OPINION

CHANEY, J. —

Our Supreme Court has transferred this matter to us with directions to vacate our decision filed November 26, 2012, and to reconsider the cause in light of Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los Angeles, LLC (2014) 59 Cal.4th 348 [173 Cal.Rptr.3d 289, 327 P.3d 129] (Iskanian).1

Following the rule announced in Iskanian, we reverse and remand with directions the trial court's order denying the petition of defendant Arakelian Enterprises, Inc. (Arakelian), to compel arbitration of plaintiff's claims for individual and class action relief, and for representative relief under the Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (Lab. Code, §§ 2698-2699.5) (PAGA).2

BACKGROUND

This matter comes before us for the third time. The facts are taken from our opinion and the record in Franco v. Athens Disposal Co., Inc. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 1277 [90 Cal.Rptr.3d 539] (Franco I), and the exhibits filed in connection with the second petition to compel arbitration following the Franco I decision, with reference to our (now vacated) November 26, 2012 opinion in Franco v. Athens Disposal Co., Inc.* (Cal.App.) (Franco II).

The complaint

On April 9, 2007, plaintiff Edixon Franco filed a lawsuit individually and on behalf of other similarly situated current and former employees, alleging his status as an employee of "Athens Disposal Company, Inc., dba Athens Services" (Athens Services). In the first through fourth and sixth causes of action, Franco brought claims as an individual and putative class representative, seeking relief against Athens Services based on his employment as a nonexempt hourly employee, alleging that Athens Services engaged in systematic and illegal Labor Code and wage-order violations.3 In the fifth cause of action, Franco sued in a representative capacity under the PAGA, seeking civil penalties for Athens Services's violations of its Labor Code obligations to Franco and other current and former employees. (Franco I, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at p. 1283.) The sixth cause of action alleged a violation of the California unfair competition law. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200 et seq.)

First petition to compel arbitration

On June 22, 2007, Athens Services petitioned to compel arbitration and to dismiss or stay the civil action. The petition stated that Athens Services was in the business of trash removal, hauling, disposal, and recycling, and that it was engaged in interstate commerce within the meaning of the Federal Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. §§ 1-16).

According to Franco, he was employed by Athens Services from May 20, 2005, to May 12, 2006. (Franco I, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at p. 1285.) In August 2005, he had signed an "Employee Agreement to Arbitrate" as a condition of his employment, which acknowledged his receipt and review of the Athens Services's mutual arbitration policy (MAP). The MAP provided (so far as relevant here) that it "will govern all existing or future disputes between you and the Company that are related in any way to your employment"; that it "covers all disputes relating to or arising out of an employee's employment with the Company or the termination of that employment"; that the mutual obligation to arbitrate claims "means that both you and the Company are bound to use the MAP as the only means of resolving any employment-related disputes," and that "both you and the Company forego and waive any right to join or consolidate claims in arbitration with others or to make claims in arbitration as a representative or as a member of a class or in a private attorney general capacity...." But it also provided that "No remedies that otherwise would be available to you individually or to the Company in a court of law, however, will be forfeited by virtue of this agreement to use and be bound by the MAP," and that the parties retain the right to use small claims court. (Id. at p. 1284.)4

Athens Services's petition to compel arbitration alleged that arbitration was required under the MAP agreement. (Franco I, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1283-1284.) Its petition was supported by declarations, including that of the president of "Athens Disposal Company, doing business as Athens Services," alleging Franco's employment by Athens Services as a waste truck driver, and his (and all other Athens Services waste hauling drivers') exemption from California's overtime wage laws and regulations. (Id. at p. 1285.)

In opposition to the petition, Franco submitted expert and other declarations to show that his wage and hour claims can be heard only as a class action, whether in court or in arbitration, because of the small size of each individual claim and the unavailability of legal representation for the prosecution of such claims. If arbitration were required, the experts contended, the result would be an inability to deter Arakelian and other such employers from continuing their Labor Code violations. (Franco I, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1298-1299.)

