KUHN, J.
The defendant, Jerry Cleveland, was charged by grand jury indictment with aggravated rape, a violation of La. R.S. 14:42 (count one), and armed robbery with use of a firearm (count two), a violation of La. R.S. arts. 14:64 and 14:64.3A.
On March 3, 2012, the defendant and Devon Richard went to Darrel Thomas' home and stated that they were planning a robbery. They decided to check the "scene" out, so Richard knocked on the door of the victim, J.D.'s,
On March 6, 2012, the victim was inside her trailer alone with her son. Her boyfriend left to pickup dinner. After the defendant, Richard, and Thomas saw the victim's boyfriend leaving the trailer, the defendant knocked on the victim's door and asked for "Calvin."
Once they reached the front of the trailer, each of the three men forced J.D. to perform oral sex on them and held a gun to her head the entire time. The defendant threatened to kill the victim and her son. The victim indicated that her boyfriend would be home soon and that the men should leave, but the defendant said, "I'll shoot him, too. I'll kill him, too." Each of the men then forced the victim to have vaginal sexual intercourse with them. The gun was pointed at the victim the entire time.
All three men then began taking items from the victim's trailer, including a PlayStation, a tablet computer, a pair of shoes, and her cellular telephone. The men asked for a bag in which to put the items. After bagging the items, Richard and Thomas fled and told the defendant to hurry.
The defendant pointed the gun at the victim and told her to come into the kitchen. The victim begged the defendant to take whatever he wanted, to leave, and not to hurt her. The defendant ordered her to get on her knees and pointed the gun straight to her head. He started laughing and said, "I ain't gonna kill you." The defendant then ran out of the trailer.
Because the three men stole her telephone, the victim had to go to her neighbor's house to call for help. She contacted her boyfriend, and once he arrived, the victim used her boyfriend's telephone to call 911.
The victim went to the hospital where a rape kit was conducted. She then went to the Lafourche Parish Sheriff's Office, spoke with detectives there, and gave a statement. Investigation led to the defendant, whom the victim was able to identify, as he was unmasked throughout the entire incident. Richard and Thomas were also identified as suspects. The stolen PlayStation was located in the home of the defendant's sister. DNA samples were taken from the defendant, Richard, Thomas, the victim, and the victim's boyfriend. Stains on the dress that the victim was wearing on the night of the incident tested positive for seminal fluid, and the defendant could not be excluded as a contributor to the stains on the dress.
In his first assignment of error, the defendant argues that the sentences imposed were constitutionally excessive. Specifically, the defendant argues that the trial court erred in ordering the sentences to run consecutively and imposing a life sentence without the benefit of parole.
A thorough review of the record indicates that the defendant did not make or timely file a motion to reconsider sentence following the trial court's imposition of the sentences. Under La. C.Cr.P. arts. 881.1E and 881.2A(1), the failure to make or file a motion to reconsider sentence shall preclude the defendant from raising an objection to the sentence on appeal, including a claim of excessiveness.
This assignment of error is without merit.
In his second assignment of error, the defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for mistrial. Specifically, the defendant argues that a mistrial should have been granted when the prosecutor, during rebuttal closing argument, referred to the defense's ability to "subpoena and call any witnesses." The defendant claims this remark was an impermissible reference to the defendant's failure to testify on his own behalf.
Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 770 provides that "[u]pon motion of a defendant, a mistrial shall be ordered when a remark or comment, made within the hearing of the jury by the . . . district attorney . . . during the trial or in argument, refers directly or indirectly to . . . [t]he failure of the defendant to testify in his own defense." Article 770(3) prohibits both direct and indirect references to the defendant's failure to testify. When the prosecutor makes a direct reference to the defendant's failure to take the stand, a mistrial should be declared. In the case of such a direct reference, the reviewing court will not attempt to determine the effect that the remark had on the jury. Where the reference to the defendant's failure to testify is not direct, the reviewing court will inquire into the intended effect of the remark upon the jury in order to distinguish indirect references to the defendant's failure to testify (which are impermissible) from general statements that the prosecution's case is unrebutted (which are permissible).
In ascertaining the intention of a prosecutor's reference to the unrebutted nature of the State's case, the jurisprudence does not envision the impossible task of reading what was actually in the prosecutor's mind at the time the reference was made. In cases where the prosecutor simply emphasized that the State's evidence was unrebutted, and there were witnesses other than the defendant who could have testified on behalf of the defense but did not do so, the Louisiana Supreme Court has concluded that the prosecutor's argument does not constitute an indirect reference to the defendant's failure to testify. On the other hand, where the defendant is the only witness who could have rebutted the State's evidence, a reference to the testimony as uncontroverted or unrebutted focuses the jury's attention on the defendant's failure to testify and mandates a mistrial.
In the instant case, during closing argument, defense counsel stated:
Defense counsel then made an issue of the State's failure to call various witnesses, including the victim's boyfriend and the doctor who performed the victim's rape kit, as well as the State's failure to admit the rape kit into evidence.
In its rebuttal closing argument, the State explained that the victim's boyfriend was not called to testify because he was not at the trailer at the time of the incident. The prosecutor went on to explain:
Defense counsel immediately objected to the State's comment and moved for a mistrial. After an in-chambers discussion, the trial court sustained the defendant's objection and admonished the jury to disregard any comment that the State made regarding the defense's decision not to present evidence.
The challenged statement, reviewed in context, indicates that rather than alluding to the defendant's failure to testify, the State was responding to defense counsel's arguments made during his closing statement. The defense, with its closing argument, opened the door for this line of rebuttal by the State.
A mistrial is a drastic remedy that should be granted only when the defendant suffers such substantial prejudice that he has been deprived of any reasonable expectation of a fair trial. Determination of whether a mistrial should be granted is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and the denial of a motion for a mistrial will not be disturbed on appeal absent abuse of that discretion.
Even assuming arguendo that the comments were improper, we do not find that they rose to the level of preventing a fair trial and warranting a mistrial. In response to the defense's objection, the trial court admonished the jury to disregard the comment. Additionally, in its general jury charge, the trial court specifically instructed the jurors that the defendant was not required to call any witnesses, produce any evidence, or testify. The trial court further stated that no presumption of guilt may be raised, and no inference of any kind may be drawn from the fact that the defendant did not testify. Thus, the defendant has not shown that the jury was influenced by the prosecutor's comments or that the comments, contributed to the verdict in any way.
This assignment of error lacks merit.
In reviewing the record pursuant to La. C.Cr.P. art. 920(2), we have discovered that the trial court did not wait the required twenty-four hours after denial of the defendant's motions for new trial and postverdict judgment of acquittal before imposing sentence.