court (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 892, 908 [110 Cal.Rptr.2d 889] ["`[t]he burden of proof [of establishing that an exemption to the CPRA applies] is on the proponent of nondisclosure...'"].) In this regard, we emphasize an important rule of statutory construction in CPRA cases — that "exemptions from the general rule of disclosure are construed narrowly ...." (Sacramento County Employees' Retirement System v. Superior Court (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 440, 447 [125 Cal.Rptr.3d 655]; see BRV, Inc. v. Superior Court (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 742, 756 [49 Cal.Rptr.3d 519] [same]; Bakersfield City School Dist. v. Superior Court (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 1041, 1045 [13 Cal.Rptr.3d 517] [same].) This well-settled rule of construction serves as the predicate for this court's determination of whether the statutory exemption for peace officer personnel records codified in section 832.7, subdivision (a), can be interpreted as exempting the names of officers interviewed and referred to in the reports.

B. Legislative Enactment of Section 832.7, Subdivision (a) and Standard of Review

California law governing the protection of police personnel records is found in a series of statutes enacted in 1978, specifically sections 832.7 and 832.8 and Evidence Code sections 1043 through 1045. (Warrick v. Superior Court (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1011, 1019 [29 Cal.Rptr.3d 2, 112 P.3d 2] (Warrick).) These statutes are commonly referred to as "Pitchess statutes" in reference to the California Supreme Court case Pitchess, supra, 11 Cal.3d 531. In Pitchess, our Supreme Court recognized the right of criminal defendants, who are "entitled to a fair trial and an intelligent defense in light of all relevant and reasonably accessible information," to discover the contents of a peace officer's personnel records in order to perfect and develop claims that the defendants were acting in self-defense. (Id. at p. 535.)

Following the Pitchess decision, criminal defendants began to make "fishing expeditions" for information from police officer personnel files to determine if the arresting officers had faced complaints made by others. In response, rather than produce the documents as required by Pitchess, certain police agencies began engaging in wholesale shredding of personnel files. (City of San Jose v. Superior Court (1993) 5 Cal.4th 47, 54 [19 Cal.Rptr.2d 73, 850 P.2d 621]; San Francisco Police Officers' Assn. v. Superior Court (1988) 202 Cal.App.3d 183, 189 [248 Cal.Rptr. 297].) The 1978 statutory scheme addressed this situation by requiring that citizen complaints of police misconduct be preserved. At the same time, the Pitchess statutes sought to protect police officers' strong privacy interest in their personnel records by providing that, under Evidence Code sections 1043 through 1046, discovery could not be made without "intervention of a neutral trial judge, who examines the personnel records in camera ... and orders disclosed to the defendant only those records that are found both relevant and otherwise in compliance with statutory limitations. In this manner, the Legislature has attempted to protect [a criminal defendant's] right to a fair trial and the officer's interest in privacy to the fullest extent possible. [Citation.]" (People v. Mooc (2001) 26 Cal.4th 1216, 1227 [114 Cal.Rptr.2d 482, 36 P.3d 21] (Mooc).)

In enacting these statutes, the "major focus" of the Legislature was "the type of record at issue in Pitchess — records of citizen complaints against police officers." (POST, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 293, second italics added.) The statutes ensured that these records were maintained, while at the same time providing assurances to police officers that citizen complaint records would remain confidential unless specific procedures were followed. (See Haggerty v. Superior Court (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th 1079, 1085 [12 Cal.Rptr.3d 467]; Warrick, supra, 35 Cal.4th at pp. 1018-1019; Mooc, supra, 26 Cal.4th at pp. 1225-1227.)

While the parties' briefs on appeal debate the competing policy arguments favoring or opposing disclosure of the officers' identities in this case, in enacting the Pitchess statutes, the Legislature itself made the necessary policy choices when it decided which information should be public and which information should be exempt from disclosure. (See POST, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 298 [in enacting Pitchess statutes, the Legislature "drew the line carefully, with due concern for the competing interests"].) Having made those policy choices, this case turns on whether, as a matter of statutory interpretation, the exemption provided by section 832.7, subdivision (a), applies to protect the officers' identities in this case. This is a legal question and is accorded de novo review. (MKJA, Inc. v. 123 Fit Franchising, LLC (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 643, 657 [119 Cal.Rptr.3d 634].)