The trial court, Elizabeth A. Grimes, Judge, granted the petition to compel arbitration, reasoning that Franco's claims for overtime compensation lacked merit, and that classwide arbitration would not be significantly more effective than individual arbitrations. The court concluded that the Athens Services arbitration program "would not disadvantage any employee who pursued claims through individual arbitration." (Franco I, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at p. 1287.) Franco appealed.5

The Franco I appeal

This court concluded in Franco I that the MAP's provisions requiring arbitration and waiving class actions were unenforceable. (Franco I, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1282, 1303.) Athens Services's petition for review by the California Supreme Court was denied (Franco v. Athens Disposal Co., Inc. (June 17, 2009, S172223)); its petition to the United States Supreme Court for writ of certiorari was denied on January 11, 2010. (Athens Disposal Co., Inc. v. Franco (2010) 558 U.S. 1136 [175 L.Ed.2d 926, 130 S.Ct. 1050].) The case returned to the trial court.

Trial court proceedings following Franco I

At a January 22, 2010 status conference, counsel for Athens Services informed the court that Franco's suit had named the wrong defendant: that Athens Disposal Company, Inc., doing business as Athens Services, was not in fact Franco's employer; that Franco's actual employer was Arakelian, doing business as Athens Services. Subsequent discovery responses confirmed that Athens Disposal Company, Inc., had never employed Franco (or apparently anyone else in Cal.) at any relevant time. On March 25, 2010, Franco amended the complaint to add Arakelian, doing business as Athens Services, as a Doe defendant.

On May 17, 2010, Arakelian filed a second petition to compel arbitration, again relying on the August 2005 MAP. The second petition argued that the authorities on which the Franco I decision had relied in refusing to enforce the MAP had been overruled by the United States Supreme Court in Stolt-Nielsen S. A. v. AnimalFeeds Int'l Corp. (2010) 559 U.S. 662 [176 L.Ed.2d 605, 130 S.Ct. 1758] (Stolt-Nielsen), rendering the MAP enforceable. Arakelian argued in the alternative that even if the MAP was not enforceable (i.e., even if Stolt-Nielsen did not overrule Franco I), the trial court should compel arbitration based on the pre-MAP arbitration provision in the Athens Services Employee Guide, which Franco acknowledged receiving when he was hired in May 2005.

Franco opposed the second arbitration petition on the same grounds as the original petition, arguing that our Franco I decision is decisive under the law of the case doctrine, even though Arakelian was not then a named defendant, because Arakelian is estopped to deny it was in privity with the named defendant, and because Stolt-Nielsen did not constitute a change in the law that would preclude application of the law of the case doctrine.

On September 13, 2010, the trial court (John Kronstadt, Judge) heard argument and indicated its denial of the petition for arbitration. On April 11, 2011, the court filed a comprehensive order denying the petition, identifying two grounds for its ruling: (1) the law of the case doctrine requires enforcement of the Franco I decision denying arbitration, and (2) Arakelian waived its right to compel arbitration by failing to identify itself as Franco's true employer until after its lawyers had prosecuted the original petition to compel arbitration and exhausted the appellate process.

The Franco II appeal

Arakelian appealed, this time from the April 11, 2011 order. The central question in that appeal was whether the decision of the California Supreme Court in Gentry v. Superior Court (2007) 42 Cal.4th 443 [64 Cal.Rptr.3d 773, 165 P.3d 556] (Gentry), on which our decision in Franco I had relied, was abrogated by the decisions of the United States Supreme Court in Stolt-Nielsen, and AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion (2011) 563 U.S. ___ [179 L.Ed.2d 742, 131 S.Ct. 1740] (Concepcion). This court's decision in Franco II affirmed the trial court's denial of the defendant's second petition to compel arbitration, holding that the Stolt-Nielsen and Concepcion decisions did not overrule the Gentry decision, and that the MAP's agreement to forego class actions and private attorney general actions is unenforceable. (Franco II.) (The Franco II decision did not address the effect, if any, of Arakelian's delay in identifying itself as Franco's true employer.)

