OPINION

KANE, J.—

Appellant Guillermo Garcia, a California prison inmate, filed a pro se civil lawsuit against a prison warden and other correctional staff (including respondents B.A. Lacey, J. Kavanaugh, P. Quinn, H. Lackner, D. Foston, M. Baldwin, F. Chavez, D. Wattle, J. Tennison, and C. Koenig).1 In response to the lawsuit, respondents filed a motion under the provisions of the vexatious litigant law (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 391-391.8)2 seeking to have appellant declared a vexatious litigant, require him to post security and subject him to a prefiling order. The trial court granted all of the relief sought in respondents' motion and, when appellant failed to furnish security, the trial court dismissed appellant's action. Appellant now appeals from the judgment of dismissal. In his appeal, appellant asserts the trial court erred in determining that he was a vexatious litigant. We agree with appellant and, accordingly, reverse the judgment below.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On October 31, 2011, appellant filed his civil complaint against respondents in Tuolumne County Superior Court case No. CV57059. Appellant checked the boxes on the form pleading for general negligence and intentional tort, but no supporting facts were alleged. Nearly one month later, without leave of the court, appellant filed a document that purported to be the attachments to the complaint.3 The allegations contained in the attachments included that respondents allegedly entered appellant's prison cell on several occasions and confiscated or damaged his personal property without cause (such as his typewriter, reading glasses, shoes and magazines), made false "write ups" against appellant to justify such actions, disclosed that appellant was convicted of child molestation, and/or allowed, failed to prevent, concealed or condoned such harassing conduct, and/or otherwise had a conspiratorial role in the above incidents by failing to properly process appellant's grievances.

On June 28, 2012, respondents filed their motion to declare appellant a vexatious litigant and for other relief under the vexatious litigant law. In connection with the motion, respondents filed a request for judicial notice of court records, which allegedly reflected that appellant had brought and lost nine pro se civil litigations within the preceding seven-year period. In regard to their request that appellant be required to furnish security, respondents argued that no reasonable probability existed for appellant's causes of action to succeed on the merits because, among other things, there was a failure to adequately comply with the government claims statute (Gov. Code, § 900 et seq.) with respect to all but two of the named respondents and, furthermore, appellant's complaint was allegedly vague, conclusory and generally insufficient to state a cause of action.

On August 10, 2012, appellant filed opposition to respondents' motion, claiming, among other things, that respondents failed to demonstrate that he was a vexatious litigant because several of the prior cases alluded to by respondents did not qualify as "litigations" that were "finally determined adversely" against appellant for purposes of the vexatious litigant law. (§ 391, subd. (b)(1).) Appellant also objected to the request that security be furnished, arguing that respondents had failed to establish that his claims had no reasonable probability of success.

Following the hearing of the motion on August 16, 2012, the trial court issued its order granting respondents' motion. The trial court found that appellant was a vexatious litigant under section 391, subdivision (b)(1), because, according to the court's order, appellant brought five or more unsuccessful litigations in propria persona in the preceding seven years. The trial court further held that appellant lacked a reasonable probability of success on the merits of his lawsuit. Accordingly, appellant was ordered to post security (in the amount of $2,720) within a specified time period or face dismissal of his lawsuit. The trial court also issued a prefiling order against appellant.

After an extension of time to post security was granted, appellant's deadline for doing so was December 31, 2012. When appellant failed to post security on that date, respondents requested dismissal. The trial court dismissed appellant's action on January 25, 2013. Appellant's appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

I. Vexatious Litigant Law

The vexatious litigant law was enacted to curb misuse of the court system by those acting in propria persona who repeatedly file groundless lawsuits or attempt to relitigate issues previously determined against them. (§§ 391-391.8; Shalant v. Girardi (2011) 51 Cal.4th 1164, 1169 [126 Cal.Rptr.3d 98, 253 P.3d 266] [the statute protects courts and litigants from such misuse by "persistent and obsessive" propria persona litigants]; Bravo v. Ismaj (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 211, 220-221 [120 Cal.Rptr.2d 879].) The abuse of the system by such individuals "not only wastes court time and resources but also prejudices other parties waiting their turn before the courts. [Citations.]" (In re Bittaker (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 1004, 1008 [64 Cal.Rptr.2d 679].) The statute provides a "means of moderating a vexatious litigant's tendency to engage in meritless litigation." (Bravo v. Ismaj, supra, at p. 221.)

