NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

EPSTEIN, P. J.

In this employment action, plaintiff Evan Landy filed a notice of appeal from an order compelling arbitration of all causes of action except the PAGA claims1 (Lab. Code, § 2699 et seq.), which remain to be litigated after the arbitration is completed. Defendant Midway Rent a Car, Inc. argues the appeal must be dismissed for lack of an appealable order. We agree, and dismiss the appeal.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Landy is employed by Midway as a limousine driver. He filed a putative class action complaint against Midway on his own behalf and for 100 similarly situated employees in March 2013. According to the complaint, Landy and his fellow employees are required to perform work-related duties without benefit of statutory meal and rest periods, compensation in accordance with straight-time and overtime pay rates, or itemized wage statements.

In addition to six causes of action for Labor Code violations2 and a seventh cause of action for unlawful business practices (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200), the operative pleading (first amended complaint) contains an eighth cause of action for civil penalties under the PAGA. Midway answered the operative complaint in September 2013, and the parties commenced class action discovery.

Eighteen months later, Midway sought to enforce an arbitration agreement contained in Landy's employment application. Landy refused to arbitrate his claims on an individual basis. Midway filed a petition to compel arbitration of the first amended complaint "on an individual basis, with the exception of the PAGA claims." Landy denied the existence of an agreement to arbitrate, and argued that any such agreement was unenforceable based on theories of waiver, collateral estoppel, and unreasonable delay.

In its April 20, 2015 order, the trial court granted the petition to compel arbitration of the first amended complaint on an individual basis, with the exception of the PAGA claims. The PAGA claims were severed and stayed pending completion of arbitration.

Landy filed a notice of appeal from the April 20, 2015 order, citing the "death knell" doctrine.3 He does not mention the death knell doctrine in his opening brief. In its respondent's brief, Midway argues to dismiss the appeal, claiming an order compelling arbitration is not directly appealable, and, in light of the pending PAGA claims, does not constitute a death knell of the representative claims. (Citing Munoz v. Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 291, 294 (Munoz) [order denying class certification did not constitute death knell of representative claims in light of pending PAGA claims].) Landy did not file a reply brief. We set the matter for oral argument in May 2016, which was continued to the June calendar at the request of counsel, and, on May 24, 2016, sent a letter informing the parties of our concern that the appeal, which was taken from a nonappealable order, must be dismissed. We invited the parties to submit additional letter briefs on that issue. We received a letter brief from Midway, arguing the appeal should be dismissed, but received no response from Landy.

DISCUSSION

The issue whether a direct appeal lies from an order compelling arbitration is jurisdictional. (Vivid Video, Inc. v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc. (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 434, 440-441.) If the order compelling arbitration is not appealable, the appeal must be dismissed; the law is settled that appellate jurisdiction may not be created by consent, waiver, or estoppel. (Ibid.)

The right to appeal is statutory, and as to matters of arbitration, is governed by section 1294 of the Code of Civil Procedure. (Porter v. United Services Automobile Assn. (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 837, 839-840.) That provision allows a direct appeal to be brought from an "order dismissing or denying a petition to compel arbitration" (Code Civ. Proc., § 1294, subd. (a)), but is silent as to orders compelling arbitration.

California courts have consistently held that no direct appeal may be taken from an order compelling arbitration, although the order is reviewable by writ or on appeal from a judgment entered after the arbitration is completed. (See, e.g., Garcia v. Superior Court (2015) 236 Cal.App.4th 1138, 1149; Marenco v. Direct TV LLC (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 1409, 1415; Kinecta Alternative Financial Solutions, Inc. v. Superior Court (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 506, 513; Muao v. Grosvenor Properties (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 1085, 1088-1089; Reyes v. Macy's, Inc. (2011) 202 Cal.App.4th 1119, 1122; International Film Investors v. Arbitration Tribunal of Directors Guild (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 699, 703; Laufman v. Hall-Mack (1963) 215 Cal.App.2d 87, 88-89.)

The death knell doctrine permits a direct appeal to be taken from orders that amount to a de facto final judgment, or "that effectively terminate class claims, such as orders denying class certification or decertifying a class, while allowing individual claims to persist. [Citations.]" (Phillips, supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at p. 766.) The concern is that denial of class certification may amount to a de facto final judgment for absent plaintiffs if the individual claims are so de minimis they are not likely to be reduced to judgment, thereby "foreclosing any possible appellate review of class issues." (Marenco v. Direct TV LLC, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at p. 1415; Munoz, supra, 238 Cal.App.4th at pp. 311-312.)

In Munoz, supra, 238 Cal.App.4th 291, the plaintiff appealed from an order denying class certification under the death-knell doctrine. But the appellate court dismissed the appeal, concluding the potential PAGA penalties incentivized the plaintiff to continue with the litigation, thus eliminating any death-knell effect. (Id. at pp. 294, 309.)

The same rationale applies to this case. The PAGA claims were brought by Landy on behalf of 100 similarly situated employees, and, if successful, may result in penalties of $100 per employee per pay period for an initial violation, and $200 per employee per pay period for each subsequent violation, plus attorney fees and costs. (Lab. Code, § 2699, subds. (f)(2), (g)(1); see Munoz, supra, 238 Cal.App.4th at p. 309.) The potential PAGA penalties are not de minimis, and thus provide sufficient incentive to continue with the litigation, erasing any death knell effect of the order compelling arbitration. (See Munoz, supra, 238 Cal.App.4th at pp. 311-312; Eisenberg et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Appeals & Writs (The Rutter Group 2015) ¶ 2:39:3, p. 2-29 [order denying class certification has no death knell effect if PAGA claims, "which are asserted on behalf of similarly aggrieved employees, remain to be decided"].) Because the death knell doctrine is inapplicable, the appeal taken from the interlocutory order compelling arbitration must be dismissed. (Muao v. Grosvenor Properties, supra, 99 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1088-1089 (Muao).)4

DISPOSITION

The appeal is dismissed. Midway is entitled to costs on appeal.

WILLHITE, J. and MANELLA, J., concurs.