However, our Supreme Court granted review of the Franco II decision, deferring action until disposition of a related issue in Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th 348. After deciding Iskanian, it transferred the cause back to this court with directions to vacate and reconsider our Franco II decision in light of Iskanian.

DISCUSSION

The central issue in this appeal concerns the impact of the Iskanian decision on the trial court's determination that the MAP's agreement to forego representative and class actions is unenforceable: whether the trial court erred in refusing to compel arbitration of Franco's claims against Arakelian for individual and class action relief, and his claim for relief under the PAGA. Because the material facts are not in dispute and the appeal presents an issue of law, our standard of review is de novo. (W.M. Barr & Co., Inc. v. South Coast Air Quality Management Dist. (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 406, 423 [143 Cal.Rptr.3d 403]; Nickell v. Matlock (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 934, 940 [142 Cal.Rptr.3d 362].)

The arbitration provision in this case — the MAP — was imposed on Franco and other employee-members of his putative class as a condition of their employment, and provided that "both the Company and [Franco] agree to forego any right ... to bring claims on a representative or class basis...."6 In Gentry, our Supreme Court had held that arbitration agreements obtained as a condition of employment, containing class action waivers that limit employees' ability to vindicate statutory protections, are unenforceable as a matter of public policy. Our decision in Franco I rested in part on that rule, holding that because employer-imposed agreements are ineffective to waive Labor Code employee protections, the MAP agreement to arbitrate any such employment disputes is unenforceable. (Franco I, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1290-1294.) In Franco II, we held that the rule of Gentry on which our Franco I decision had relied remained good law, and was not overruled by subsequent decisions of the United States Supreme Court, including the decision in Concepcion.

(1) But in Iskanian, our Supreme Court held that its Gentry decision has been abrogated by the United States Supreme Court's decision in Concepcion, which holds that the Federal Arbitration Act, title 9 United States Code section 1 et seq. (FAA), preempts state-law statutory protections such as those shielded from class action waivers under the Gentry decision. (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 364-365.) Under Concepcion and Iskanian, the public policy behind the vindication of employees' statutory protections must yield to the policy protecting agreements to arbitrate disputes involving interstate commerce. Class action waivers — even waivers that are obtained as a condition of employment and that limit employees' ability to vindicate statutory employee protections — are not categorically invalid or unenforceable.

(2) We are bound by the ruling of our Supreme Court in Iskanian." Courts exercising inferior jurisdiction must accept the law declared by courts of superior jurisdiction. It is not their function to attempt to overrule decisions of a higher court." (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455 [20 Cal.Rptr. 321, 369 P.2d 937].)

(3) Under the FAA, the agreement by Franco and his employer to submit their employment disputes to arbitration, and to forego the right to pursue claims on behalf of a class of similarly situated employees, therefore is not rendered unenforceable on the grounds we relied upon in Franco I and reaffirmed in Franco II. The parties' MAP agreement to arbitrate their employment disputes is enforceable unless it is found to be unconscionable on grounds that exists "for the revocation of any contract," within the meaning of the FAA's savings clause. (9 U.S.C. § 2; see Concepcion, supra, 563 U.S. at p. ___ [131 S.Ct. at p. 1747]; Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 364, 371.)7 Under this law, as enunciated in Iskanian and discussed below, the MAP's waivers of Franco's right to pursue non-PAGA claims as a class representative are enforceable, precluding the prosecution of those claims in any forum; however Franco's purported waiver of his right to prosecute the statutory claims afforded by the PAGA is unenforceable, and his PAGA claims are not subject to arbitration.

I. The Order Denying Arbitration of Franco's Claims Must Be Reversed.

A. The Doctrine of Law of the Case Does Not Require Adherence to the Franco I Decision.

The Franco I decision held that the MAP's provisions for arbitration and waiving class actions rendered the agreement unenforceable. The doctrine of law of the case gives finality to appellate decisions, precluding courts from revisiting issues that has been determined in earlier appellate proceedings between the same parties. (Morohoshi v. Pacific Home (2004) 34 Cal.4th 482, 491 [20 Cal.Rptr.3d 890, 100 P.3d 433].) "`"Where a decision upon appeal has been rendered by a District Court of Appeal and the case is returned upon a reversal, and a second appeal comes to this court directly or intermediately, for reasons of policy and convenience, this court generally will not inquire into the merits of said first decision, but will regard it as the law of the case."'" (Clemente v. State of California (1985) 40 Cal.3d 202, 211-212 [219 Cal.Rptr. 445, 707 P.2d 818].)