(2) The court's objective when construing a statute is to determine the Legislature's intent so that we may adopt a construction that best effectuates the purpose of the law. (Doe v. Brown (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 408, 417-418 [99 Cal.Rptr.3d 209].) The plain meaning is to be discerned from the ordinary meaning of the language, as well as the context of the statute where that provision is found, related provisions, and the statutory scheme as a whole. (Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority v. Alameda Produce Market, LLC (2011) 52 Cal.4th 1100, 1106-1107 [133 Cal.Rptr.3d 738, 264 P.3d 579].) Although our review of the statutory scheme is de novo, the appellate court must proceed "according the usual deference to any express or implied factual findings of the superior court supported by substantial evidence." (Connell v. Superior Court (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 601, 612 [65 Cal.Rptr.2d 738], italics added.)

C. Scope of Confidentiality Under Section 832.7, Subdivision (a)

(3) In this request for writ relief, FUPOA makes a single argument — that all of the names of the officers that were redacted from the reports were protected information and not subject to disclosure under section 832.7, subdivision (a). It is generally recognized that there are two broad categories of information protected from disclosure by section 832.7, subdivision (a): (1) records relating to a mandated investigation of citizens' complaints against an officer as defined in section 832.5 and (2) police personnel records, meaning records maintained under an officer's name by his or her employer and containing personal data and employment history, including disciplinary documentation, as defined in section 832.8, subdivisions (a) through (f). (Rosales v. City of Los Angeles (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 419, 426 [98 Cal.Rptr.2d 144], quoting City of Richmond, supra, 32 Cal.App.4th at p. 1440 ["section 832.7 ... `imposes confidentiality upon peace officer personnel records and records of investigations of citizens' complaints ...'"].) Importantly, as we have already noted, these exemptions are to be narrowly construed.

1. Citizens' Complaints

As for the first category of exempted material, section 832.7, subdivision (a) provides, in pertinent part, "[R]ecords maintained by any state or local agency pursuant to Section 832.5, or information obtained from these records, are confidential and shall not be disclosed in any criminal or civil proceeding except by discovery pursuant to Sections 1043 and 1046 of the Evidence Code." (Italics added.) Section 832.5 requires all departments or agencies that employ peace officers to establish procedures to investigate allegations of officer misconduct (§ 832.5, subd. (a)) and to preserve records from their investigations for at least five years (§ 832.5, subd. (b)). Therefore, under section 832.7, subdivision (a), the records of an investigation stemming from a citizen's complaint, which potentially could be relevant to a criminal defendant's defense in a Pitchess proceeding, are considered "confidential" and exempt from disclosure as part of an officer's personnel records.

FUPOA claims that Berkeley Police Assn. v. City of Berkeley (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 385 [84 Cal.Rptr.3d 130] (Berkeley Police) stands for the broad proposition that any "investigative materials and findings" that concern a police officer are confidential. This is not a fair reading of Berkeley Police's rationale, nor is that case factually similar to our own. There, the court was required to address whether the proceedings conducted by a police review commission, which was established to investigate citizens' complaints but not to impose discipline, fell within section 832.5. In that case, the commission was a standing body that received written complaints from citizens, investigated the substance of the allegations, held public hearings on the complaints, required the subject officers to provide information, and then announced its findings on each allegation, which could be "exonerated," "unfounded," "not sustained," or "sustained." (167 Cal.App.4th at p. 391.) Not surprisingly, the court in Berkeley Police found that the commission proceedings "fit the description of [a] section 832.5" proceeding, and the commission's practice of holding public hearings on citizen complaints necessarily violated section 832.7, subdivision (a), by disclosing confidential police officer personnel information, including the identity of the officer subject to the complaint. (167 Cal.App.4th at pp. 402, 404-405.)

In contrast to Berkeley Police, the reports here are not the result of an investigation of any citizen complaint under section 832.5. Moreover, nothing in the reports identifies any officer who was the subject of a citizen's complaint or who was disciplined in connection with the pepper spray incident. To the contrary, even if a citizen had submitted a complaint about a specific officer's conduct in connection with the pepper spray incident, it is clear from the text of the reports that they were not prepared in response to any such complaint but were prepared at the behest of UC for other purposes and using entirely different protocols from those commonly involved in conducting disciplinary investigations or proceedings.

Thus, unlike a citizen's complaint procedure, which addresses a specific complaint about a specific police officer's actions, the reports' focus took a larger view and examined the internal workings of the UC and the UC Davis Police Department. They assessed how the policies and procedures that were in effect on November 18, 2011, influenced how the police officers handled the protestors and whether institutional changes were appropriate. Most telling, while the reports make policy level recommendations, they expressly do not make any recommendations regarding whether it was appropriate to admonish or discipline any police officer in connection with the pepper spray incident. These facts demonstrate that, unlike Berkeley Police, the reports are not the result of a de facto section 832.5 investigation of a citizen's complaint and disclosing the redacted police officers' names would reveal nothing about officer discipline.