(1) A court may declare a person to be a vexatious litigant who, in "the immediately preceding seven-year period[4] has commenced, prosecuted, or maintained in propria persona at least five litigations other than in a small claims court that have been ... finally determined adversely to the person...." (§ 391, subd. (b)(1).) The term "`[l]itigation'" is defined broadly as "any civil action or proceeding, commenced, maintained or pending in any state or federal court." (§ 391, subd. (a).) A litigation includes an appeal or civil writ proceeding filed in an appellate court. (McColm v. Westwood Park Assn. (1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 1211, 1216 [73 Cal.Rptr.2d 288]; In re R.H. (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 678, 691-692 [88 Cal.Rptr.3d 650].) A litigation is finally determined adversely to a plaintiff if he does not win the action or proceeding he began, including cases that are voluntarily dismissed by a plaintiff. (Tokerud v. Capitalbank Sacramento (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 775, 779 [45 Cal.Rptr.2d 345]; In re Whitaker (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 54, 56 [8 Cal.Rptr.2d 249].)5

Regarding a motion to furnish security, section 391.1 provides as follows: "In any litigation pending in any court of this state, at any time until final judgment is entered, a defendant may move the court, upon notice and hearing, for an order requiring the plaintiff to furnish security...." The motion shall be "based upon the ground, and supported by a showing, that the plaintiff is a vexatious litigant and that there is not a reasonable probability that he or she will prevail in the litigation against the moving defendant." (Ibid.) Section 391.3, subdivision (a) sets forth the basis for granting the motion: "[I]f, after hearing the evidence upon the motion, the court determines that the plaintiff is a vexatious litigant and that there is no reasonable probability that the plaintiff will prevail in the litigation against the moving defendant, the court shall order the plaintiff to furnish, for the benefit of the moving defendant, security in such amount and within such time as the court shall fix."6 If security is ordered by the court, and is not furnished by the plaintiff, "the litigation shall be dismissed as to the defendant for whose benefit [the security] was ordered furnished." (§ 391.4.)

As to prefiling orders, section 391.7, subdivision (a), states: "In addition to any other relief provided in this title, the court may, on its own motion or the motion of any party, enter a prefiling order which prohibits a vexatious litigant from filing any new litigation in the courts of this state in propria persona without first obtaining leave of the presiding justice or presiding judge of the court where the litigation is proposed to be filed. Disobedience of the order by a vexatious litigant may be punished as a contempt of court."

II. Standard of Review

"A court exercises its discretion in determining whether a person is a vexatious litigant. [Citation.] We uphold the court's ruling if it is supported by substantial evidence. [Citations.] On appeal, we presume the order declaring a litigant vexatious is correct and imply findings necessary to support the judgment. [Citation.]" (Bravo v. Ismaj, supra, 99 Cal.App.4th at p. 219; accord, Golin v. Allenby (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 616, 636 [118 Cal.Rptr.3d 762].) Similarly, a court's decision that a vexatious litigant does not have a reasonable probability of success is based on an evaluative judgment in which the court is permitted to weigh evidence. (Moran v. Murtaugh Miller Meyer & Nelson, LLP (2007) 40 Cal.4th 780, 785-786 [55 Cal.Rptr.3d 112, 152 P.3d 416].) A trial court's conclusion that a vexatious litigant must post security does not, as with a demurrer, terminate the action or preclude a trial on the merits. Rather, it merely requires the party to post security. Accordingly, if there is any substantial evidence to support a trial court's conclusion that a vexatious litigant had no reasonable probability of prevailing in the action, it will be upheld. (Id. at pp. 784-786; Golin v. Allenby, supra, at p. 636.)

To the extent we are called upon to determine the proper interpretation of a statutory provision, we do so independently under a de novo review. (Mercury Interactive Corp. v. Klein (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 60, 81 [70 Cal.Rptr.3d 88].)

III. Trial Court Erred in Determining Appellant Is a Vexatious Litigant

In the trial court below, respondents submitted court records identifying the following federal and state civil cases in which appellant proceeded in propria persona, and which allegedly qualified as litigations finally determined adversely to appellant in the seven-year period preceding the filing of respondent's motion:

In challenging the order declaring him to be a vexatious litigant, appellant argues that the five United States District Court cases denying his IFP applications did not constitute "litigation[s]" that were "finally determined adversely" to him. For the reasons more fully explained below, we agree with appellant that the five IFP application cases (i.e., Ahtae I, Baca II, LAPD I, LAPD II and Baca III) did not qualify as litigations under California's vexatious litigant law because the complaints in those cases were never filed and, therefore, the actions or proceedings contemplated in those complaints were never commenced.

(2) The question pertinent to the present appeal is this: Does an unfiled lawsuit constitute "litigation" under the relevant statutory provision of California's vexatious litigant law? We answer that question in the negative based on the unequivocal language of section 391, subdivision (a). "[T]he objective of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate legislative intent. [Citations.] To determine legislative intent, we turn first to the words of the statute, giving them their usual and ordinary meaning. [Citations.] When the language of a statute is clear, we need go no further." (Nolan v. City of Anaheim (2004) 33 Cal.4th 335, 340 [14 Cal.Rptr.3d 857, 92 P.3d 350].)