(4) The law of the case doctrine cannot be applied in this case to preclude redetermination of the question whether the MAP's waivers are unenforceable, however. That is because the doctrine is not applied where it would lead to unjust results — notably in this case, where there has been an intervening change in the law on which the earlier decision is based. (Davies v. Krasna (1975) 14 Cal.3d 502, 507 [121 Cal.Rptr. 705, 535 P.2d 1161]; Anton v. San Antonio Community Hospital (1982) 132 Cal.App.3d 638, 647 [183 Cal.Rptr. 423].)

Here, the law concerning the enforceability of the parties' arbitration agreement and class action waivers has changed significantly since the Franco I decision. The Iskanian decision has held that the decision in Concepcion precludes an order denying arbitration on the grounds on which we relied in Franco I. The law of the case doctrine therefore cannot be applied to avoid redetermination of the questions in that case — whether the MAP's arbitration agreement and class action waivers are unenforceable.

B. Arakelian's Delay in Identifying Itself as Franco's Employer Did Not Waive Its Right to Compel Arbitration.

On April 11, 2011, the court denied Arakelian's petition for arbitration of Franco's class action and representative action claims, basing its ruling in part on Arakelian's long delay in identifying itself as Franco's true employer, until after its attorneys had prosecuted the original petition to compel arbitration and exhausted the appellate process. We conclude that the grounds stated by the trial court do not alone justify a determination that Arakelian waived its right to enforce the parties' MAP agreement.

So far as is apparent from the record before us, the trial court's concern was based on Arakelian's delay until January 2010, to disclose that Franco was not employed by the named defendant — "Athens Disposal Company, Inc., dba Athens Services, a California corporation" — but by Arakelian, "doing business as Athens Services." Both entities were represented by the same lawyers.8 Thus, the entire time the lawyers were representing "Athens Disposal Company, Inc., dba Athens Services" in this case, the firm knew that the company doing business as Athens Services was Arakelian, not Athens Disposal Company, Inc. Yet it did not disclose that Arakelian was Franco's employer until after Athens Services had represented otherwise in discovery, and had exhausted all its appellate proceedings unsuccessfully seeking to compel arbitration.

(5) Trial courts unquestionably have authority to impose appropriate sanctions or other remedial measures upon determination that the litigation conduct of a party or its attorneys falls short of that required by the law and applicable rules of ethics. (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 128.5, 1211, 1212; see Bauguess v. Paine (1978) 22 Cal.3d 626, 637 [150 Cal.Rptr. 461, 586 P.2d 942].) But the rules for determining whether a party's conduct constitutes a waiver of its right to enforce an agreement to arbitrate disputes are not the same as those governing the court's right to remedy and punish contempts. Any doubts about whether a party's conduct has waived its right to compel arbitration must be resolved in favor of arbitration. (St. Agnes Medical Center v. PacifiCare of California (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1187, 1195 [8 Cal.Rptr.3d 517, 82 P.3d 727]; Christensen v. Dewor Developments (1983) 33 Cal.3d 778, 782 [191 Cal.Rptr. 8, 661 P.2d 1088].) Although the determination of waiver ordinarily is a question of fact that is binding on the appellate court if it is supported by sufficient evidence, the issue is one of law requiring de novo determination when the facts are undisputed and only one inference may reasonably be drawn. (St. Agnes Medical Center v. PacifiCare of California, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 1196.)