2. Police Personnel Records

The second broad category of material exempted by section 832.7, subdivision (a) is "[p]eace officer or custodial officer personnel records." Section 832.8 defines "personnel records" as used in section 832.7, subdivision (a). It provides as follows: "As used in Section 832.7, `personnel records' means any file maintained under that individual's name by his or her employing agency and containing records relating to any of the following:

"(a) Personal data, including marital status, family members, educational and employment history, home addresses, or similar information.

"(b) Medical history.

"(c) Election of employee benefits.

"(d) Employee advancement, appraisal, or discipline.

"(e) Complaints, or investigations of complaints, concerning an event or transaction in which he or she participated, or which he or she perceived, and pertaining to the manner in which he or she performed his or her duties.

"(f) Any other information the disclosure of which would constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy."

The presumptive rationale in exempting these categories of information from public disclosure is to shield highly personal information that is often found in an individual officer's employment or other personnel file, such as the officer's address, telephone number, marital status, medical background, and other highly private matters. Also exempted are documents assessing an individual officer's on-the-job performance, such as internal evaluations, disciplinary reports or documentation evidencing promotions, demotions, or termination — the type of documents typically sought in a Pitchess motion.8

(4) Our Supreme Court has held that a police officer's identity and conduct officer's public concern while on the job are not private, intimate, personal details of the life. Rather, they are matters with which the has a right to itself. (POST, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 297 [the public has a "legitimate interest in the identity and activities of peace officers"].) Focusing on the precise language of the statute, the Supreme Court narrowly construed the key term, "[p]ersonal data," as used in section 832.8, subdivision (a), as prohibiting disclosure of sensitive information such as marital status, family members, educational and employment history, or similar information. (POST, at p. 294.) In so doing, the high court refused to expand the exemption to include an officer's name, employing agency, and hiring and termination date, explaining that "[w]ithout a more specific indication in the statute, we hesitate to conclude that the Legislature intended to classify the identity of a public official whose activities are a matter of serious public concern as "`personal data.'" (Id. at p. 296.)

This conclusion was justified, as the POST court found, because the Legislature easily could have included names as a protected category of information but chose not to do so. "Had the Legislature intended to prevent the disclosure of officers' identities as such, an obvious solution would have been to list `name' as an item of `[p]ersonal data' under subdivision (a) of section 832.8. [Citations.]" (POST, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 298.) The POST court concluded that it was "unlikely that the Legislature contemplated that the identification of an individual as a peace officer, unconnected to any of the information it defined as part of a personnel record, would be rendered confidential by section 832.8." (Id. at pp. 295-296, italics added; see International Federation of Professional & Technical Engineers, Local 21, AFL-CIO v. Superior Court, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 343 [public disclosure of peace officer salary information is not precluded by §§ 832.7, 832.8]; 91 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 11 (2008) [Pitchess statutes do not prevent disclosure of the names of peace officers involved in critical incidents in response to a CPRA request unless on the facts of the particular case, an officer's interest in privacy outweighs the public's interest in disclosure].)

Therefore, under POST, it is clear that the names of officers interviewed or involved in the pepper spray incident are not within the classes of information designated "[p]ersonal data" protected from disclosure by section 832.8, subdivision (a). Indeed, police officers release their names to the public every day when they put on their uniforms, which are required to have name tags (see § 830.10) unless anonymity is required, such as officers who are working undercover. They routinely identify themselves when they go about their official duties — such as signing the tickets and citations they issue, writing police reports, and stating their names when they testify in open court.

In this particular incident, the officers' identities and actions with respect to the pepper spray incident were witnessed by hundreds of people and memorialized and widely distributed in the numerous photographs and videotape recordings taken by members of the public.9 The incident was the subject of numerous news accounts describing the actions of various officers, in some cases identifying the officers by name. The fact that certain officers involved in this incident might face an internal affairs investigation or discipline because of their actions does not transmute all of this information into disciplinary documentation or confidential personnel information, as FUPOA seems to claim. If we gave the exemption for confidential personnel records such a broad interpretation, the exemption would soon swallow up citizens' disclosure rights under the CPRA, and defeat one of its central purposes — to ensure "[m]aximum disclosure of the conduct of governmental operations...." (CBS, supra, 42 Cal.3d at pp. 651-652.)