(3) Section 391, subdivision (a), defines "`[l]itigation'" as "any civil action or proceeding, commenced, maintained or pending in any state or federal court." As is evident from the way the terms "commenced, maintained or pending" are normally used and understood in the relevant legal context, an action (or proceeding) must first be commenced, and only then can it be maintained or pending. (Ibid.) "[T]he definition of `litigation' encompasses lawsuits beyond the initial filing to include those that are maintained or pending." (Forrest v. Department of Corporations (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 183, 196-197 [58 Cal.Rptr.3d 466], fn. omitted, disapproved on other grounds in Shalant v. Girardi, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 1172, fn. 3; see § 1049 [an action is deemed "pending" from time of its commencement until final determination on appeal or the time for appeal is passed]; Stolz v. Bank of America, supra, 15 Cal.App.4th at p. 225 [an action or lawsuit is "`prosecuted'" or "`maintained'" after it is filed or commenced].) It follows that unless or until an action (or proceeding) has been commenced, it does not qualify as "litigation" for purposes of the vexatious litigation law.

In the trial courts, civil actions (such as lawsuits for damages or equitable relief) and special proceedings (such as writ petitions) are commenced when the plaintiff's complaint or petition is filed with the court.8 (§§ 411.10 ["A civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court."], 350 [an action is commenced "when the complaint is filed"], 1109 [except as otherwise provided, rules governing civil actions apply to special proceedings], 363 [the word "`action'" as used in title of code on statute of limitations is construed whenever necessary to include a special proceeding]; see, e.g., Allen v. Humboldt County Board of Supervisors (1963) 220 Cal.App.2d 877, 884-885 [34 Cal.Rptr. 232] [writ of mandate petition was subject to same rules regarding commencement of civil actions]; Barnes v. Glide (1897) 117 Cal. 1, 6 [48 P. 804] [a mandamus proceeding is subject to applicable statute of limitations].) The same rule of commencement applies with respect to federal court actions. (Fed. Rules Civ. Proc., rule 3, 28 U.S.C. [civil actions are commenced by filing a complaint with the court].)

In the present case, the record reflects that in the five United States District Court cases referred to above where appellant applied to the court for permission to proceed IFP (i.e., he sought to file his civil complaints without payment of filing fees), the IFP applications were denied and the complaints were never filed.9 In those cases, although appellant sought or attempted to file the complaints, he was precluded from doing so. That was because of the process by which federal district courts screen out prisoner complaints in such cases. Generally speaking, when a prisoner submits a civil complaint with an application to proceed IFP in a federal district court, the complaint is merely lodged (not filed) with the court to allow a period of time for the complaint to be screened in order to ascertain whether it is frivolous or fails to state a viable claim. If the submitted complaint does not pass the screening process or the prisoner otherwise fails to meet IFP requirements, the complaint remains unfiled by virtue of the district court's denial of the IFP application. (O'Neal v. Price (9th Cir. 2008) 531 F.3d 1146, 1151; Vaden v. Summerhill (9th Cir. 2006) 449 F.3d 1047, 1050-1051; Ford v. Johnson (7th Cir. 2004) 362 F.3d 395, 398-400; see 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1) [the "commencement" of the action without payment of filing fees is not permitted unless the IFP application is granted]; 28 U.S.C. § 1915A [describing the screening process of prisoners' civil complaints]; cf. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) [the court shall dismiss the prisoner's case at any time if the court determines that it fails to state a claim or is frivolous], 1915(g) [prisoners barred from making further applications to file a civil complaint IFP if on three or more prior occasions other proposed complaints were screened out].) In any event, that was what happened here regarding appellant's IFP applications.

(4) The bottom line is that in each of the five cases involving IFP applications in the federal district courts, no complaint was ever filed and, therefore, no action or proceeding was ever commenced.10 It follows that those matters did not qualify as litigations within the meaning of section 391, subdivision (a).11 Since this eliminates all but four of the nine purported prior litigations, we conclude that respondents failed to establish that "[i]n the immediately preceding seven-year period" appellant "commenced, prosecuted, or maintained in propria persona at least five litigations ... finally determined adversely" to him. (§ 391, subd. (b)(1).) Therefore, the trial court reversibly erred when it determined that appellant was a vexatious litigant under that provision, and it also reversibly erred when it ordered further relief under the vexatious litigant law (i.e., the prefiling order and the requirement that appellant furnish security to avoid dismissal), since that relief was based on appellant being found a vexatious litigant. Since the judgment of dismissal was premised upon the above orders, it too must be reversed.12

(5) In reaching this holding, we note that it is not our intent to make it more difficult for courts to prove a person to be a vexatious litigant. We have merely sought to faithfully apply the unambiguous terms of the statutory provision defining what constitutes litigation for purposes of making a vexatious litigant determination. If the Legislature wishes to include unfiled, screened-out federal complaints such as were involved in the present appeal, it may readily do so by amending section 391, subdivision (a). As aptly emphasized by our Supreme Court in Shalant v. Girardi, supra, 51 Cal.4th at page 1176: "`We sympathize with the plight of already overburdened trial courts that are forced to contend with the abusive conduct of vexatious litigants. But in their efforts to deal with the problem of vexatious litigants, courts must observe the limits set by the applicable statutory scheme. If those limits are too confining, then it is the function of the Legislature, not the courts, to expand them.'"

DISPOSITION

The trial court's orders entered under the vexatious litigant law and the judgment of dismissal are reversed. Costs on appeal are awarded to appellant.

Levy, Acting P. J., and Detjen, J., concurred.