Past cases have found a waiver of the right to compel arbitration in situations ranging from those in which after a dispute has arisen the party seeking arbitration has taken steps that are inconsistent with an intention to invoke arbitration, has unreasonably delayed undertaking the arbitration procedure, or has acted in bad faith or willful misconduct with respect to its arbitration rights — for example, by misleading and prejudicing the party opposing arbitration. (St. Agnes Medical Center v. PacifiCare of California, supra, 31 Cal.4th at pp. 1196, 1203; Sobremonte v. Superior Court (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 980, 992 [72 Cal.Rptr.2d 43].) Prejudice typically is found only where conduct of the petitioning party has substantially impaired the other party's ability to obtain the benefits and efficiencies of arbitration, for example, when the party has unreasonably delayed seeking arbitration (e.g., Sobremonte v. Superior Court, supra, 61 Cal.App.4th at pp. 995-996); where the party has exploited trial court discovery procedures that would be unavailable to it in arbitration (e.g., Berman v. Health Net (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 1359, 1366 [96 Cal.Rptr.2d 295]); or where delay by the petitioning party has resulted in lost evidence (e.g., Christensen v. Dewor Developments, supra, 33 Cal.3d at pp. 783-784 [waiver found where party filed suit without arbitration demand and pursued litigation for admitted purpose of obtaining verified pleadings that would reveal opposing party's litigation theories]).

In the absence of evidence that would further explicate the impact and prejudice (if any) resulting from inaccurate or misleading representations concerning Franco's employment, and Arakelian's failure to earlier identify itself as Franco's employer, the record presently discloses no conduct that could justify the trial court in determining that Arakelian has waived its arbitration rights under the MAP provision. The record shows no evidence of trial court discovery or motion procedures that exceed or are inconsistent with those to which the parties would be entitled in arbitration, or that resulted in prejudice to either party. If Arakelian's belated identification as the true defendant prejudiced Franco's ability to obtain the legitimate benefits of arbitration, that showing has yet to be made. The finding that Arakelian has waived its right to compel arbitration under the MAP procedures is not supported by the record in this appeal.

C. The Agreement for Arbitration of Franco's Class Action Claims Does Not Render the Agreement Categorically Unenforceable.

(6) Section 2 of 9 Unites States Code, part of the FAA — the act's "`primary substantive provision'" (Concepcion, supra, 563 U.S. at p. ___ [131 S.Ct. at p. 1745]) — states that "`[a] written provision in any ... contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction ... shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.' 9 U.S.C. § 2" (Concepcion, supra, 563 U.S. at p. ___ [131 S.Ct. at p. 1745]). That provision is a "congressional declaration of a liberal federal policy favoring arbitration agreements, notwithstanding any state substantive or procedural policies." (Moses H. Cone Hospital v. Mercury Constr. Corp. (1983) 460 U.S. 1, 24 [74 L.Ed.2d 765, 103 S.Ct. 927].) Its effect "is to create a body of federal substantive law of arbitrability, applicable to any arbitration agreement within the coverage of the Act." (Ibid.) The savings clause, the provision that an arbitration agreement may be found unenforceable "`upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract,'" refers to contract defenses such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability. (Concepcion, supra, 563 U.S. at p. ___ [131 S.Ct. at p. 1746].)

In Gentry, the California Supreme Court held that a waiver of the right to prosecute class actions (whether in court or in arbitration) is invalid and unenforceable under California law, if it is determined that an individual action would not approximate the benefits afforded by a class proceeding. But in Concepcion, the United States Supreme Court held otherwise with respect to agreements for the arbitration of employment disputes. It held that class proceedings interfere with fundamental beneficial attributes of arbitration, and therefore are inconsistent with the FAA. They are preempted by the FAA, at least in the absence of an agreement to the contrary. (Concepcion, supra, 563 U.S. at p. ___ [131 S.Ct. at p. 1746]; Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 363-365 [FAA preempts state law protections such as those shielded from class action waivers by the Gentry decision].)