Nevertheless, FUPOA argues that there are considerations in this case that elevate the privacy interests at stake beyond those considered in POST. Specifically, FUPOA points out that the information requested here would reveal more than just the name of each of the police officers who were interviewed for the report; the release of the officer's name would be linked with the officer's statement providing an eyewitness account of the pepper spray incident and identifying other officers, which FUPOA claims places the information squarely within several of the exceptions codified at section 832.8.

In pursuing this assertion, FUPOA relies on section 832.8, subdivision (e), which states that information is an exempted personnel record if it consists of "[c]omplaints, or investigations of complaints, concerning an event or transaction in which [an officer] participated, or which he or she perceived, and pertaining to the manner in which he or she performed his or her duties." Furthermore, because the reports examine certain officers' conduct during the pepper spray incident and draw conclusions about the propriety of this conduct, FUPOA claims that this case involves information about "[e]mployee... appraisal, or discipline" bringing it within the category of exempted information provided by section 832.8, subdivision (d).

We reject these arguments. Disclosing the names of the officers who gave their own eyewitness accounts of the pepper spray incident does not fit within section 832.8, subdivision (e)'s prohibition against disclosing information regarding, "[c]omplaints, or investigations of complaints" nor do these third party accounts pertain "to the manner in which he or she performed his or her duties." (Italics added.) While the statute clearly exempts information about a complaint or investigation of a complaint about an individual officer's conduct, the statute does not exempt information relating to the identities and conduct of the police in general during a high-profile incident that is under scrutiny and review for the purpose of undertaking a systemwide review of police procedures. (See Zanone v. City of Whittier (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 174, 186-190 [75 Cal.Rptr.3d 439] [investigation into officer's complaint of racial discrimination was not within the ambit of information protected from disclosure by § 832.8, subdivision (e), because that section only concerns those complaints or investigations that pertain to the manner in which an officer has performed his or her duties].)

Nor does the disclosure of the officers' names reveal any information about the "advancement, appraisal, or discipline" of any particular officer, as described in section 832.8, subdivision (d). The newspapers are not asking for the names of officers in connection with any disciplinary appeal or investigations of civilian complaints, nor does disclosure of the names of the officers identified by pseudonyms in the reports reveal any information about disciplinary proceedings or civilian complaint investigations taken against any police officers in connection with the pepper spray incident. (Cf. Copley Press, supra, 39 Cal.4th at pp. 1297-1298 [name of officer could not be disclosed when newspaper sought the name in connection with a disciplinary appeal].) In fact, the investigation undertaken in preparing these reports, which included selecting officers to interview who were not subject to any disciplinary proceedings themselves, has no bearing whatsoever on any possible disciplinary action — its main purpose appears to be providing recommendations on how to avoid such incidents in the future.

D. Conclusion

Section 832.7, subdivision (a) — the sole exemption relied upon by FUPOA — defines two categories of information protected from disclosure under CPRA. They are (1) records relating to a mandated investigation of citizens' complaints as defined in section 832.5 and (2) police personnel records, as defined in section 832.8, subdivisions (a) through (f). Giving these categories of information the requisite narrow construction the law requires, we conclude that FUPOA has failed to meet its burden of proving that the information the newspapers seeks is exempt from disclosure.

(5) As we have explained, sections 832.7, 832.5 and 832.8 do not include any description of exempted information that could reasonably be interpreted to include the identity of officers, who were compelled to give eyewitness accounts of the pepper spray incident in order to assist in the preparation of agency-initiated reports whose avowed purpose was not to discipline individual officers, but to promote accountability and transparency. This is not a confidential personnel matter protected by the Pitchess statutes. As our Supreme Court has emphasized, "[t]he public has a legitimate interest not only in the conduct of individual officers, but also in how ... local law enforcement agencies conduct the public's business." (POST, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 300.) The fact that this type of information does not fit within any of the categories of information that the Legislature has designated as exempt information is determinative here. (See id. at p. 290 [refusing to give the Pitchess statutes an interpretation that "`"`would result in absurd consequences which the Legislature did not intend'"'"].)

IV.

DISPOSITION

The writ of mandate is denied. The order to show cause, having served its purpose, is discharged. However, the stay order previously issued by this court remains effective until finality of this decision to allow FUPOA the opportunity to seek review in the California Supreme Court. If the time for filing a petition for review in the Supreme Court expires, and no review has been sought, the stay preventing UC from releasing unredacted copies of the reports is vacated. FUPOA is to bear all costs.

Reardon, J., and Rivera, J., concurred.