When the parties have validly elected to resolve employment disputes in arbitration, the ineffectiveness of an individual proceeding for the resolution of their disputes does not render a class action waiver invalid or unenforceable, nor does it render the arbitration agreement itself invalid or unenforceable. The FAA precludes any order requiring class action arbitration of wage and hour claims unless the parties have affirmatively agreed to it. (Stolt-Nielsen, supra, 559 U.S. 662 [176 L.Ed.2d 605, 130 S.Ct. 1758].) "[A] party may not be compelled under the FAA to submit to class arbitration unless there is a contractual basis for concluding that the party agreed to do so." (Stolt-Nielsen, supra, 559 U.S. at p. 664 [130 S.Ct. at p. 1775], original italics.) Here, far from affirmatively agreeing to submit disputes concerning employment wage and hour claims to class action arbitration, the parties have agreed to forego class action treatment of any such claims.

We are compelled by these rulings to reverse the trial court's order denying the petition for arbitration on the ground that employer-imposed class action waivers are unenforceable because they limit employees' ability to vindicate statutory employee protections — the grounds set forth in Franco I and Franco II. (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 364-365.) If the MAP arbitration provisions are otherwise enforceable, Franco's claims against Arakelian can be prosecuted only in arbitration proceedings of his individual claims, and the agreement's class action waiver provisions preclude enforcement of his class action claims in any forum.

II. The MAP's Waiver of Franco's Right to Prosecute Representative Claims Under the PAGA Is Unenforceable.

(8) The PAGA authorizes an employee to bring an action against his or her employer for Labor Code violations committed against the employee and fellow employees, to recover civil penalties provided by the PAGA statute. The action is brought on behalf of the state, which receives most of the resulting penalty proceeds. (§ 2698 et seq.; Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 360.) The MAP agreement in this case, like the arbitration agreement in Iskanian, precludes an employee's assertion of representative actions, which the parties apparently understood to encompass actions brought under the PAGA. (See Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 361, 378.)

As we have concluded in the preceding section, the parties' MAP agreement is not categorically unenforceable, either by virtue of its waiver of class actions or for the reasons relied upon by the trial court in denying the second petition to compel arbitration. Franco's claims for individual relief are subject to arbitration. However, as we explain below, his representative claims under the PAGA are not.

A. Franco's Right to Bring a Representative Action Under the PAGA Is Unwaivable Under California Law.

After determining that class-action waivers are enforceable, the court in Iskanian turned to the question whether the MAP agreement's waiver of representative actions precludes the employee from prosecuting a PAGA claim — i.e., whether waivers of the right to prosecute PAGA claims are enforceable under state law, and if they are not, whether the FAA preempts that state-law prohibition of enforcement of such waivers. (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 378.)

Iskanian answered the first of these questions by holding that as a matter of state law, an employment agreement that compels a waiver of the employee's statutory right to bring representative claims under the PAGA is contrary to public policy and unenforceable. (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 382-384.) A representative action under the PAGA is not a class action, but rather is a type of qui tam action, in which the employee-plaintiff acts as private attorney general — an agent of the state — while the governmental entity on whose behalf he or she sues is the real party in interest. (Iskanian, at p. 382.) In enacting the PAGA, the Legislature declared that it is necessary, and in the public interest, to allow aggrieved employees to act as private attorneys general for the purpose of seeking and recovering civil penalties for Labor Code violations, while labor law enforcement agencies retain the right to control the enforcement efforts and would receive the bulk of any recoveries. (Arias v. Superior Court (2009) 46 Cal.4th 969, 980-981 [95 Cal.Rptr.3d 588, 209 P.3d 923] (Arias); Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 379.) Under the PAGA, an employee is entitled to bring an action "personally and on behalf of other current or former employees to recover civil penalties for Labor Code violations" — but only if the responsible state agency has declined the opportunity to do so. (Arias, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 980; see §§ 2699, subd. (a), 2699.3, subd. (a).) Any penalties recovered are divided, 75 percent going to the state agency and 25 percent to aggrieved employees. (Arias, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 980; Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 380.) An action under the PAGA "`"is fundamentally a law enforcement action designed to protect the public and not to benefit private parties."'" (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 381; see Arias, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 986.) The aggrieved employee sues under the PAGA "as the proxy or agent of the state's labor law enforcement agencies." (Arias, supra, at p. 986; see Iskanian, supra, at p. 380.)

(10) Because the rights asserted in an action under the PAGA are those of the state rather than of the plaintiff-employee, the right to prosecute such an action cannot be waived by private agreement. Such an agreement would violate two important provisions of law, which are themselves derived from public policy. Civil Code section 1668 forbids enforcement of any contract that has as its direct or indirect object the exemption of parties from their violations of law. (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 382; In re Marriage of Fell (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 1058, 1065 [64 Cal.Rptr.2d 522].) And Civil Code section 3513 provides that one may waive the advantages of a law that is intended to benefit just him or her, but "a law established for a public reason cannot be contravened by a private agreement." (See Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 383; Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychcare Services, Inc. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 83, 100 [99 Cal.Rptr.2d 745, 6 P.3d 669].) A private employer-employee agreement that precludes the state's agents — aggrieved employees acting as private attorneys general — from enforcing the employer's Labor Code obligations and recovering civil penalties on behalf of the state constitutes exactly what Civil Code section 1668 prohibits: a contract that has as its object the exemption of the employer from its violations of the law. And the parties cannot by private agreement waive the benefits of the PAGA, because its primary benefits are public, not private. It is "a law established for a public reason" — the state's interests in enabling enforcement of its labor law standards and in receiving the proceeds of the civil penalties that are imposed in order to deter employer violations. (Civ. Code, § 3513; see Iskanian, supra, at p. 383.) For these reasons it is contrary to policy and the law of this state for an employment agreement to eliminate the ability of aggrieved employees to act on the state's behalf in enforcing its labor laws, as provided by the PAGA. Under the law of this state, an employee's predispute waiver of the right to bring a PAGA action is unenforceable. (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 383.)

The rights afforded Franco by the PAGA are intended primarily to advance the public's interest in deterring employers from violating labor laws established for public benefit. As such, public policy and the laws of this state preclude enforcement of the private agreement purporting to prevent Franco from enforcing the state's interests under the PAGA.9

B. The State-law Rule Against Employee Waivers of PAGA Rights Does Not Frustrate the FAA's Objectives and Is Not Preempted by the FAA.

The state-law rule against predispute employee waivers of the right to prosecute claims under the PAGA cannot be enforced if the rule "`stand[s] as an obstacle to the accomplishment of the FAA's objectives.'" (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 384.) Recognizing that immutable principle of federal law, as clarified and restated by the Concepcion case, our Supreme Court examined in Iskanian whether the FAA's objectives of ensuring parties' ability to provide for an efficient forum for the economical and speedy resolution of their private disputes is frustrated by the state's policy against enforcement of predispute employee waivers of the rights afforded by the PAGA. (59 Cal.4th at pp. 384-385.)

On that question — whether the law of this state is preempted by the FAA — the court held in Iskanian that the state-law rule prohibiting enforcement of agreements waiving the right to bring representative claims under the PAGA does not frustrate the FAA's objective of ensuring an efficient forum for the resolution of private employer-employee disputes, and therefore is not preempted by the FAA. That is because a PAGA action involves a dispute between the employer and the state agency on whose behalf the representative plaintiff acts, rather than a private employer-employee dispute. (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 384.) Based on its indepth examination of the FAA's objectives as revealed by the statute's legislative history, the court concluded that in an action for civil penalties under the PAGA, "`the employee plaintiff represents the same legal right and interest as state labor law enforcement agencies ...,'" and "`an aggrieved employee's action under the [PAGA] functions as a substitute for an action brought by the government itself.'" (Iskanian, at p. 387, quoting Arias, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 986.) The bulk of any recovery under the PAGA goes to the state, not to the plaintiff-employee; and the judgment in a PAGA action binds the state just as it binds the employer and the plaintiff-employee. (Arias, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 986; Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 387.) "`[E]very PAGA action, whether seeking penalties for Labor Code violations as to only one aggrieved employee — the plaintiff bringing the action — or as to other employees as well, is a representative action on behalf of the state.'" (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 387; see id., at p. 394.) "Simply put, a PAGA claim lies outside the FAA's coverage because it is not a dispute between an employer and an employee arising out of their contractual relationship. It is a dispute between an employer and the state, which alleges directly or through its agentse — either the [state Labor and Workforce Development] Agency or aggrieved employees — that the employer has violated the Labor Code." (Id. at pp. 386-387.)10

(11) Based on this analysis, the court in Iskanian concluded that California's public policy prohibiting waiver of PAGA claims does not interfere with the FAA's goal of promoting arbitration as a forum for private dispute resolution. "[T]he FAA aims to promote arbitration of claims belonging to the private parties to an arbitration agreement. It does not aim to promote arbitration of claims belonging to a governmental agency, and that is no less true when such a claim is brought by a statutorily designated proxy for the agency as when the claim is brought by the agency itself." (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 388.) We therefore hold, as the Iskanian decision requires, that the FAA does not preempt California's state-law rule precluding predispute waivers of enforcement rights under the PAGA.11

C. The Unenforceable Agreement Barring Franco's PAGA Claims Does Not Render the MAP Agreement Categorically Unenforceable.

Franco asks that we find the MAP agreement to be unconscionable, and therefore unenforceable, based on the intent it attributes to Arakelian to preclude its employees from obtaining the benefits of the protections and remedies provided by California's PAGA law, in violation of public policy. As discussed above, the court held in Iskanian that "it is against public policy for an employment agreement to deprive employees of [the option to enforce the PAGA] altogether, before any dispute arises." (Iskanian, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 387.) We decline to accede to this request.

We need not contemplate whether such a ruling might or might not be appropriate when a party seeking to enforce a predispute arbitration agreement is found to have drafted and obtained the agreement with an intention to thwart public policy. But such a remedy is not appropriate here. Arakelian drafted and obtained the MAP agreement's representative-action waiver in 2005. That was almost a decade before the Iskanian decision held that enforcement of such waivers with respect to actions under the PAGA would violate public policy, while their enforcement with respect to class actions would not. From this we are unable to find that the central purpose of the MAP agreement is tainted with illegality, we are unable to conclude that Arakelian predicted the final outcome of the yet-to-be-decided Iskanian decision, and we are unable to infer from these circumstances an intention on Arakelian's part to thereby thwart public policy. By rendering unenforceable the MAP agreement's bar to Franco's enforcement of the protections afforded by the PAGA, Franco is prevented from gaining undeserved relief from his agreement to arbitrate his individual claims, while Arakelian is prevented from the undeserved detriment of having its entire agreement voided due to its inclusion of a provision respecting only certain claims; the parties' contractual relationship is preserved, without condoning or accepting an illegal scheme. (See Little v. Auto Stiegler, Inc. (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1064, 1074-1075 [130 Cal.Rptr.2d 892, 63 P.3d 979]; Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychcare Services, Inc., supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 124.)

CONCLUSION

The rulings in Concepcion and Iskanian require that we reverse and remand to the trial court the orders denying Arakelian's petition for arbitration of Franco's claims, with directions to grant the petition for arbitration of Franco's individual claims against Arakelian, while enforcing the parties' contractual agreement to forego any right "to make claims in arbitration as a representative or as a member of a class or in a private attorney general capacity," except that the MAP cannot be enforced to preclude Franco from prosecuting claims against Arakelian under the PAGA in a nonarbitration forum. Because the issues subject to litigation under the PAGA might overlap those that are subject to arbitration of Franco's individual claims, the trial court must order an appropriate stay of trial court proceedings. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1281.4.)12 The stay's purpose is to preserve the status quo until the arbitration is resolved, preventing any continuing trial court proceedings from disrupting and rendering ineffective the arbitrator's jurisdiction to decide the issues that are subject to arbitration. (Federal Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1370, 1374 [71 Cal.Rptr.2d 164].)

DISPOSITION

The order denying Arakelian's petition to compel arbitration is reversed. The matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The parties are to bear their own costs on appeal.

Rothschild, P. J., and Johnson, J., concurred.